...Interregional Slave Trade Introduction Slave trade refers to the commercial purchase and sale of slaves; whereby, a slave is a person considered as a property of another person. The social practice of owning other people as property is referred as slavery. The institution of slavery and slave trade in the United States of America, encompassed the shipping of slaves from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas, where they were required to provide labor. Notably, the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade is approximated to have lasted from the year 1526 to 1867 (Muhammad, 2003). However, the importation of slaves in the United States of America was abolished by Congress in 1808 , hence paving way to the Second Middle Passage, also called as Interregional...
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...portraying the Old South: that antebellum time put on screen as a world of mansions and magnolias. Hollywood has grossed billions romanticizing the gentility of the southerners and their old ways of living. However, as we now know the Old South was not just beautiful gardens of camellias and sleepy little towns without worry. It was an economy built on the sweat and blood of slaves. Without the labor of slaves, there is no antebellum South. Hollywood hasn’t exactly tried to hide this, in fact there are a great many representations of slavery in film. However, the ways these slaves have been represented has changed very much through history. There are three benchmark films that best...
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...In 1865 many slaves have been given their freedom, but the action to reconstructing the South in the time frame of the Reconstruction period of 1865-1877 had introduced a new set of remarkable challenges. When the President Andrew Johnson was in office in the years of 1865 and 1866, new southern state legislatures had passed a very strict set of “black codes” to control the work labor and behavior of former slaves and other blacks. During this time of the Radical Reconstruction, which had started in 1867, the newly liberated black people gained a voice for the very first time in American history, winning the election to southern state legislatures and even to the U.S. Congress. In less than a ten-year mark, however, conservative forces–including the KKK–would reverse the changes by Radical Reconstruction with a violent repercussion that had restored white supremacy in the South. Lynchings in the United States were raised after the American Civil War in the late 1800s, following the emancipation of slaves; they declined after 1930 but were recorded into the 1960s. After...
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...The Treatment and Family Life of an African American Slave By Hershey Jamla Life in the 18 century was a gruesome and horrifying time if you were enslaved. African American slaves were treated atrociously by their owners, considered property, and had to face such turmoil it seems unreal. This era truly is one of the most sinful part of U.S history because of how slaves were treated. Slavery was legal in the South. Therefore “Most of the agricultural output of the South was produced on large plantations”, according to Life for enslaved men and women (article)| Khan Academy. In the early 19 century men worked till sun-rise and sun-set in the plantation while women worked as a midwife. Cooking ,sewing,cleaning, taking care of the house and their owner. “They didn’t stop there women had to work late at night to take care of their family”,...
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...Bibliographic Essay on African American History Introduction In the essay “On the Evolution of Scholarship in Afro- American History” the eminent historian John Hope Franklin declared “Every generation has the opportunity to write its own history, and indeed it is obliged to do so.”1 The social and political revolutions of 1960s have made fulfilling such a responsibility less daunting than ever. Invaluable references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Evelyn Brooks Higgingbotham, ed., Harvard Guide to African American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, Jr., eds., The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001); and Randall M. Miller and John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro- American Slavery (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988), provide informative narratives along with expansive bibliographies. General texts covering major historical events with attention to chronology include John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000), considered a classic; along with Joe William Trotter, Jr., The African American 1  Experience (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001); and, Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The...
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...it was one of the most devastating wars in history.”(Kelly) Should the Union have helped the South become more industrialized like the northeastern part, or should it have just left the South like it was, an agrarian-based economy that relied heavily on slave-worked plantations for the production of cotton for export to Europe and the northern U.S. states. “If the economy of the South would have been ranked independently in 1860, it would have been the fourth richest country in world.”(Carter) The northern states were more of an industrialized economy, where they made clothes, iron, etc. No war in American history strained the economic resources of the economy as the Civil War did.(Barbieri) Governments on both sides were forced to resort to borrowing on an unprecedented scale to meet the financial obligations for the war. With more developed markets and an industrial base that could ultimately produce the goods needed for the war, the Union was clearly in a better position to meet this challenge.(Pearl) The South, on the other hand, had always relied on either Northern or foreign capital markets for their financial needs, and they had virtually no manufacturing establishments to produce military supplies. The Civil War’s most devastating effect was on the economy, where it caused labor issues all across the southern United States(Trinkley) , the Reconstruction Era, and the south making a transition to become more industrialized. The North’s Economy before the Civil War...
