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Southwest Airlines in 2008: Culture,

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Submitted By gvaldes1
Words 2115
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Titulillo: SOUTHWEST AIRLINES IN 2008: CULTURE,
VALUES, AND OPERATING PRACTICES

Southwest Airlines, Caso de Estudio

Indice

Introducción: 3
Comienzos de Southwest Airlines: 3
Mercado:. 4
Análisis de la Industria:. 5 Modelo de competencia de 5 fuerzas:. 5 Evaluación de Fortalezas Competitivas y Satisfacción de los Empleados:. 5
Estrategias de Southwest Airlines: 6
Estrategia de tarifas bajas de Southwest Airlines:. 7
Prácticas y Cultura de Southwest Airlines:. 8
Estilo de administración de Southwest Airlines:. 8
Productividad de los empleados de Southwest Airlines:. 8
Situación Operativa de Southwest Airlines: 9
Estados Financieros de Southwest Airlines: 9
Definición del problema:. 10
Análisis FODA: 10
Descripción de las alternativas: 11
Selección de alternativas: 12
Implemtanción: 12
Conclusiones: 12

Introducción
En el 2008, Southwest Airlines es la aerolínea que más gente utiliza en los Estados Unidos, además de ser la única de las principales aerolíneas de ese país en consistentemente reportar utilidades.
La industria de la aviación había perdido dinero en 14 de los 28 años comprendidos entre 1980 y 2007, mientras en julio del 2008, Southwest Airlines reportó ingresos record en un cuatrimestre, y ya suma 69 cuatrimestres consecutivos en reportar utilidades. La compañía ha reportado utilidades desde 1973.
Entre 1990 y 1994, la industria tuvo cinco años consecutivos de pérdidas y despidió a 120,000 empleados, en cambio, Southwest Airlines reportó utilidades en cada uno de los cuatrimestres, habiendo pasado recesión económica, guerra de tarifas, crisis energéticas y disminuciones en el tráfico aéreo.
Southwest tiene los más bajos costos operativos de la industria de aerolíneas domésticas y consistentemente ofrece las más bajas y sencillas tarifas. No solo es el líder en participación de mercado en términos de pasajeros transportados, sino que su participación ha ido en aumento cuando el tráfico de pasajeros en otras aerolíneas se ha estancado.
Comienzos de Southwest Airlines
Southwest comenzó en 1966 con el plan de comenzar una aerolínea de bajo costo y tarifas que pudiera transportar pasajeros entre San Antonio, Dallas y Houston. Después de 5 años de trabas legales, principalmente interpuestas por sus competidores, Southwest inició operaciones con $7 millones de nuevo capital y 3 aviones 737 que Boeing había acordado vender en pagos.
Otras de sus batallas legales se dio cuando Southwest reusó cambiar sus vuelos del Dallas Love Field, a 10 minutos del centro, al recién abierto aeropuerto regional Dallas-Fort Worth, a 30 minutos del centro.
La situación económica fue sumamente ajustada en los inicios que incluso, el director general de la compañía llegaba a pagar el combustible utilizado por la flotilla con su tarjeta de crédito personal.
Para tratar de ganar mercado, Southwest decidió:
 Que sus aeromozas vistieran pantalones ajustados con botas hasta las rodillas y tacón alto.
 Que durante sus vuelos se ofrecieran bebidas alcohólicas gratis.
 Que sus aviones únicamente estuvieran 10 minutos en tierra, lo que les permitió incrementar los vuelos sin necesidad de aumentar la cantidad de aviones.
 Que sus precios fueran solo dos tarifas, en temporada alta y baja.
Por otro lado, la compañía cree debe de tratar a sus empleados como a sus clientes, por eso siguen el principio “los empleados –no los clientes- son primero”.

Mercado
La gráfica anexa muestra la tendencia de pasajeros transportados anualmente por cada una de las grandes aerolíneas que operan en los Estados Unidos.

Por otro lado la participación de mercado, en base a los pasajeros trasportados al 2007 se muestra a continuación.

