...During the eighteenth century, local disagreements and regional issues sourced the problem against European global expansion as they were required to address complications such as native alliances in new territory, economic willingness to trade with other nations, as well as peace negotiations in order to successfully expand globally. Economic strength and prosperity dictated the political success of an empire, so the tightening up of economic systems became a top-notch priority of many European powers. In Document 6 (Cesar de Choiseul’s letter to the French ambassador in London), he addresses the need for a “clause on the navigation” around the Gulf of Mexico in order to monitor and combat against illegal Spanish smugglers. Smuggling forces...
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...uses. There are 4 types of illegal markets defined by Jens Beckert and Frank Wehinger, and the one I want to focus on is of type 1 (“illegality due to the outlawing of specific products”[1]). Free sale of hard drugs (excluding alcohol and nicotine) is prohibited everywhere and of soft drugs is prohibited almost everywhere. However, the global illicit drug market is huge and it has big impact on international community because of drug trafficking, drug-related crimes and the number of people involved in producing, transporting and selling drugs. States and international communities are making efforts to eradicate drugs from the society spending substantial parts of their budgets. As to international community’s efforts, the United Nations is the prime organization that “controls” drug flows around the globe. Since 1912 Hague Opium Convention, the international community decided to focus on supply side of the global drug market. They decided to allocate all resources on battling the supply side, because they thought that once they control supply side they would prevent drug use and abuse. Such supply-centric policies are damaging countries in which drugs are produced (hereinafter “producer countries”) and countries via which drugs are transited (hereinafter “transit countries”) to final market countries (usually developed ones). Countries of first two types must spend a lot of money on preventing such crimes and “the supply-centric strategy not only unachievable, but...
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...Andreas F. Lowenfeld, both Professors of Law, it is argued that the GAT and GATT contracts would provide a defense for the United States to many if not all of the United States Helms-Burton measures, even if some of these measures would otherwise be considered to be inconsistent with United States treaty obligations. These exceptions, however if given a broad interpretation could undermine the whole WTO treaty and impair the security and stability of the world trading system for which the WTO has been created. On the other hand, it is extremely important to all nations that national security to a requirement, and for an international organization to disregard the importance of national concerns and policies, could lead powerful trading nations to ignore or disregard the rules of such organization (Jackson and Lowenfeld, 1997). It was noted by supporters that the “effects doctrine” of international law permits a nation to take “reasonable” measures to protect its interest when an act outside its boundaries...
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...Critical Issues Paper Breanna Brown CJS/210 December 8, 2013 University of Phoenix Critical Issues Paper Law enforcement authorities are feeling the pressure of protecting and serving now more than ever. From the small, family-oriented community to the nation as a whole, police officers and other law officials are dealing with plenty of critical issues that require a lot of their attention and analysis. Luckily, we are in a time where technology has advanced significantly enough to become a valuable tool in law enforcement. Authorities have become more effective at patrolling, easy access to information and better ways to avoid using lethal force. Technology has certainly made it easier to deal with the critical issues they face. The dangers and issues that law enforcement have to face are plentiful, and both big and small. They have a responsibility to the general public as well as to themselves, and they have to balance these things out while enforcing the law and following the orders of their superiors. Police officers have to develop a relationship with their community if they are to effectively perform their duties. This is done by not being just a uniform in the eyes of the residents. When the residents realize that the police officers are as human as they and are there to help, they are more likely to trust them and include them in on what is happening in the community. The more aware the officer, the better he can keep a rein on crime. However, this can become...
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...Topics in Economic Analysis & Policy Volume 5, Issue 1 2005 Article 16 Price Discrimination and Smuggling of AIDS Drugs Richard A. Hornbeck∗ ∗ MIT, hornbeck@mit.edu Copyright c 2005 by the authors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, bepress, which has been given certain exclusive rights by the author. Topics in Economic Analysis & Policy is one of The B.E. Journals in Economic Analysis & Policy, produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress). http://www.bepress.com/bejeap. Price Discrimination and Smuggling of AIDS Drugs∗ Richard A. Hornbeck Abstract Patent-holding pharmaceutical companies are shown to be imperfectly able to charge differential prices for AIDS drugs due to the potential for black market exchange. Thus, greater segmentation in the international market through additional barriers to smuggling would induce firms to charge lower prices for AIDS drugs in poorer countries. Without these additional barriers, widespread drug distribution through mandated lower prices or weakened patent protection in the developing world would result in smuggling, undercutting demand in developed markets and reducing firms’ research incentives. By contrast, further market segmentation would allow policy makers to go beyond the induced price cuts and remove...
