...outside of conscious awareness (Turnbull and Solms, 2007). Turnbull & Solms (2007) suggest (Freud 1915) claimed subjective awareness and psychological action were usually measured identically. The twentieth century remained engrossed in subjective practice, and it was viewed as unsuitable for a methodical psychology (Turnbull & Solms, 2007). The concept of conscious awareness could distinguish only a minor part of psychological lifetime; therefore, our practice of preference might be misleading (Turnbull & Solms, 2007). My next question is are motivations caused by psychological conditions and are they regulated by biological processes? Current research results endorse Freud’s assertion that psychological action is set in incentive and reaction methods, and they are mutually genetically primeval and prevailing in primary psychological growth (Turnbull & Solms, 2007). Freud could venture about wide-ranging organizations linked with sex and violence; consequently, there is increasing consideration of a construction for numerous self-determining reaction classifications (Turnbull & Solms, 2007). These classifications are basically functionally and synthetic self-regulating, extensively circulated across numerous parts of archicortex, which are implanted in diverse subcortical arrangements connected to the limbic structure and connected to highly detailed crucial sections of the upper brain stem (Turnbull & Solms, 2007). Turnbull & Solms (2007) proposed that the primitive tools...
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...to take up what Sigmund Freud, historically the best known dream investigator, has left off in the brain side of dreaming and, further, to revise this far-reaching dream speculation of Freud’s into a more scientifically valid way. However, as the psychological approach to dreams has been preoccupied with Freud’s dream theory in such an extent that the marching on neurophysiological hypothesis has inevitably brought up an uncomfortable disturbance among psychoanalysts. Dating back to twentieth century, Freud reached to the field of mental functioning based on his clinical observations of dream cases. As his censorship-disguise notion becomes outmoded along with the advancement in brain science, the contemporary Freudian psychologist, Mark Solms comes to the rescue. He tries to validate the theoretical inference that Freud has sketched with the newly released experimental data, drawing mainly from brain imaging and lesion study. In spite of the ongoing attempt to bring psychoanalysis back to its prominent role in dream study, Hobson stresses the fact that no amount of tinkering is going to improve the erroneous Freudian psychoanalysis. Formative Approach in Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis Intended to build up a universally applicable dream theory, Hobson has made a radical change in emphasis, from content analysis to formal analysis. This paradigm shift of focus has substantially differentiated Hobson’s theory from the previous psychoanalytic approach to dreams. It substitutes...
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...My Thoughts on Freud Returns The article by Mark Solms, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 2004 Why do we humans do what we do? The question seems simple enough, yet the answer has evaded mankind for centuries. Before the advent of modern research technology, any attempt at solving this riddle was audacious in its own right when considering that any conclusions drawn would be regarded as nothing more than speculative, at best. One man, named Dr. Sigmund Freud, did have the audacity, and not only was he daring enough to investigate the enigma that is the human brain. Dr. Freud also proposed a bold new approach to understanding the way humans think by developing his theory of psychoanalysis. Today, however, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is met with great scrutiny. In the article Freud Returns, written by Mark Solms, the author writes about the criticism towards Dr. Freud’s concept, and also presents his own notion of the theory’s legitimacy in modern psychology. I think Mr. Solms presents a strong case in his article and I agree that, although far-fetched, all of Sigmund Freud’s ideas shouldn’t be disregarded. No doubt, Sigmund Freud did put forth a wealth of unusual concepts. Nonetheless, every one of them was extraordinary, in my opinion. The most notable of Dr. Freud’s concepts was the suggestion that the majority of human behavior is ultimately influenced by repressed motivations hidden deep within the unconscious mind. The idea was that, beneath the surface of every human...