Análisis de la Industria
Modelo de competencia de 5 fuerzas

Evaluación de Fortaleza Competitiva y Satisfacción de los Empleados

Estrategias de Southwest Airline
Precios bajos. Desde el día uno, Southwest ha perseguido una estrategia de precios bajos, siendo prionero en la elasticidad precio, en donde el incremento en los boletos vendidos y el volumen de pasajeros compensa el ingreso erosionado asociado con tarifas bajas.
Vuelos directos. Su estrategia de vuelos directos, en vez de vuelos con escala también le ha dado buenos resultados. El 75% de todos sus pasajeros no tienen ninguna parada entre su punto de salida y su destino final, incluso la mayoría de sus aviones hacen trayectos menores a 90 minutos efectivos de vuelo.
Viajero frecuente. El programa de viajero frecuente en simple y sencillo, ofreciendo un crédito por cada viaje sencillo y dos créditos por cada viaje redondo. Por cada 16 créditos acumulados en 24 meses, se obtiene un boleto redondo a cualquiera de sus destinos.
Satisfacer al cliente. Southwest fundamenta la satisfacción al cliente siempre presentando una cara alegre al pasajero, la compañía cree que mostrar un espiritu de amable y alegre es clave para tener una ventaja competitiva.
Crecer gradualmente. Generalmente cada año, Southwest agrega solo uno o dos nuevas ciudades a sus rutas, prefiriendo saturar con vuelos diarios las rutas que ya operan.
Agregar vuelos. Si alguno de sus rivales recorta vuelos a alguna de las ciudades en las que Southwest opera, inmediatamente éste último agrega vuelos.
Restringir vuelos. Aquellas rutas que frecuentemente maneja asientos desocupados, restringe la cantidad de vuelos y los envía a las rutas más rentables.
Seguridad, calidad y confianza. Southwest pone especial énfasis en la seguridad, en el mantenimiento de alta calidad y en la confianza de sus operaciones.

Estrategia de tarifas bajas de Southwest Airlines
La administración de Southwest comprendió que para ofrecer tarifas bajas debía de tener bajos costos operativos, al menos menores a los de sus rivales por lo que siguió las siguientes estrategias:
 La compañía opera solo con Boeing 737.
 Fue la primera aerolínea en utilizar el boleto virtual, además de haber sido la primera en aceptar reservaciones y venta de boletos en su página Web.
 Frecuentemente Southwest utiliza aeropuertos alternos, mismos que son menos congestionados, es menos oneroso aterrizar en ellos, se gasta menos combustible pues no tienen que estar sobre volando mientras la torre de control autoriza el aterrizaje, y a fin de cuentas, los pasajeros en muchas ocasiones hacen menos tiempo total desde que dejan su punto inicial de partida hasta su punto final de llegada.
 Los vuelos directos son más eficientes que los vuelos con escalas.
 Para economizar tiempo, Southwest no reserva asientos.
 Las azafatas son las responsables en limpiar la basura dejada por los pasajeros que dejan el avión.
 En ninguno de sus aviones, Southwest tiene primera clase y no tiene ningún club “premier” para sus viajeros frecuentes. De igual manera no se sirven alimentos en ninguno de sus vuelos.
 Southwest no ofrece transferencia de equipaje a otras aerolíneas.
 Comenzando el 2001, Southwest inició con el cambio de todos sus asientos a piel, pues es mas barato el mantenimiento.
 Southwest fue la primera aerolínea grande en los Estados Unidos en comprar derivados y coberturas relacionadas con el precio de su combustible.
 En el 2007 y 2008, Southwest comenzó a invertir en tecnología y sofware para reemplazar el sistema de boletos electrónicos así como sus sistemas contables, pago de nóminas, y de recursos humanos.

Prácticas y Cultura de Southwest Airlines
La tesis de Southwest es simple: “primero ten empleados felices, después ellos van a tener clientes felices”. Los ejecutivos de la compañía prefieren tener gente poco habilidosa pero con buena actitud, a gente muy habilidosa pero con mala actitud.
Los reclutadores de Southwest ponen más atención en los comportamientos pasados de los candidatos a ingresar a la compañía, más que lo que deseen en un futuro.
Por otro lado, la Universidad de Southwest es la encargada del entrenamiento de los nuevos empleados. Entre el 80% y 90% de las posiciones de supervisiones de Southwest son cubiertas por promociones internas.
En lo que respecta a los sueldos, éstos son mayores en promedio a los que maneja la industria, incluso algunos son los más altos.
Cerca del 80% de los 34,300 empleados de Southwest pertenecen a un sindicato, además de que no existe una política de despidos, incluso nunca han despedidos a un empleado desde que iniciaron operaciones en 1971.

