...http://anthropology.ua.edu/cultures/cultures.php?culture=Functionalism http://www3.niu.edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/2004/functionalism.htm INTRODUCTION Functionalism was a major paradigm shift in the history of American psychology. As an outgrowth of Darwin’s evolutionary theory, the functionalist approach focused on the examination of the function and purpose of mind and behavior. Rather than the structures of the mind, functionalism was interested in mental processes and their relation to behavior. Through his work at Harvard as a professor teaching psychology courses and his writings related to the philosophy of pragmatism and functionalism, William James became known as spokesman of this burgeoning approach to psychology. His influence was exponentially increased through the inspiration he gave to his students. G. Stanley Hall, Mary Calkins, and Edward Thorndike are among those who spread functionalist psychology to other universities. DARWIN AND FUNCTIONALISM Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection was tremendously influential on the establishment of functionalism. After his famous voyage on The HMS Beagle, Darwin labored many years to produce the book responsible for a dramatic paradigm shift: The Origin of Species. Darwin’s argued that the environment forces a natural selection upon its inhabitants and favors those inhabitants that have adaptive characteristics. The members within a species who have adaptive characteristics pass on this survival...
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...The science of sociology came in the wake of the immense changes in society during the 19th century. As Karl Marx focused on the consequences of the Industrialization and the living conditions for the working class, Emile Durkheim was more focused on the dissolving ties between humans in society. Despite their different perspectives, these early thinkers had a common fundamental concern about the future, in means of the changes and the subsequent consequences for the individuals and society. These classics generated the basis for the typical sociological type of thinking; seeing the connections between major changes in society and the individual acts and living conditions. In short term - sociology is both the study of individuals and the society as a whole. As a newcomer to the special field of sociology, I find the term of sociological imagination as the most applicable and understandable term to understand the complex and broad field of sociology. Thereby i state my thesis: Is social imagination the best and simplest way to understand the field of sociology? Sociological imagination was coined by C. Wright Mills (1959) as the process of linking individual biographies to the larger social contexts. By this perspective one can say that the sociological imagination can help explain humans and society by seeing "the human in society and the society within humans". According to Peter Berger this connection can be portrayed by thinking that: "Every individual biography is...
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...CheckPoint: Deviant Behavior Diadelisse Davila University of Phoenix Introduction to Sociology SOC 120 Melissa Moore July 25, 2013 CheckPoint: Deviant Behavior The definition of deviant behavior according to the dictionary is any form of behavior that is different from ‘normal’ behaviors or any behaviors that are socially accepted. A great example of deviant behavior is when a man or woman is allowed to marry multiple spouses. This kind of behavior is not only well seen in the United States or elsewhere but it is also illegal or an act of bigamy to live with multiple spouses. Some cultures see this as an act of hierarchy but to many that do not comprehend the behavior they will see it as deviant. In my outlook, some behaviors in American culture are categorized as deviant because of labeling. Our culture puts categories on many behaviors and automatically categorizes them as being deviant, such as cousins marrying each other or public bathing. In addition, when an individual has money and power and they commit an act of crime, when all is said and done they can get away with a crime either by having money or pull to get out of the problem. Just take the cases of OJ Simpson, Paris Hilton, Lindsay Lohan, Michael Jackson, Robert Blake, Senator Ted Kennedy, and President Bush, just to name a few. In many cases, people that have money and power get many unique freedoms than most of us would in the same type of circumstance. If we were ever found guilty of crimes...
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...Prologue Spring, 2023 A D Editor took the guest to Kanyam Resort for refreshment. Dr. Simpson has come all the way from Kathmandu, originally from Amsterdem. He is a research fellow on Kathmandu University, department of sociology and anthropology. It took around fifty minutes from Birtamode to reach there. Kanyam resort lays aside the beautiful tea garden of Kanyam, Ilam. One could view the scenic views of Nepal as well as Indian hills when sky is clear. The climate was very cool when they reached. He was deeply dragged by the green hills. He beheld beautiful hills on the horizon, veiled partly with clouds….gurgling sound of small rivulet, chirping of birds etc. etc. Simpson wondered why people fancy leaving such a beautiful place and fly abroad. Ecologically speaking, he is in such a place where numerous rare species regard it a safer habitat to live in. Economically speaking, he is in a third world with a remittance-fed economy. But geopolitically speaking, he is in such a strategic location where power centers prefer to play. And statistically speaking, he was in south Asia where half of the world’s poor people live in. However spiritually speaking, every black cloud has silver lining. Dr. Simpson was mechanically sipping a handmade tea of Kanyam. He came to the real world when editor broke the silence. ‘So, how can I help you sir?’ editor told. ‘I am...
