...The Transatlantic Slave Trade The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 16th through to the 19th centuries. The vast majority of slaves transported to the New World were Africans from the central and western parts of the continent, sold by Africans to European slave traders who then transported them to North and South America. The numbers were so great that Africans who came by way of the slave trade became the most numerous Old World immigrants in both North and South America before the late eighteenth century. The South Atlantic economic system centered on making goods and clothing to sell in Europe and increasing the numbers of African slaves brought to the New World. This was crucial to those European countries which, in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, were vying with each other to create overseas empires. The evolution of slavery is crucial to understanding the importance of currently standing issues. Slavery began in 1440 when Portugal started to trade slaves with West Africa. The first Africans imported to the English colonies were also called “indentured servants” or “apprentices for life”. By the middle of the sixteenth century, they and their offspring were legally the property of their owners. As property, they were merchandise or units of labor, and were sold at markets with other goods and services. By the 17th century, Western Europeans developed an organized system of trading slaves...
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...scholar, Peter P. Ekeh’s claim applies true to the contemporary politics of the Democratic Republic of Congo by tracing its historical struggle with slave trade and colonisation; and its resultant internecine warfare and exploitation of resources. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SLAVE TRADE Slavery is one of the most emotive issues in history. According to Black (2015), slavery is similar to war: in one light, enforced servitude, like large-scale, violent conflict, is easy to define. But, what the slave trade means for the history of East Africa or the Mediterranean lands is different from what it means for the Atlantic world. By the middle of the eighteenth...
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...IE History Unit 1 |Duration |theme |Topics |Learning outcomes |Teaching activities |Resource material | |September 18-21, 2007 |introduction to CAPE history, |Establishment of class rules. |1.Students should recognize the importance |Teacher introduction.- outline of course |CAPE History Syllabus | | |2. Indigenous societies. – an |1.Overview of syllabus & Assessments. |of acquiring a personal copy of the |syllabus, course assessment, submission | | | |overview of historiography. |Identifying learning styles of students. |syllabus for the course. |policy, expectations, etc. |Computer Lab. & Multiple | | | |Introduction to the historiography on |2. Students should appreciate the rationale|Class discussion. |Intelligencies exercise . | | | |indigenous societies: The Maya |and general aims...
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...Chapter 17 Atlantic Revolutions and Their Echoes 1750–1914 MARGIN REVIEW QUESTIONS Q. In what ways did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to the Atlantic revolutions? • The Enlightenment promoted the idea that human political and social arrangements could be engineered, and improved, by human action. • New ideas of liberty, equality, free trade, religious tolerance, republicanism, human rationality, popular sovereignty, natural rights, the consent of the governed, and social contracts developed during the Enlightenment, providing the intellectual underpinnings of the Atlantic revolutions. Q. What was revolutionary about the American Revolution, and what was not? • The American Revolution was revolutionary in that it marked a decisive political change. • It was not revolutionary in that it sought to preserve the existing liberties of the colonies rather than to create new ones. Q. How did the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution? • While the American Revolution expressed the tensions of a colonial relationship with a distant imperial power, the French insurrection was driven by sharp conflicts within French society. • The French Revolution, especially during its first five years, was a much more violent, far-reaching, and radical movement than its American counterpart. • The French revolutionaries perceived themselves as starting from scratch in recreating the social order, while the Americans sought...
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...Slavery has existed in Africa since some of it’s earliest times of civilization. It’s believed that the origins of slavery started when Egyptians came to neighboring communities to buy slaves to bring back with them for work. The roles and duties slaves had depended on their genders. Women were more likely to get sold into slavery to perform household chores, spin and dye cotton, and sometimes be shown off to let everyone know of a man’s wealth. Men would usually work outside either farming, doing repairs, or building things. In later years, when European countries came into the slave trade, slaves from Africa could be bought with a trade of goods of clothing, food, firearms, and even liquor. Though, by the 18th century, most slaves were obtained...
