...1. Smoking imposes a huge economic burden on society— currently up to 15% of total healthcare costs in developed countries. 2. The Benefits of smoking cessation: a. Improvements in life expectancy and prevention of disease, improvement in individuals’ and passive smokers quality of life after stopping smoking, b. economic benefits to individuals and society. 3. Economic burden of smoking: In US economic cost is 0.6% to 0.85% GDP, $50bn a year for the treatment of smoking related diseases, in addition to an annual $47bn in lost earnings and productivity. Smoking related fires cause about £151m of damage each year in England and Wales. 4. Cost effectiveness of cessation programs: Clear evidence exists that smoking cessation interventions are effective. Face to face cessation interventions provide excellent value for money compared with other medical interventions. Cessation program tends to be more effective as its intensity increases; increased intensity is associated with increased costs, therefore increasing both sides of the cost effectiveness ratio. In the United Kingdom Using PREVENT simulation model which includes four interventions: a basic intervention of three minutes of opportunistic brief advice; brief advice plus self help material; brief advice plus self help material and nicotine replacement products; and brief advice plus self help material. The most cost effective intervention was the brief advice alone, in US the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s...
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...Cigarette smoking There is a major concern about banning cigarette smokers in the U.S. the mortality among both males and females smokers in the USA is more than three times higher than that among non-smokers. I agree that smoking should be prevented because it leads to many types of cancer and heart disease; secondly health affects exposure of secondhand smoke, thirdly it affects the health of the youth smoking tobacco, and fourthly the cost of treatment associated with cigarette smoking (healthcare). Cigarette smoking increases the risk of dying from cancer of the lungs, esophagus, larynx and oral cavity (as we studied in biology). The harmful effect of cigarettes is the chemical makeup of cigarette. According to Quitsmokingsupport.com Cigarettes contain over 4,000 chemicals , some of those chemicals are the heavy metals, humectants, casting agents ,pesticide, insecticides and nicotine which is an addictive substance added into a cigarette; that is why it is very hard for smokers to stop smoking right away . A friend’s mother who smoked up to 3 packs of cigarette per day for more than 25 years. She looked healthy and often cited that cigarette kills those who were already predisposed to suffer from those diseases. Years later she died, suffered from ventricular arrhythmia which means heart did not beat properly as a result it pumped little or no blood to the body organs; usually caused by nicotine in cigarette. According to Medical News Today (MNT), cigarette smoking harms...
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...promotion and disease prevention are much lesser than the treatment of a disease. According to Hancock and Cooper (2011), to create a healthy nation it is important that the easy and obvious choices available to people are also the healthy choices. Unhealthy Lifestyle and poor health habits can be considered as a direct or indirect cause of the rise in healthcare expenses. Tobacco use is the behavioral risk factor that I selected since it is an important population health issue in today’s world. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014), more than 480,000 deaths are caused in the United States (US) by cigarette smoking which is about one in five deaths and smoking is the cause of about 90% of lung cancer deaths and about eight out of ten deaths due to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is caused by smoking. The results of a survey to monitor youth risk behavior surveillance in the US in 2011 revealed that 18.1% high school students had smoked cigarette within 30 days...
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...ill contribution of smoking (My mother started at 12) by explaining her mother’s lack of knowledge of health risks due to smoking. She further explains her mothers heavy smoking habit contributed to her low birth weight (She made no effort to cut down while she was pregnant with me,) even a time of an accidental fire (Mama set fire to my Easter basket) yet she is compelled to say smoking a user right, should not be infringed on by others whom understand the harsh illnesses caused by inhaling smoke directly or second hand. I strongly disagree with this point of view that asking someone to stop smoking whether in public or private are to be considered persons who hates people(misanthrope is someone who hates people). If the writer and can say smokers have the right to die from smoking if they chose then the same is true of non-smokers right to live without illness from cigarette smoke. Signs are placed in public areas as a reminder of the dangers of cigarette smoke not as a method of punishment to the smoker. If we were not educated to the dangers of second hand smoke as well as the effects on the smoker themselves there would not be any need for no smoking signs. However smoking is regarded (if too many smokers heed the Surgeon General’s warning and stop smoking, they will live to long and break the budget.) it is a fact the cost of treating a person whom has been smoking and has an illness related to cigarette smoke has cost the none smoker and...
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...Assignment 2 Morbidity: Lung Cancer HSA535 Managerial Epidemiology 01/29/2012 Compose an analysis of lung cancer of lung cancer as compared to other leading causes of death in your state. Include the mortality rates and the costs of lung cancer(for the most recent year reported) in your analysis. Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lung. Normal lung tissue is made up of cells that are programmed by genes to create lung tissue in a certain shape and to perform certain functions. Lung cancer develops when the genetic material responsible for production of lung cells is damaged (genetic mutations). Repeated exposure to carcinogens such as tobacco smoke may cause damage in lung cells. While tobacco, is the leading cause of lung cancer, some other carcinogens linked to lung cancer include radon and asbestos. These mutations in the genetic material of the lung cells cause the instructions for those cells to go askew. Consequently, those cells and their offspring reproduce wildly, without regard for the normal shape and function of a lung. That wild reproduction causes the formation of tumors that block air passages in the lung and make it stop functioning as it should. Lung cancer is usually divided into two major types. The first type is small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The second type is non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC. Sometimes a lung cancer may have characteristics of both types. This is called mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma. About...