Estilo de administración de Southwest Airlines
Se espera que los administradores estén al menos una tercera parte del día fuera de sus oficinas, caminando y platicando con los empleados que supervisan. Por otro lado, motivan a que su gente tenga, “espíritu de guerrero, amen el servicio y tengan actitud de diversión”.

Productividad de los empleados de Southwest Airlines
Los administradores están convencidos que las estrategias de la compañía, su cultura, su espíritu de guerreros y prácticas de administración de su gente, les lleva a una alta productividad.

Situación Operativa de Southwest Airlines A partir del 2003, los pasajeros transportados va en aumento, incluso alcanzando crecimientos del 9% en dos de los cuatro datos analizados, de igual manera los vuelos realizados se han incrementado aunque en menor medida lo que nos dice que la compañía ha sido cada vez más eficiente en que sus vuelos tengan los menos asientos vacíos; mientras que el precio promedio por pasajero se ha incrementado.
La cantidad de empleados ha permanecido ha crecido únicamente el 4.3% haciendo el ejercicio 2003-2007. Por otro lado, la cantidad de aviones también han incrementado constantemente en todos los periodos analizados.
Estados Financieros de Southwest Airlines En los últimos 5 años, la compañía ha mejorado su margen de utilidad bruta, por lo que respecta al margen de utilidad de operación (utilidad antes de impuestos) ha mostrado un comportamiento prácticamente constante a excepción del 2004. El margen de utilidad neta punta a punta ha tenido un incremento marginal, sin embargo se está recuperando de una caída al 3% en el 2004.
Las obligaciones de largo plazo han bajado en proporción con relación a los activos, de igual manera el capital contable de la compañía.
Definición del problema
Continuar reportando utilidades, continuar ganando pasajeros, continuar con una sólida estructura financiera, seguir incrementando ingresos, seguir siendo la aerolínea con menor costo operativo.
Análisis FODA
Fuerzas
• Transporta a más gente que ninguna otra aerolínea en Estados Unidos.
• Consistentemente ha reportado utilidades.
• Posee la estructura de costos operativos más bajos de la industria.
• Poseen un espíritu de “guerreros”.

Oportunidades
• Abrir nuevas rutas hacia las ciudades que hoy no atienden.
• Comprar otras aerolíneas, que complementen su operación actual.

Debilidades
• No ofrecen vuelos internacionales.
• Recientemente reportaron problemas en sus programas de mantenimiento de aeronaves.
• Su política de no despidos, puede provocar que gente no grata para la compañía permanezca en ella.

Amenazas
• 14 de los 28 años comprendidos entre 1980 y el 2007 han reportado pérdidas para la industria de la aviación en Estados Unidos.
• Las aerolíneas son un blanco perfecto para ataques terroristas.
• Que el precio del combustible continúe aumentando.

Descripción de las alternativas
Alternativa uno
Abrir tres nuevas rutas por año.
• Beneficios
Seguiría creciendo la aerolínea de manera sólida y sustentada, aumentando la cobertura.
No se requerirían inversiones importantes que pudieran perjudicar la solidez financiera de la compañía.
• Desventajas
Los primeros vuelos no serían tan rentables como el resto de sus operaciones.
Alternativa dos
Poner ofertas de último minuto para aquellos trayectos en donde no tengan todos los asientos vendidos una hora antes de realizarse el vuelo.
• Beneficios
Disminuir sus costos fijos.
Incrementar el flujo de pasajeros, así como el ingreso bruto del vuelo por venta de boletos.
• Desventajas
“Canivalizar” el mercado.
Migrar a clientes que compraban boleto regular hacia comprar boletos de último minuto.
Alternativa tres
Que los empleados que están en las salas de espera ocasionalmente utilicen trajes típicos de la región.
• Beneficios
Crearan un ambiente de amable y de diversión.
• Desventajas
Incrementar marginalmente los costos de operación.