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...Racism v. Slavery Although Western European explorers treated Africans as chattel during the African slave trade, racism did not play a component in who were considered slaves. Racism did not create slavery, slavery created racism. Africans being used as chattel was a result of competition between the Americas and East Asia. The Europeans simply did not want Asia to have superiority over them. Africans were sold into two distinct slave trades, the Atlantic slave trade and the trans-Saharan slave trade. The Atlantic slave trade was predominantly composed of African males. The purpose of these males was to provide hard labor in the fields as gardeners and harvesters. Unlike, the Atlantic slave trade, the trans-Saharan slave trade included...
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...Atlantic Chattel Slavery Through the progression of slavery, we see a gradual but dramatic change the way people viewed slaves. Many factors aided the deterioration of treatment towards slaves from a people to property mindset. Whether it was the beginning of the African Slave Trade, the economic driven cash crops, British laws passed to control slaves or the development of British Low Country each factor belittled the human aspect of a slave. To understand how one gets labeled as “cattle” we must understand where it came from. We first look at the beginning treatment of slaves to gather a comparison on how it differed from Atlantic Chattel Slavery. Slaves in the early east Africa were generally war captives of conquering dynasties. Islamic religion helped to maintain the humanity of these war captives. They were accepted as a member of the family (nation) but the lowest ranking one. Islamic members who owned slaves had obligations to educate and convert them to Islam. They also made it illegal to sell children from their parent which in turn was a cultural device to bring outside people into the society. After two generations of slavery these families were accepted into the society. Slaves during this time would also live to the same standards as their owners. This means a slave owned by a wealthy person would have a better lifestyle (clothes, food, etc.) than a poorer one. Slavery was still not a positive experience but when we compare to the lifestyle of Caribbean/America...
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...Please reflect on what you learned this semester. This course began with a very interesting revelation for me. I was not aware that humans had inhabited the western hemisphere for over 10,000 years. Most of the history lessons I was taught as a child growing up in Southern California were centered on the arrival of Spanish conquistadors along the California coast. My interest was immediately sparked with Lesson 1 and I was very excited to see how the course would proceed. I learned that the early North and Central American cultures of Paleo-Indians were big game hunters. Following the extinction of mammoths and other big game prey, the native people were able to adapt to environmental and social fluctuations and developed a hunter-gatherer culture. Native Americans had thriving communities with highly sophisticated political, economic and social systems that emerged and were practiced. The Spanish were the first Europeans to actively pursue exploiting the New World. European explorer nations of Spain, Britain, France and Holland were looking for a western route to Asia. Instead they discovered the Americas and found unlimited fertile lands and natural resources, and they competed fiercely for domination of the Americas. Many persons of European descent came to settle in the New World for varied reasons, i.e. religious freedom, land ownership, opportunity for a better life. When American colonist decided to fight for independence from Britain, they probably had...
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...The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade took place from the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries. During the Atlantic Slave Trade between twelve to twenty million slaves were brought to the Americas from Africa. An estimated two million Africans did not make it across the Atlantic to the Americas. The Atlantic Slave Trade was part of the Triangular Trade; trade that went from Europe to Africa on to the Americas then back to Europe, creating a triangular shape across the Atlantic Ocean. Millions of slaves were forced to come to the Americas from their home in Africa. This had many effects on not only Africa and the Americas, but the rest of the world also. So, what were the effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade? The biggest effect the Atlantic Slave Trade had was the help in the development of the Americas. Population loss and social disruption from trade caused the underdevelopment of Africa. The culture in the Americas also changed as the slaves brought their culture with them. Although there were many negative effects from the Atlantic Slave Trade there were also some positive ones. The slaves had a large impact on the development in the Americas as they caused the growth in agriculture and the economy. If the slaves were not brought over to the Americas, the development would not have been as fast or large. Because they were forced to work long hours and do jobs nobody else wanted to do. Because they were cheap labor, landowners could buy many so there would be more slaves...