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...of people in the United States that are addicted to smoking. There are more than 480,000 deaths per year in the United States due to smoking (Smoking & Tobacco Use). This addictive passtime is due to one of the major components of cigarettes, nicotine. According to the Addiction Center, a website educating and offering the public help with addiction, explains, “Nicotine is a highly addictive substance found in tobacco products. There are approximately 50 million people in America who are addicted to some type of tobacco product, including cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco and snuff” (Addiction Center). As this becomes an increasing problem in the US, there needs to be a change in the methods...
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...Smoking is a biological addiction, with nicotine as addictive as cocaine and heroin. However, there is more to being hooked on cigarettes than the physical addiction to nicotine. When people want to quit, they also have a psychological habit to break. Social learning theory describes how we learn by example from others. We are strongly influenced by our parents, and other people we look up to, such as peers, actors and pop stars. This can lead us to emulate their behavior and try smoking. There is an almost immediate effect on our brains with those first cigarettes, so we keep smoking to get this reward. Later we learn to associate smoking with other activities such as drinking coffee, going to the bar, etc. We can become conditioned so just the thought of the activity triggers the need for a cigarette, just like Pavlov's dogs learned to drool at the sound of a bell. These psychological associations remain when smokers try to quit. Finally, you learn to keep smoking, because if you try to quit you are punished by withdrawal symptoms - irritability, snappiness, lack of concentration. Having a cigarette gets rid of these symptoms, negatively reinforcing the desire to carry on smoking. Such conditioning keeps you hooked on smoking because the reward when you smoke is instant, whereas it takes years before you become aware of the damage in terms of your health. Similarly, when you try to quit, the 'punishment' of withdrawal symptoms comes quickly, whereas the benefits of better health...
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...So what does that mean? We have come a long way as a society when you consider that just 10 years ago marijuana was not legal in any state in the US. We must however be cognizant of all of its effects on the human body. More research still needs to be done on the long term affects. This will become increasingly less difficult now that marijuana has been legalized in 23 states and the District of Columbia for medicinal use. It is also legal to purchase in four states and the District of Columbia as a recreational drug. We must keep in mind that even though the restrictions on marijuana have become less stringent, it can still be miss used which can lead to a slippery slope of negative effects. I would like to urge all consumers to be aware of all of the positive and negative effects of this drug. Education as with anything else is the key to understanding how this controversial drug can...
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...actual outcomes are of smoking marijuana, before making a final decision on whether or not to legalize marijuana for medical purposes or any other reason. Americans will look at health and social issues as well as review money matters concerning legalizing marijuana and realize it is not right for the United States . First, Americans should know what marijuana actually is before they would even consider legalizing it. Marijuana, also known as pot, is a dried out weed that mixes the leaves, stems and even the flower of the cannabis, or the hemp plant and taken into the human body. It can be taken in by either smoking it or it taking it in with food. The main ingredient in marijuana is THC, which is short for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (National Institute on Drug Abuse). THC is the most psychoactive compound found in marijuana (Taylor). “Marijuana is the most commonly abused illicit drug” (Wilbur, J). The ingredients in this plant are very dangerous and unhealthy for the human body. Now that Americans know what marijuana is, and some of the ingredients in it, they should consider the negative effect that marijuanahas in the health of the human body and how it affects the social aspects of the American people. First, look at some health issues associated with marijuana. Smoking marijuana can lead to withdrawal from the drug, some of those withdrawals included increased sleepiness, and the “munchies” ( Taylor). After smoking marijuana the heart rate...
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...Michael Werth English 91 Legalized Marijuana 12/4/14 word count: 596 On November 6, 2012, voters in Colorado and Washington made momentous and almost entirely novel choice to legalize and regulate recreational marijuana use. In spite of clear conflict with Federal drug laws; the voting majorities in Colorado and Washington , decided that their states should lead the way through experimentation. On July 8th, 2014, Washington State opened it's first recreational stores. Their sale portions, would fund research on reform's effects. the state built test equipment starting day one with a dedicated funding stream to provide continuity and political independence. attempting to create a multifaceted picture, that is taking place across multiple state agencies including DSHS ,the department of health, and liquor control board just not relying on one point of view or information source but focusing on a wider spectrum of the issues that can help focus discipline for the political debate. policymakers seek to empower themselves proactively regulating legal marijuana; nevertheless, inform and influence the informational battles that will surround legal marijuana. can you say economic benefits, Washington state will bring in nearly $50 million in new taxes, initially proceeds being used to better education, such as , new schools, higher teacher salaries, extra school activity's, and school based clubs. legalized marijuana...