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...Information and Communication Technology (ICT) according to Hamelink .T (1997) , is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application , encompassing : radio , television cellular phone , computer and network hardware and software , satellite system as well as the various services and application associated with the term such as video conferencing and distance learning.ICT is a more specific term that stresses the task of integrating communications and the amalgamation of tele-communications , for examples telephone lines and wireless signals , computers , vital enterprise software and audio visual system which are used by people to access information. From the above insight about ICT, it can be seen that the use of technology through cell phones , computers , the web , designed machines , radio and the television is of vital importance in as much as disseminating information is concerned. Zimbabwe is one of the Sub-Saharan Countries which is pursuing technological transformation, especially in the field of Information and Communication Technology. Upgrading the whole national system from an analogue to a digital system has become one of the main goals of the Zimbabwean Government. The government of Zimbabwe through the leadership of the icon of Africa his Excellency Comrade Robert Mugabe came up with a master-plan to harness the economic situation in the country. After the landslide victory in 2013 elections, his Excellency Comrade Robert Mugabe...
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...However, the overland journey was taking longer than expected, and since there was insufficient time left to complete the journey, construct houses and harvest a crop before the onset of winter, the party halted beside Comal Creek. The decision was made to purchase 1,265 acres of land for the colony from the Garza family at a price of $1,111. A town square, 342 lots and surrounding farmlands were quickly platted, a stockade was constructed and Prince Solms named the new town in honor of his estate in...
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...Psychologists' Compare And Contrast – Jean Piaget & Sigmund Freud Similarities and differences Jean Piaget was a philosopher and developmental Swiss psychologist who is widely known for the epistemology studies relating children. Piaget’s theory of epistemology and cognitive development are both referred to as genetic epistemology. Jean Piaget’s specific concern was on cognitive or intellectual development of a child and manner in which minds progress and process knowledge. Piaget’s fundamental thesis was based on the fact that children’s first grow theories of self-centric about the environment they are living in or about persons and objects in that environment. Secondly, children normally base the theories on the personal experiences that they go through while interacting with objects and persons in the environment. Thirdly, the child uses ‘Schemas’ in order to master or gain information regarding the environment. Lastly, sophistication of any child cognitive structure intensifies as a child develops as it did with a child’s schemas. A child’s schema is a tool case of responses and actions to make things happen, initiating with rudimentary connections like grabbing or mouthing items and finally progress towards extremely sophisticated skills like scientific observation. Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, is the naissance father of the process of psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud’s main concerns were psychoanalysis which is a clinic...
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...the Spanish established several missions above the site of present Victoria. Settlements of a more permanent nature along the Guadalupe were not long in coming, however. Martín De León established Victoria near the mouth of the river in 1824, and in 1825 James Kerr founded Gonzales sixty miles further upstream, where on the south bank a historic marker has been placed to commemorate the firing of the first shot for Texas independence in the battle of Gonzales (October 2, 1835). During the 1830s some thirty or forty families homesteaded along the banks of the lower Guadalupe, which was an early boundary of the Power and Hewetson colony. New Braunfels was founded in 1845 by a group of German settlers led by Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels. Being led by Prince Solms, 228 pioneer immigrants from Germany traveled overland from Indianola to the site chosen to be the first German settlement in Texas, New Braunfels. In 1856 Kerrville was established on the upper Guadalupe. The construction of railroads through the middle and upper Guadalupe valley in the 1880s brought large numbers of new residents to the area. Kerrville, Comfort, Luling, and Cuero were among the small communities on the Guadalupe that flourished with the arrival of the railroads. Some companies started with the river were the Guadalupe Waterpower Company was established in 1912, because of the steady flow of the river and by 1920 the company had built a series of dams between New Braunfels and Seguin in an effort to harness...