Selección de alternativas
Las alternativas que seleccionamos son la uno, la dos y la tres:
“Abrir tres nuevas rutas por año”,
“Poner ofertas de último minuto para aquellos trayectos en donde no tengan todos los asientos vendidos una hora antes de realizarse el vuelo”, y
“Que los empleados que están en las salas de espera ocasionalmente utilicen trajes típicos de la región”.
Con lo anterior pretendemos seguir ganando participación de mercado, incrementar los ingresos, ser más eficiente la operación y hacer un viaje diferente para aquellos pasajeros de Southwest.
Implementación
• Realizar los estudios de mercado suficientes para seleccionar las mejores y más rentables nuevas rutas, considerando la cobertura actual y que no vaya a representar adquirir más del 5% de la actual flotilla de aviones.
• Únicamente a través de la página de Internet promocionar los boletos de último minuto.
• Mandar a hacer trajes típicos para el personal que se encuentra en la sala de espera con algún distintivo de la compañía.
Conclusiones
La filosofía con que inició la compañía, además de su estrategia de largo plazo, han hecho que Southwest Airlines hoy sea la aerolínea que más pasajeros transporta en los Estados Unidos, contando con fortalezas muy marcadas sobre sus más cercanos competidores, lo que nos lleva a pensar que siguiendo estrategias sencillas como las aquí recomendadas solidificarán a la mejor compañía de la industria de la aviación norteamericana.

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...research and understand how the changes of globalization and technology have impacted the Airline industry. This paper will also apply the industrial organization model and the resource-based model to determine how the Airline industry earn above-average returns. This paper will explain how the Airline industry’s success is through its mission and vision statements with Southwest Airlines as an example. Finally, this paper will evaluate how the importance each category of the stakeholder impacts are to the overall success of the Airline industry. Globalization and Technology In today’s business industry, the globalization process has become an important aspect and fundamental force. The elements that contribute to globalization is the environment, culture, regulation and technology and production. While the advancements globalization has increased greatly, so has the advancements in airline industry with their aircraft (Shevell, 1999). Globalization also provides a great amount of potential profits to nations and their corporations (Button, 2008). Air transportation has evolved into a major industry (Kroo, 1999). The airline industry’s continuously grows and is facilitated through its international investment, tourism, world trade and economic growth (Kroo, 1999). According to Siliang Yang, due to the advancements of technology, airlines have been able to increase its distribution of tickets by e-commerce and the internet (Yang...

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Southwest Airlines Case

...Southwest Airlines in 2010 (pages 401-436) Gamble, J. E., Thompson, A. A., Jr., and Peteraf, M. A. (2013). Essentials of strategic management: The quest for competitive advantage (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. What are the key policies, operating practices, and core values underlying Southwest’s efforts to implement its low-cost/no frills strategy? In order for Southwest Airlines to implement its low-cost/no frills strategy, they charge the lowest price possible to make air travel affordable to a wide segment. The lowest fares were usually nonrefundable but could be applied to future travel on Southwest Airlines, while rival airlines charged a change free of $100 to $175. Southwest Airlines also implemented the “Bags Fly Free” policy. Other airlines were charging up to $120 round trip to check bags due to the increase in jet fuel costs, but Southwest chose to let fliers check bags for free, which resulted in a company-record load factor. Southwest also uses dynamic pricing to charge more during peak travel periods. Southwest was able to experience revenue gains from increased ticket sales and passenger traffic. Southwest does not use the hub-and-spoke route systems of rival airlines and instead uses point-to-point scheduling. This allows Southwest to minimize the time aircraft is at the gate to 25 minutes. Southwest’s point-to-point route system minimized connections, delays, and total trip time. Southwest also has no assigned...

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Southwest Airlines

...| Southwest Airlines Co. | Organizational Commitment and Communication | | | | Southwest Airlines, Co is according to Fortune magazine one of the best places to work for. The Company’s mission statement is "The mission of Southwest Airlines is dedication to the highest quality of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit." (Southwest.com) Southwest believes that their mission statement has led the way to the best cumulative consumer satisfaction record, according to statistics published by the U.S. Department of Transportation. They have the fewest customer complaints, and they have the most satisfied employees, their turnover ratio is less than 10% (D’Aurizio, 2008). Communication and Leadership play a critical role in any organization and Southwest Airline is not the exception. These two factors are crucial to their success. In this paper, I will discuss the role of organizational commitment and communication within Southwest Airlines. Specifically, I will discuss how the various sources of power and leadership styles impact the organization as a whole. Also, I will discuss the motivational theory that I believe fits best with Southwest’s current culture and how the organization communicates the motivational theory to its employees. Finally, I will take a look at the commitment of the employee and how they respond to the organizations attempt to motive them. Organizational Commitment and Communication ...

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