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...The connection of ADHD and Social Deviance Julie Alender SOC3400 Social Deviance 5386 W. Calimyrna Fresno, CA 93722 559-312-4823 email: jalender@capellauniversity.edu Instructor: Professor Jennifer Worley Over the past forty years there has been an dramatic increase in the diagnosis of ADHD and ADD in children and adults. There is a dramatic impact on children and their families once the child is diagnosised and labeled as ADHD. The medical industry and pharmaceutical companies have been benefiting from the diagnosis of child and adults with ADHD with the prescriptions of medication and overutilization. ADHD can be considered the medicalization of deviance when the diagnosis removes responsibility from society and the individual who has deviant behavior. This attitude continues the perpetual production of perpetrators of deviance. Medicalization is by definition the extension of medical jurisdiction or the expansion of medical boundaries. Medicalization studies reveal how nonmedical problems become diagnosis as medical. Current perceptions of ADHD and the treatment can be seen as the medicalization of deviance by taking away the accountability of the actions. An example of this deviant behavior is a 38 year old security guard has had 128 job since leaving college. He was diagnosed with ADHD. There is no background given on why the guard was diagnosis with ADHD, but if he didn't show up for work or was lazy that may be a reason...
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...Trauma and Religion Joan quotes Robert Simpson, professor of Sociology, at University of Chicago who has determined that divorce rates in a community strongly correlated and predicted robbery rate in that community - he came to this result after studying 171 cities with more than 100,000 people. Further divorced parents’ children have a higher chance of being abused and even remarriage fails to stem the levels of abuse. Besides abuse emotional suffering and trauma of separation may cause long lasting psychological damage in many children – there is also an increased chance of child neglect when parents have split also giving rise to feeling of unwonted. An ancillary affect is weakened relationship between child and his/her separated parents. Scott (2002) quoting Wallerstein says that children from divorce end up having strong negative feeling about their father if he has stopped providing financial support for education and other financial emotional needs. It is common for children from split families to end up blaming themselves for their parents divorce and have a poor self image. Thus these children’s psychological stability is undermined and the effects sustain beyond into children’s adulthood and child’s capacity to live a family life is severely affected, they might have difficulty in forming profound and long lasting relationships. These children may experience sex earlier than on average, have more teenage pregnancies, have distrust for long term relationships and...
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...Sociology of Gender Gender is defined as the social distinctions between masculinity and femininity. People often use the terms gender and sex interchangeably. The former is defined above, whereas the latter is defined as a determination of male or female on the basis of a set of socially agreed-upon biological criteria. Music Videos such as Stupid Girls and If I Were A Boy by singers Pink and Beyonce respectively demonstrate clearly the assumptions or categorizations we evoke simply by using the terms girl or boy. Although the topic of gender in sociology is vast, this paper focuses on how gender is reproduced and how the gendered body is displayed in society. There are three ways in which gender is reproduced in society. It is reproduced through the family, education and the media. From birth begins gendered expectations. According to the social norm, the color pink is mainly associated as a feminine color and the color blue masculine. Family and friends who go to see the birth of a baby girl fill the hospital room with pink balloons, teddy bears with pink ribbons and if a boy was born the room would be filled with presents which are blue in color. Growing up, girls receive presents such dollhouses and kitchen sets which reinforce their femininity. Parents raise their boys and girls differently. Even though research shows that boys at an early age (around 2 years) are just as interested in playing with the same toys girls play...