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...DREAM ANALYSIS This reflective essay illustrates Freud’s theory of dream analysis. It will begin with a brief overview of Freudian dream theory and will go on to describe the various components of personality structure and the unconscious from a psychodynamic perspective. This essay will analyse one of my personal dreams using Freud’s dream analysis theory and conclude with a critical reflection on the application of his theory as it relates to my dream. When Freud famously referred to dreams as being the ‘royal road to the unconscious’, he meant that dreams were a way in which to access the unconscious mind. Dream analysis in psychoanalysis is the process used to explore the role dreams play in the unconscious (Corey, 2005). The purpose of Freud’s theory of dream analysis is to gain better access to the unconscious in order to bring it into the conscious (Day, 2008). Freud believed that the mind represses painful events that the conscious does not want to remember due to the pain and anxiety they cause (Scharf, 2008). These repressed desires and motivations are freed through dreams which are a direct connection to the unconscious. Freud saw the unconscious as sexual and instinctual in nature and the dream as a disguised unfulfilled wish (Welsh, 1994). To better understand the dynamics between the conscious and the unconscious parts of the mind, Freud (1994) developed the structural model of the psyche which he called “the psychic apparatus”. Freud proposed that the part...
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...Willem II (Den Haag, 27 mei 1626 – aldaar, 6 november 1650), Prins van Oranje en Graaf van Nassau-Oranje, was tussen 1647 en 1650 stadhouder van Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Overijssel, Gelre en Zutphen, Groningen en Drenthe. Inhoud [verbergen] 1 Biografie 2 Na de Vrede van Münster 3 Staatsgreep 4 Overlijden Biografie[bewerken] Hij was de zoon van stadhouder en prins Frederik Hendrik van Oranje en Amalia van Solms. Hij trouwde op 14-jarige leeftijd met de toen negenjarige Maria Henriëtte Stuart, de oudste dochter van koning Karel I van Engeland. Willem had ambitieuze plannen. Hij wilde de Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden tot een sterk, gecentraliseerd calvinistisch land maken met hemzelf als monarch. Hij steunde daarbij op de orthodoxe calvinisten en kwam al gauw in conflict met de staatsgezinden. Hij was het in toenemende mate oneens met de politiek van religieuze tolerantie die zijn vader toepaste op de onlangs veroverde Generaliteitslanden, waar de bevolking grotendeels rooms-katholiek wenste te blijven. Willem droeg zijn steentje bij tijdens de Tachtigjarige Oorlog, waarbij de Hinderlaag bij Bergen op Zoom (1643) zijn eerste wapenfeit was. De vredesbesprekingen met de Spaanse koning waren geheel niet naar zijn zin, maar zij waren al te ver gevorderd om nog tot staan gebracht te worden toen zijn vader in 1647 stierf. Ook zijn moeder speelde daarbij een rol. Zij werd voor derving van inkomsten bij vrede schadeloos gesteld. Oppositie tegen de ratificatie...
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...Stages of sleep Until sleep was accidentally measured researchers had no idea that sleep had different stages, before all they could do was time how long people slept and record their movement to try to interpret whether they are dreaming, etc. There was very limited research in this area until it was discovered that using an electroencephalograph (EEG) which records the average electrical potentials of cells and fibers to record the rise and falls when cells fire in synchrony during sleep. This has shown that there are many different stages that occur during sleep. Loomis, Harvey and Hobart discovered in 1937 that when using EEG at the beginning and also throughout sleep showed clear stages in the change of electrical activity in the brain. This allowed sleep to be measured now as a perpetual process and also showed that sleep appears to be made-up of ‘a complex mosaic of stages or conditions’, (H.W.Agnew,Jr & Webb.B.W, 1973). Humans need approx. eight hours sleep a night, this is different to other animals, however it has been shown that non-human animals also go through similar stages of sleep. During humans’ eight hours of sleep brain activity and eye movement change can be split into different stages. These stages are compared to a state of relaxed wakefulness. Alpha waves are recorded at a frequency of 8 to 12 per second. Alpha waves are present when a human is in a state of relaxed wakefulness. This is known as stage 0, when the human is not quite asleep...