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...This essay addresses several reasons as to why is an understanding of the history of Schooling in South Africa important for teaching and learning today. Africans have always had their own formal educational system long before the invasion of Europeans in Africa (Hlatshwayo, 1658-1988, 28). The purpose of this system was to instill societal values and behavior, it was an inclusive system because all the society was involved in the education system. In 1658 the first type of European or western cultured school was opened in the Cape, in particular for young African slaves in order to teach them about Christianity and civilization (Hlatshwayo, 1658-1988, 28). The latter was the beginning of colonialism in the South African Schooling system. Nelson...
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...likely hear the phrase, “Southern Belle”. The image conjures up soft-spoken manners, hoopskirts, and mint juleps on a sprawling front porch. It paints a pretty picture of the Old South and romanticizes the lives of southern women, however it is a label that excludes the bulk of these women and in turn, hinders them even in modern times. For the select few who did and still do fit the “Southern Belle” label, their lives have been far from the picturesque ideal created by pop culture. Then there are the majority of women of the South for whom the social class of the “Southern Belle” was never obtainable, and are still subject to the consequences of the title. Beyond this, the...
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...Textbook Assignments **All of the material below is on the digital history (see course home page) **You will be tested on all of this material on the respective quizzes Native Americans (Read this for quiz 1) “ The First Americans” (Not a link…go to the assigned website) European Society (Read this for quiz 1) Colonial Era/Exploration and Discovery The Significance of 1492 European Commercial and Financial Expansion Slavery and Spanish Colonization The Meaning of America The Black Legend Colonial Era/17th Century (Read below for quiz 1) European Colonization North of Mexico Spanish Colonization English Settlement Colonial Era/17 century (Read below for quiz 2) English Colonization Begins Life in Early Virginia Slavery Takes Root in Colonial Virginia Founding New England The Puritans The Puritan Idea of the Covenant Regional Contrasts Dimensions of Change in Colonial New England The Salem Witch Scare Slavery in the Colonial North Struggles for Power in Colonial America Diversity in Colonial America The Middle Colonies: New York Fear of Slave Revolts The Middle Colonies: William Penn’s Holy Commonwealth The Southernmost Colonies: The Carolinas and Georgia Colonial Administration (Read below for quiz 2) No readings th Road to Revolution (Read for quiz 3) Colonial America/18th Century The The The The The The Emergence of New Ideas about Personal Liberties and Constitutional Rights Great Awakening Seven Years’ War Rise of Antislavery Sentiment Fate of Native Americans Road to Revolution...
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...Throughout history, there have been many different eras which included changes and wars for the common good of the land. Although some were unnecessary, others were necessary in order to bring the country together to what it is today. Of course, with these came political struggles to ensure a fair and successful system. With these struggles come economic factors as well as how it shapes the social structures of each state. The Civil War had the greatest impact of all. This was the deadliest time of all with many lives lost. The root of the conflict was slavery. The South depended greatly on slavery. According to Mcgraw “…a planter could expect one of his slaves to produce more than $78 worth of cotton- which meant that about 60 percent of the wealth produced by a slave’s labor was clear profit.” Needless to say, the work was hard and long and slaves were subjected to inhumane conditions and treatment at times. The Civil War put an end to slavery, destroying the aristocratic South. With the thirteenth amendment being passed in 1864 abolishing slavery, these slaves were integrated into society as free men. This essentially set the South into a state of poverty as plantations were brought to ruin due to lack of slaves and hands to do the work. This led to the government having to offer federal aid and assistance to rebuild even to this day. Additionally, a separation of races is highly noticeable to this day in the south, affecting both political and social structures...
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...Europe knew about explosives, guns and canons helped Western Europe conquer other lands. During the Ming Era in China there were vast growth in population, commerce, agriculture, and expansion. Admiral Zheng He led seven major overseas expeditions. Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall were Jesuit scholars that showed Chinese scholars Christian...