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...Sitora Pulatova Galina Gorborukova Sociology of Deviance Final paper 18/12/2015 Suicide as a form of deviant behavior Introduction Deviant behavior is defined as any behavior or an act that goes against the established certain social norms in one specific society. As norms change in time, so does the description of deviant behavior. Deviant behavior as an element of social life is the subject of sociology and social psychology. The history of sociology of deviance is presented in a variety of monographs, textbooks and articles ( Ivanova E., 2014 ). However it is poor reflected in the history of Kyrgyz sociological studies of deviance as well as in the formation of Kyrgyz sociology of deviance. Sociology of deviant behavior and suicide behavior holds a strong position as a special theory of suicide within the structure of sociological knowledge (Problem of sociological research, pg. 1). Suicide can be seen as the ultimate deviant act. So it is important to know how it is measured in official statistics. According to the latest World Health Ranking data published in May 2014 Suicide Deaths in Kyrgyzstan reached 1.43% of total deaths. The age adjusted Death Rate ranks of Kyrgyzstan is 79th in the world (World Health Organization, 2015). This paper focuses on suicidal behaviour within the traditional society of Kyrgyzstan. According to established norms and values of traditional society the suicide attempt is extremely...
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...Avatar A Sociological Perspective By Ivory Serrano Abstract To the extent human science, Avatar the film, similar to such a variety of others, is basically around a greater more grounded, all the more mechanically propelled society endeavoring to uproot an indigenous society for the purpose of its very own and monetary profit. Consider the likenesses to movies about Native-Americans, where they are driven from their own property for the purpose of people with weapons needing to take their territory to live on and mine for gold and land. This is something that has been going ahead since human species have walked the earth, and it goes much more profound than simply Native-Americans. Hitler endeavored to do it to all of Europe, uprooting whoever he felt was mediocre, however it truly descended to his requirement for force and longing to have what those individuals had property, belonging, and so on). They weren't going to offer it to him, so he took it. Avatar essentially decide to recount this account of bigotry and genocide differently, utilizing "outsiders" as the indigenous individuals, and over-fanatical, cash hungry earthlings looking for a valuable mineral as the villain. It's truly only a retelling of what Americans did to the Native- Americans here, and what regimes and tribes have been doing in African nations for a large number of years. Everything comes down to a greater human advancement assuming control over a littler one, so they didn't need to go far when...
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...In December 2011, one of two plotting teenagers from Roy High School in Utah visited Columbine to interview the students who had been through the horrific massacre at Columbine High School in 1999. According to the Los Angeles Times News, the two students from Roy High School were fascinated by the Columbine incident and wanted to create their own version but using a bomb instead of guns (Los Angeles Times, 2012.) Many American citizens might argue the rise in violence in children and teens is attributed to the amount of violence found in different medias such as, television and video games. According to Macionis, society views violence in television and media as the reason behind high aggression in children and that the two are directly linked (p. 124.) Violence in television has become more graphic and has had lawmakers and citizens concerned as early as the 1950’s. In 1952 the House of Representatives held a meeting to regarding violence in media and stated, “Television broadcast industry was a perpetrator and deliverer of violence,” (Parents Television Council, 2011.) According to the New York Times, the US Surgeon General Jesse Steinfield said, “it is clear to me that the casual relationship between televised violence and anti-social behavior is sufficient to warrant appropriate and immediate action,” (1999.) The history of violence in media shows how the regulations have changed from the early days of television and media to present day cable, Internet and...
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...ideology as “the knowledge, beliefs, and value systems” (Simpson 1993, p. 5) of the individual, and the society in which the writer/translator operates, can be chiefly crystallized through the way a writer has chosen a point of view to represent his story. On the other hand, the way a translator may decide to render such a point of view can be ideological too in that the linguistic choices he makes for his rendering can be based on ‘the knowledge, beliefs, and value systems’. In fact, the ideologically motivated translator’s presence can be linked via discourse, i.e. especial language usage, to narrative style on the one side, and to the socio-cultural issues, on the other. It is meant that the linguistic choices resulting from the conscious element of style, as Munday puts it, “have an ideological import because they derive from and reflect the intent, values, beliefs and socio-cultural background and training of author and translator” (ibid, p. 45). Furthermore, ideology brings about the power relations for both the writer, and the...