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...Conditions in Morocco and Its Geographical Situation Student Name HUMN 305 Section Professor Date Title: A Short History and Summary of the Current Conditions in Morocco and Its Geographical Situation No Abstract Needed for Global Issues Research Papers Geography and Background Our nation, the Kingdom of Morocco, is situated in a historically strategic location along the Strait of Gibraltar in North Africa, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea to the north and Algeria and Western Sahara to its south. Today’s Morocco is a Muslim nation, slightly larger than the state of California in the U.S., which boasts an estimated population of 33 million people. Although Morocco claims Arabic as it’s official language, French is primarily spoken in the business and commerce sectors (Morocco, 2007). But these are merely basic facts. To better understand our current position in the global arena, one must first examine the recent history of Morocco, both as a nation and as a people. Following the arrival of the Arabs in the seventh century and hundreds of years of subsequent ruling dynasties, Morocco’s natural resources were fully discovered by European nations during their explorations to Africa in the 1800’s. According to Youngblood-Coleman), “the Algeciras Conference in 1906 formalized France’s ‘special position’ and entrusted policing of Morocco to France and Spain jointly. In 1912, the area was divided into French, Spanish and international zones...
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...to gain export contracts, particularly in the arms trade and in construction (even justifying it by suggesting bribery is “customary” in those countries, so they need to do it to, in order to compete); · The “corruption-inducing effects of the purchase, by the rich countries and their international corporations, of concessions in Third World countries to exploit natural deposits of oil, copper, gold, diamonds and the like.” Payments made to rulers often violate local (and Western) rules, keeping corrupt rulers in power, who also embezzle a lot of money away. · The drug trade. Neild suggests that international law and national laws in rich countries that prohibit drugs may serve to “produce a scarcity value irresistible to producers, smugglers and dealers.” Governments and civil society in the third world are often “undermined, sometimes destroyed” by the violence and corruption that goes with the drug trade. “This is probably the most important way in which the policies of rich countries foster corruption and violence. · Legalizing drugs, a system of taxation and regulation, comparable...
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...and population or group. The thesis of the book is significant. Based on opportunists’ point of view, the authors wrote all the chapters from a relative objective point of view, which means that they treat the origin, spread, development, and the fall of drug trade as the result of supply, demand, profit and power. The book “Webs of Smoke” contains an introduction and eight chapters and a conclusion at the end. Each chapter is relative independent from each other. The introduction part, “Men in the Shadows” talks about the background of narcotics business and the origins of the opium trade. Chapter one, “Bureaucrats” talks about the international debate on illicit trade in China and some international organizations like League of Nations. Chapters two, “Merchants” focus on how Shanghai and Yunnan became a...
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...Immigration is the crusade of persons interested in another country or province to which they exist not native in mandate to settle down there, particularly as long-term dwellers or yet to come citizens. Immigrants are inspired to leave their nations for a range of reasons, together with an aspiration for financial success, party-political matters, and domestic re-unification, on the run from conflict or normal disaster, or merely the wish to change one's environments. America’s immigration scheme is ruined. As well a lot of businesses up for the structure by employing undocumented employees and there are 11 million individuals existing in the shadows. Neither is it a decent for the budget or the nation. Together we can construct an unbiased, in effect and shared sense immigration system that exists up and doing to our custom as a country of rules and a country of immigrants. The President’s strategy builds a smart, operational immigration system that carries on hard work to safe our borders and crashes down on businesses that employ undocumented immigrants. It’s a strategy that needs any person who’s undocumented to change to right with the law by forfeiting their tariffs and a consequence, book learning English, and experiencing background checks in advance they can be qualified to receive residency. It needs...
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...With globalization creating a world economy, and world trade growing substantially, we are all uniquely interconnected. International trade, and policies surrounding it are a key discussion point for politicians and citizens of nations worldwide, with poverty and development often mentioned when discussing these subjects. As the World Bank puts it, “Trade is a key means to fight poverty and achieve the Millennium Development Goals. It allows countries to import ideas and technologies, realize comparative advantage and economy of scale, and foster competition and innovation to increase productivity and achieve higher sustainable employment and economic growth.” (World Bank, 2013) Many economists have attributed much of the global economic growth down to free trade agreements, with the relaxing of tariffs, duties and quotas seen worldwide. Despite the widespread adoption of free trade agreements, fair trade is still relatively minimal. Some proponents of fair trade have compared it to the Code of Hammurabi, the earliest known legal code which claims the law is to ‘promote the welfare of the people and to cause justice to prevail in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil that the strong might not oppress the weak’ with the opinion that fair trade can be used to prevent incredibly rich people and organisations from using trading relationships in the oppression of the vulnerable and weak and impoverished which is what occurs in free trade. (Northcott, 2006) Influenced by theorists...
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...United States Customs and Border Protection Mr. Angelo, Joseph CJ 355 Jonathan Mesngon July 20, 2014 Abstract This paper explores an overview of the mission and the overall organization of the United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP). It will also discuss the roles and responsibilities of the organization, its history, and how they support the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). This paper will provide you with facts, highlights, and challenges germane to CBP. You will understand how CBP interacts and operates with the intelligence community and the Armed Forces in order to meet up to their responsibilities. U.S. Customs and Border Protection History The origin of Customs and Border Protection can be dated back as early as the mid-1789, when U.S. congress passed the third of three acts that provided for administering customs tariffs and collecting duties. The Tariff Act of July 4, 1789 had also been passed by Congress followed by the Duties on Tonnage statute on July 20. Another landmark in the history of CBP is the establishment of the 1891 Immigration Act, which created the Office of the Superintendent of Immigration in the Treasury Department. The act allowed for the superintendent to have oversight of the new corps of immigrant inspectors stationed at the country’s principal ports of entry (CBP.Gov, 2014). On May 28, 1924, Congress established the Border Patrol as part of the Immigration Bureau in the Department of Labor through the...