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...The impact of Health Promotion Over the past decades, the goals of health care have been changed from disease treatment to disease prevention and a lot of theories and models have been applied to increase the quality of care and improve the health. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the definition of health promotion is “The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.” and it includes other factors such as health education, organization, policy, and economy altogether to improve health (Hooyman&Kiyak, 1999). The health promotion model was created for the purpose of providing a sense of security for the individuals, their loved ones, and society to help them to control their illness and their environment giving competence and eventually to give people healthy life not just to cure their diseases. There has been an increasing demand for the roles of nurses as the health care setting has been moving toward prevention of illness. The primary health promotion is targeting to prevention of illness occur which significant related to health education. Nurses have to provide their full range of education and nursing practice. US population has been changed diverse and average lifetime is extending along with the development of technology. The focus of healthcare system is how to reduce the increasing health care cost and prevention of chronic illness, community care rather than acute health care setting which requires for nurses to provide...
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...and services produced within a nation in a given year is 5,418 | Programs, findings, and finance Total expenditure on health: | The sum of government and private health expenditures in a given year is 17.6% | The sum of government and private health expenditures in a given year is 5.4% | The sum of government and private health expenditures in a given year is 3.7% | Availability of funding assistance from other countries: | The U.S provides other countries with funding, but does not receive any form of funding from other countries. | *PEPFAR approved funding (456,652,000) *Number of people receiving ARV treatment from programs supported by funds (673,729) *Global funds to fight Aids, TB and malaria: -Aids (485,224,677) -TB (123,999,673) -Malaria (640,835,826) | *PEPFAR approved funding (36,500,000) *Numbers of people receiving ARV treatment from programs supported by funds (769,080) *Global funds to fight Aids, TB, and malaria -Aids (968,114,222) -TB (410,945,390) -Malaria (82,598,553) | Health care workforce and capacity to provide care: | * Physician: 24.4 * Nurses & Midwives 98.2 * Community health worker 0% * Birth Attended by skilled health professional...
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...are diagnosed with multiple lung dysfunctions such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. “Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is now the third leading cause of death in Western countries” (Cope, 2014, p. 372). According to the center for disease control (CDC) in 2011 the highest COPD prevalence was in the areas of the Ohio and lower Mississippi rivers. (Data for COPD, n.d).These states include Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama to just name a few. Kentucky and Alabama rank the highest in prevalence most likely due to the farming of tobacco. To help decrease the cost of COPD and the effects of it health promotion has to be provided. So what is the nurse’s role within the health promotion levels? The nurse’s role in the primary level of health promotion regarding COPD is to provide patients early with the health education on how to prevent COPD. Smoking cessation, reducing amounts of environmental hazards, flu vaccinations, nutritional advice and education on long term complications will assist the nurse in this level. Screenings need to be conducted to...
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...Brooklyn Spearrin Ms. Taylor ENC 1101 November 5, 2013 Medical studies have shown that smoking not only leads to health problems for the smoker, but also for people that are close by. As a result of this, many believe that smoking should not be allowed in public places. Prohibiting smoking in certain public places would provide a healthy environment for non-smokers and children. Many people, including me, are not cigarette smokers. Most of us hate to inhale second-hand smoke emitted by smokers, so we often have to hold our breath while passing through clouds of smoke. Although there are arguments on both sides, I strongly agree that a ban is the most appropriate thing to do. Opponents of such a ban, like you, argue against it for several reasons. Firstly, you say that nonsmokers make the choice themselves to breathe in other peoples smoke by going to places where smoking is allowed. If they absolutely do not want to deal with smoke then they do not need to go places where smoking is permitted. Smoking is a personal right and the smoker pays taxes every time they purchase cigarettes. Which is very similar to cars, smoking pollutes public places and if cars are allowed to pollute public places, you believe that there’s no reason cigarettes should be prohibited from polluting public places. There is evidence of tens of millions of people who grew up with smokers and remain healthy today. Second hand smoke is hundreds of times less concentrated than the direct smoke...
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...tobacco, drugs and alcohol programs/budgets. These programs includes, but not limited to: education and awareness; local support groups; rehabilitation centers to medical finance assistance for care and medication. The programs listed above can easily be justified by local, state and/or national government bodies, but how about monies that are being missed used and/or irrelevant in helping society, which I like to, refer them as “scam expenses”. Tobacco products in the United States have influence two major problems in today’s economy. First, in recent years, numerous state governments have enacted higher tax rates on cigarettes. The governments overall explanation of higher tariff of tobacco products would hopefully lead to a decrease smoking rates. However, some disagree and different publications note the increase in taxes was solely for the purpose of increasing revenue. Overall state tax revenue from tobacco sales have dwindled in recent years in states like New York, which presently has the highest state tax on cigarettes in the United States. At first glance, people would consider this as good thing, but in reality it’s not, due to contrabands are pocketing tax revenue from high taxed states by crossing state borders. For instance, contrabands purchase bundles of cigarettes for $5.00 per pack in the state of Kentucky (which has lower taxes than New York); Afterwards, these packs of cigarettes are being sold in New York for $9.00 per pack. Black...
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