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...Abstract Many lay people and psychologists alike believe that women are more emotional than men: Women are believed to experience and express most emotions more intensely and more frequently than men. (Barrett, Robin, Pietromonaco, & Eyssell, 1998). However an assumption could be formed about how men express emotional behaviors just like women. This research was done using the one topic that segregates men from women that is their choices. When it comes to choosing novels it is assumed in most cases that women prefer thrillers and romantic genre while men prefer more mystery genre but through my research I have come to conclusions with the fact that the novel choices of men are less emotional when compared to women but there are a few cases of exceptions. The purpose of this research paper was to find out whether females still read more emotional centered novels than males using survey techniques. Key Terms: Emotions, Gender, Novels This research was conducted for the purpose of understanding human behaviors and gender stereotypes within those behaviors. Emotions are an important aspect for humans to make judgments and choices (Huebner, Dwyer, & Hauser, 2009) hence my research will be based on the choices we make and whether gender plays a role in it or not. Objectives Primary Objective: * To find out whether there are male students who choose emotional novels as compared to females in Manipal University, Dubai. Also, whether females do not choose to read...
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...A Study of Alienation among Knowledge Workers Submission of Thesis Proposal Nisha Nair Doctoral candidate Organizational Behavior Area Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA) India Email: nishan@iimahd.ernet.in Telephone +91-79-6632-6216 Mobile: +91-9327309000 Advisor Information Dr. Neharika Vohra Organizational Behavior Area Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA) ‘The hidden conflict between the knowledge workers view of himself as a professional and the social reality in which he is the upgraded well paid successor to the skilled worker of yesterday, underlies the disenchantment of so many highly educated young people with the jobs available to them’ - (Drucker, 1969, p 259) Knowledge workers (KWs) are thought to be the engines of growth of the new economy (Yigitcanlar, Baum & Horton, 2007) and the key strategic and competitive resources of today’s organizations (O’Neill & Adya, 2007). Considerable attention has been directed to the analysis of knowledge work and knowledge intensive firms in recent years (Alvesson, 1995, 2001; Burton-Jones, 1999; Donnelly, 2006; Swan & Scarborough, 2001). Because of the emphasis on human capital in knowledge-intensive firms (Edvinsson & Malone, 1997), where tacit knowledge residing within workers is the chief asset of the organization, it has become imperative to retain KWs and ensure their continued commitment to the organization. Davenport et al. (2002) observe that companies cannot...
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...Running Head: SOCIOLOGY IN CRIMINAL SYSTEM Abstract Sociology in the criminal justice system s both interest but very complicating. There are some many different aspects on what can be touched upon. The criminal justice system is known to be very biased. In specific terms the system is racial bias and unfair. The America uses a formal social control, to deal with crimes. Statistics show a fair difference and connection between race and the percentage of people convicted of crimes. Other components influence these percentages but always seem to come back to race. The racial unfairness has taken a toll on the American people and contrasts the idea that America was originally built on Incredible as it is America is one of the most tolerant nations in the world. America is a country that was built on freedom, pride, happiness, and equality. Though this is common knowledge and an allusion of the American people, the country has some faults. Equality is a major moral in America that was fought for in history and even in today's society. Throughout our history minority groups have fought hard for there rights and we have accepted the fact that its wrong to discriminate. It is agreed that racial discrimination is wrong as well (Banks, 2009, p 79). Racism has been a problem in America seen the country was founded. Slavery was a form of racism in the early centuries of America. Our judicial system has...
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...SOUTHERN RURAL SOCIOLOGY, 24(1), 2009, pp. 200–222. Copyright © by the Southern Rural Sociological Association DURKHEIM DID NOT SAY “NORMLESSNESS”: THE CONCEPT OF ANOMIC SUICIDE FOR INTRODUCTORY SOCIOLOGY COURSES PHYLLIS PUFFER BIG SANDY COMMUNITY AND TECHNICAL COLLEGE ABSTRACT The definitions of anomic suicide presented in introductory sociology textbooks from 1996 to 2007 were compared with the definition given by Durkheim in his own writings both in the original French and the English translation. It was found that only one textbook correctly gave Durkheim’s own definition while the other definitions showed little or no relationship to the original concept. The original concept was based on an analysis of the economy, more particularly the business cycle, and refers only to the structure of society and not to the mental state of the individual. An attempt is made to discover the source of such a widespread and well-accepted error. All of us are concerned about the introductory course in sociology, no matter the august reaches of academe we might have attained. Nearly all of us have taught it at least once, if only as teaching assistants during our graduate school days. Some of us always teach it. The rest depend on it as a basis for their advanced courses, for a supply of research assistants, and ultimately to build public appreciation and support for the field. If we think of the number of students who take introductory sociology in just one small...
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