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...SECTION ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF STUDY In years past, when enterprises were starting, it suffered data lose and information retrieval was difficult since there was no strong security service to protect already gathered information. Production, distribution and some other functions were very difficult to achieve due to weak security services but as the days passed by enterprise has struggled to secure its services and with the aid of growth in technology and programming enterprise services has reached a reasonable degree in achieving its dream by protecting its services from harm. An enterprise is an activity or a project that produces services or products. There are essentially two types of enterprise, business and social enterprises. Business enterprises are run to make profit for a private individual or group of individuals. This includes small business while social enterprise functions to provide services to individuals and groups in the community. These shows that an enterprise security service is a form of protecting the services or the product of individuals and groups in the community from harm (preventing unauthorized users from gaining access). Enterprise now uses Biometric, Encryption and some others forms of security to form the backbone of its services. The term "biometrics" is derived from the Greek words bio (life) and metric (to measure). Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a person based on...
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...The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0968-5227.htm IMCS 14,3 Formulating information systems risk management strategies through cultural theory Aggeliki Tsohou, Maria Karyda and Spyros Kokolakis Department of Information and Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, Samos, Greece 198 Evangelos Kiountouzis Department of Informatics, Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the potential of cultural theory as a tool for identifying patterns in the stakeholders’ perception of risk and its effect on information system (IS) risk management. Design/methodology/approach – Risk management involves a number of human activities which are based on the way the various stakeholders perceive risk associated with IS assets. Cultural theory claims that risk perception within social groups and structures is predictable according to group and individual worldviews; therefore this paper examines the implications of cultural theory on IS risk management as a means for security experts to manage stakeholders perceptions. Findings – A basic theoretical element of cultural theory is the grid/group typology, where four cultural groups with differentiating worldviews are identified. This paper presents how these worldviews affect the process of IS risk management and suggests key issues to be considered in developing strategies of risk...
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...Psychology Not to be confused with Phycology, Physiology, or 1 Etymology Psychiatry. Further information: Outline of psychology and Index The word psychology literally means, “study of the soul" of psychology articles (ψυχή psukhē, “breath, spirit, soul” and -λογία -logia, “study of” or “research”).[10] The Latin word psycholoPsychology is an academic and applied discipline that gia was first used by the Croatian humanist and Latinist involves the scientific study of mental functions and Marko Marulić in his book, Psichiologia de ratione anbehaviors.[1][2] Psychology has the immediate goal of imae humanae in the late 15th century or early 16th understanding individuals and groups by both establish- century.[11] The earliest known reference to the word ing general principles and researching specific cases,[3][4] psychology in English was by Steven Blankaart in 1694 and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit in The Physical Dictionary which refers to “Anatomy, society.[5][6] In this field, a professional practitioner or which treats the Body, and Psychology, which treats of researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified the Soul.”[12] as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive functions and behaviors. 2 History Psychologists explore concepts such as perception...
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...Shannon Walter Professor Liao English 104 – 33 12 March 2013 Research Proposal: The Psychology of Dreams For my research project, I am investigating the abstract world of dreams and the theories behind those dreams. Why we dream what we dream, and how, and where dreams come from. There have been many different theories on where dreams come from and how to interpret the dreams of different people. I will be exploring the similarities and differences of those theories along with speculating which theories are the most accurate, taking into consideration recent research on the psychology of dreams and dream interpretation. My main focus will be the world-renowned psychologist, Sigmund Freud. His theories on dreams and the interpretation of dreams are the most widely known and socially accepted theories, but are those theories the most accurate? That is what my research paper will be discussing and examining. This paper will be objective, simply providing the facts about dreams and the different theories regarding dreams and the interpretation of them. I will go in depth with why we dream what we dream, some of the most common dreams that people have, and what the most popular theories are behind the psychology of dreams. My purpose of this paper is to inform my audience of the theories behind dreams and where they come from. I will provide information on the different interpretations of common dreams, the history of dreams, and the basics of the sleeping cycle. My readers...
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