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...Changes and continuities in the Atlantic period 1492-1750 In 1492 to 1750, the Atlantic World changed drastically, as well as keeping some continuity. The Columbian Exchange was the main reason for any change or continuity, being that it interconnected the entire globe to create a singularly biological world. The Western and Eastern Regions of the world, specifically Africa, Europe and the Americas, were now in contact. The social change would be the increase in African slavery because of the many problems with indigenous labor, while the social continuity would be the steady population growth through the period due to the new, substantial American Crops. Perhaps the most obvious and yet the most relevant economic change was the building of a large global trading system; largely due to the Columbian Exchange, where there used to be little to no contact between regions at all. An economic continuity would be the lower classes and their little meaning to society because they had no rights. During this time period we see the change of increased slavery and how the world turned towards Africa to supply the “commodity”. For example, When Pizarro conquered the Incas, he started out using mostly indigenous labor. This was all fine and dandy until the smallpox, measles, and yellow fever that Pizarro and his crew brought over started to predominantly impact the amount of indigenous labor available. When this happened, the Portuguese set their sight on Africa for slaves....
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...Interregional Slave Trade Introduction Slave trade refers to the commercial purchase and sale of slaves; whereby, a slave is a person considered as a property of another person. The social practice of owning other people as property is referred as slavery. The institution of slavery and slave trade in the United States of America, encompassed the shipping of slaves from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas, where they were required to provide labor. Notably, the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade is approximated to have lasted from the year 1526 to 1867 (Muhammad, 2003). However, the importation of slaves in the United States of America was abolished by Congress in 1808 , hence paving way to the Second Middle Passage, also called as Interregional...
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...“Phillis Wheatly’s Poem on Tyranny and Slavery in the Colonies 1773” Phillis was asked to write a poem for Legge in October 1772. It was named To the Right Honorable William, Earl of Dartmouth. It was used to show the colonists hope for their new secretary of state of colonies to be less cruel. The poem also talks about Phillis’ life and her struggles. The poem was in her book Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. In the poem she talks about her difficult childhood. When she was a child, she was taken away from her parents and then was brought into slavery. It also describes her love of freedom. She discovered this love by being a slave. England’s relationship with the colonies is compared to the relation between a slave and his/her slave holder. This is important to US History because Phillis Wheatly became the first English-speaking person of African descent to publish a book. Phillis’ owner was John Wheatly, he bought her in 1761. When the discovered her intelligence, they taught her how to read and write. With the help of the Wheatly’s, she was introduced to many important people. Although the Wheatlys are slave owners, they were very kind to offer her an education. “The Creek Indians, Blacks, and Slavery” The Creek Indians participated in slavery, but they had a different perception of it. They believed it did not matter what ethnicity you were. During the deerskin trades, they experience black slaves being owned by white people. Soon after their...
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...shows how coming into contact with domesticated animals caused many Europeans to develop life-threatening diseases. While the contact with animals was the primary source of disease, large populations in Western Europe due to agriculture also introduced crowd diseases. Overtime however, Europeans became...
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...Slavery: A Free but Forced Civilization from Origin Slavery is predated to the earliest known and existing cultures. Regardless of the culture, time, period or race, slavery is a discriminating concept in which people are held against their own will. Before new age society found a more humorous and sexual definition for the concept, slavery was and still is, in some parts of the world, humiliating. In particular, there is one which has been historically long lasting; the Transatlantic African slave trade. This long and grueling migration paved the way for new races and culture. African Americans thrive all over the world but unfortunately descendants from this race did not come to the Americas on their own free will. A world altering voyage and conquest took shape when Christopher Columbus traveled and discovered the Americas in 1492 (1). Historically true, the America’s took shape but not without risk, sacrifice, or discrimination of a divine civilization. Columbus was on venture seeking route to Asia, in turn; found an untouched land devoured by Native Americans (2). Being distracted new ideas and opportunities, he reset is path. The mark of the Columbian Exchange happened; bringing the eventual commerce of food, disease, culture, power and new races (3). All of the changes were not as promising or good. The transatlantic slave trade brought new life but also brought darker times. Columbus didn’t develop this concept, he actually adapted to it. Although, slavery in the...
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...Unit 1 The Spanish, Portuguese and French all wanted to expand their trade routes so they could discover gold, new spice and different crops that they could bring back to their homelands, while introducing their crops to the new world. Which included crops such as sugar, cotton, wheat, and grapes. In addition to goods they were in search of, many Europeans were also looking for fish in the atlantic ocean that they could trade with native americans. They were all competitors trying to find more land to colonize, better trade routes and goods that they discover which they could bring back and sell in their markets. Sugar plantations were spreading and growing in the new areas that the europeans had found which added to the competition. Spreading...
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