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...daughter of a former slave owner, whose cotton business had been ruined by the war, is stalked by a menacing looking black soldier, named Gus. He is shown with his shirt wide open and bare-chested. Flora, the stereotypical southern belle, notices the voyeur and is visibly shaken. Flora tries to hide from Gus, but Gus corners her and tells her that he wants her and that he is not married. Since the end of the Civil War, Flora has noticed several black soldiers in the area in the past few months harassing her family and other upstanding families. Gus forces Flora closer and tries to kiss her. In a panic, Flora slaps him and pushes him away. Flora flees into the woods. The ensuing pursuit shows Gus as a sex-crazed maniacal troll chasing down the seemingly innocent virginal fairy. Gus follows her absorbedly intent on raping her. Flora winds up on a cliff overlooking a series of jagged rocks. She stares at Gus and motions for him to leave her alone. In a silent ultimatum, she gesticulates that if he doesn’t leave then she’ll leap from the cliff to the rocks below. Gus is exposed as a beast, sweating and pulsating lustful desires. He moves closer to Flora to stop her from leaping. Unwilling to give herself to a black man and death being the only alternative, Flora jumps from the cliff. Thus, the quintessential portrayal of the black man was born into the psyche of American culture. The Birth of a Nation was just but one movie of the early era of Hollywood films...
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...five thousand copies in its first two days, fifty thousand copies in eight weeks, three hundred thousand copies in a year and over a million copies in its first sixteen months. What makes this accomplishment even more amazing is that this book was written by a woman during a time in history women were relegated to domestic duties and child rearing and were not allowed positions of influence or leadership roles in society. Legend holds that when Abraham Lincoln met Stowe in 1682 he said, "So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war". The impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin did more to arouse antislavery sentiment in the N orth and provoke angry rebuttals in the south than any other event in antebellum era. Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896), born Lichfeild, Connecticut, was the daughter, sister, and wife of liberal clergymen and theologians. Her father Lyman and brother Henry Ward were two of the most preeminent theologians of the nineteenth century. This extremely devout Christian upbringing, focusing on the doctrines of sin, guilt, atonement and salvation, had an undeniable impact in her writings. Each of her characters displays some aspect of these beliefs. Although he is unjustly and ignorantly vilified by contemporary Black society, the character Uncle Toms is given a Christ like persona. Tom forgives his oppressors, turns the other cheek to blows, blesses...
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...Atlantic Slave Trade In the mid-1400s, Portuguese ships sailed down to West African coast to avoid the Islamic North Africa that has monopolized the trade of sub-Saharan gold, spices, and other commodities that Europeans wanted. During these voyages there were many maritime discoveries that were unknown to European’s traditional limit of navigation, south of Cape Bojador, which with time will make it easier for them to navigate the Atlantic. At the beginning, Portuguese were only in the search of gold and other commodities, but with time their interest also went to the African people. Lancarote de Lagos, a Portuguese navigator, sailed in the Senegal River and captured a group of Africans and carried them off into slavery. During this period, race was not a major factor to be carried into slavery. Slaves were composed of many individuals of different ethnicities who were captured after a war, had a debt, and other situations. The Atlantic slave trade was set in motion mostly for the production of sugar. Nowadays, the production of such a benign thing such as sugar to have caused a massive slave trade is really hard to understand. However in those days sugar was not taken for granted. European’s ever-growing sweet tooth was the driving force for the development of the Atlantic world. Because the work of growing sugar was so burdensome, free workers would not do it willingly and that is why the industry came to depend upon slave labor. Starting in 1492 when Christopher Columbus...
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...freedom, especially during the 1400’s through the mid 1800’s, as this was the period of slave trading in the United States. These freedom songs continued until 1836 when slavery was historically abolished. Due to the fact that slaves were not allowed to be educated nor were they allowed to read, they used the slave songs because the songs served so many purposes including that of expressing emotions. The old Negro spirituals were also a part of the underground railroads with individuals like William Still an African-American abolitionist from Philadelphia along with Harriett Tubman who were major conductors on the Underground Railroad. Songs like “Go Down Moses” was one of the many songs they sang. There were songs of communication which was used among the slaves “Steal away to Jesus” and “Wade in the Water”. These songs were used as an escape map. Kendrick Lamar songs on his To Pimp a Butterfly album reflect the past, present and the future. The past as noted in his lyrics are related to William T. Sherman's Field Order No. 15, which set aside 400,000 acres of land confiscated from slaveholders in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida for settlement by African Americans which described by Kendrick Lamar as the elusive 40 acres and a mule states “I need 40 acers and a mule….not a 40 ounce and a pit pull”. Freedom or the lack of it from the past to present day. Then came the era of Ragtime music and Minstrel shows, which introduced Scott Joplin some say he was the “king...
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