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...conflict. More recent developments in public international law, including the adoption of Security Council Resolutions 1325(2000) and 1820 (2008)focused on women, peace and security, have sought to increase the visibility of gender in situations of armed conflict( Amy Barrow, 2010). The International day for the elimination of violence against women is observed in November 25. Use of gender analysis tools, such as the African Gender Development Index (AGDI) developed by the African Centre for Gender and Development at the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the United Nations regional arm for Africa, is needed (www. acgd.uneca.org). The AGDI has been applied to Ethiopia, as it is a tool for measuring national data, but it would be useful to see its versatility and accuracy adapted for application in the society at large on gender based violence. The African Union (AU) also based in Addis Ababa- Ethiopia , through its peacekeeping and post-conflict reconciliation and reconstruction activities has also developed a body of knowledge, skills and tools in gender analysis and...
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...Ciudad Juarez is known as one of the most violent cities in Mexico. The drug cartels have taken over the city and have continued to control the city. The city officials have been defeated over and over again; hopeless they still search for new ways to win this ongoing war. Using technology in the United States has become a crucial part of it's survival, since our failure to use intelligence properly in the attack of nine-eleven. Mexico is now attempting to use use the same method in hope that they can be steps ahead of the cartel to ensure success. The Drug Cartels are very violent organizations in Mexico. Between December 2006 and December 2010, there were more than 30,000 deaths in the country. The Cartels in Mexico have become very powerful since the Colombian cocaine traffickers were prevented from transporting their drugs through the Caribbean into the United States. In the 1970 the Colombian cartels transported the cocaine shipment either by plane or by sea. The United States with the use of radar could easily track them and confiscate their shipment. In the drug cartel technology usage will be used in the measure intelligence it is “investigating illegal drug trafficking” . (Buckley, John (2013-10-30) In the late 1980’s the cartel had to ship large shipments. The Columbian Cartel would do their shipment through the Caribbean . In this book it states that it “was easy guarded with the use of radar and since all drugs shipments were made by air or sea“...
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...CREATE Research Archive Non-published Research Reports 2007 A Brief Analysis of Threats and Vulnerabilities in the Maritime Domain Niyazi Onur Bakir CREATE, nbakir@usc.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://research.create.usc.edu/nonpublished_reports Recommended Citation Bakir, Niyazi Onur, "A Brief Analysis of Threats and Vulnerabilities in the Maritime Domain" (2007). Non-published Research Reports. Paper 5. http://research.create.usc.edu/nonpublished_reports/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CREATE Research Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Non-published Research Reports by an authorized administrator of CREATE Research Archive. For more information, please contact gribben@usc.edu. A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES IN THE MARITIME DOMAIN1 N.O. BAKIR University of Southern California, Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) 3710 McClintock Avenue, RTH 322, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2902 USA Abstract The attacks of September 11 have exposed the vulnerability of the American homeland against terrorism. Terrorists have already expressed their intentions to continue their aggression towards United States. Their goal is to incur maximum economic damage, inflict mass casualty, spread unprecedented fear among citizens and thus destabilize the nation to further their agenda. Many critical sites lay across US maritime borders, all of which could be potential targets to accomplish these goals...
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...INTRODUCTION Since the 1980s, the concept of ‘sustainability’ became a phenomenon that was widely embraced by many government agencies and corporations worldwide. The importance of sustainability has grown especially in the context of rising global competition and economic downturn with research indicating that 93 percent out of 800 global CEOs acknowledging the important role of sustainability in their companies’ success [Refer to Figure 1 and Appendix A]. (Gibson & Hassan 2005; Lacy & Hayward 2011) Figure 1 – Importance of Sustainability Issues to Business’s Future Success (Source: Lacy & Hayward 2011, pp. 350) Sustainability is a broad concept which can be defined as the long term ability of managing and maximizing practices to achieve positive outcomes while minimizing the negative impacts on future generations and their ability to achieve future needs. (Hitchcock & Willard 2009; White 2009; Crowther & Capaldi 2008; Henriques & Richardson 2004; Aras & Crowther 2008) The 1987’s Bruntland Report (Our Common Future), by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), identified economic, social and environmental aspects as dimensions present in the concept of sustainability. (Crowther & Capaldi 2008; UN Documents 2011; Filho 2000) [Refer to Figure 2] This TBL reporting standard has been established to expand transparency of corporate reporting. (Mueller, Klandt, McDonald & Finke-Schuermann 2007) Figure 2 – The Elements...
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