...itself for territorial expansion. But the Spanish-American War which took place in 1898, was the United States first time broke the geographic boundaries and began to set a goal as one of the most powerful countries in the world in 20th century. From isolationism to expansionism, the Spanish-American War led America into the modern era, the war was a symbol that the United States was rising power. The Spanish-American War was a war which launched in order to despoil the Spanish colonies. At that time, the Philippines not only had the important economic value, but also was the strategic base of America, so it was necessary to occupy the Philippines. On February 15th, the American vessel the Maine sunk in Havana harbor, and the United States seized the chance as an excuse, began to take military actions to declare war to Spain. There are many reasons to explain why the United States won this war, and many people consider that the main reason of it is because the huge strength disparity between the United States and Spain. “Spain was even less ready for war than the United States.”(ushistory.org). That’s true, the burgeoning America had strong economic and military potential, and it had built a powerful navy. At the same time Spain had declined, and it was isolated in the National position, also. Especially the Cubans and the Filipinos armed themselves to struggle against the Spanish colonial rule, and suppressed a large number of Spanish troops. “The relations between Spain and...
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...Intro- In Early 1898 tensions between the United States and Spain had been mounting for months. After the U.S. battleship Maine exploded and sank in Havana harbor under mysterious circumstances on February 15, 1898, U.S. military intervention in Cuba became likely. struggle of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines for independence against Spanish rule. Cuba was then made an independent country. Pre- In the late 1800’s, A wildly popular character “The Yellow Kid” was featured in almost every newspaper for making fun or mocking events. The artist R.F Outcalt created the comic which then flooded the newspapers all across New York. The sensational comic is what led to the exaggerated style of reporting called “Yellow...
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...History of Journalism in the Philippines Journalism has been a part of the Roces family. Their involvement had shifted from being mere publishers to defenders of press freedom. As we take a look in the history of journalism, we are to find out how the family became elemental in the development of the field. We areto learn how their contributions made them a significant dynasty in Philippine Print Media. Our glimpse of Philippine Journalism will be divided into seven era: Early Years The history of journalism in the Philippines goes back to the 16th century, the same period when England and Europe were starting on the proliferation of community newspapers. It was in the year 1637 when the "Father of Filipino Printing", Tomas Pinpin, launched the first Philippine newsletter called "Successos Felices" (Fortunate Events). The publication was written in Spanish and contained a 14-page report on current events. In 1799, following Pinpin's debut in printing, he again came up with his Hojas Volantes or "flying sheets". It was titled "Aviso Al Publico" (Notices to the Public), which served the Spaniards and had a role comparative to a "town crier." Surprisingly, it took a gap of a little more than a decade before the first actual newspaper, "Del Superior Govierno," was launched by Gov. Fernandez del Forgueras on August 8, 1811. It was the so-called first regularly issued publication that reported developments about Spain and Europe. It was also the first newspaper that included in...
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...of their Tagalog neighbors to the east and south. However, they speak a distinct language, which is a source of ethnic pride. Spanish chroniclers and early anthropologists have remarked on the distinctiveness of that language and they have proposed theories that the Pampangos may have come to the Philippines from Java or elsewhere in Southeast Asia. The Pampangos apply themselves to the same industries as the Tagalogs but are renowned for certain crafts for which they excel. They are exceptional jewelers and goldsmiths, as well as furniture makers and woodcarvers. Antique jewelry and furniture from Pampanga are considered valuable heirlooms by Filipino families and as priced possessions by antique collectors. Pampangos are renowned throughout the archipelagos as excellent cooks. They have ingeniously incorporated indigenous, Spanish and Chinese elements into their cuisine that have made the Pampanga food preparation and culinary arts both exotic and sumptious. Among the more known specialities of the Pampangos include buro, which is meat, fish or vegetables preserved in brine or fermented with rice, tapa, or dried beef or venison, tocino, or cured pork, longaniza or spiced pork sausages, aligi, or crab fat, and sisig, or sizzling pig cheeks. The province of Pampanga had been held under the influence of the Catholic Church since the beginning of Spanish colonization. Some of the most colorful and interesting observances are connected with Christian holidays. During Good Friday...
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...socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought” (Culture, 2010, pg. 5) Culture of Spain Spain’s culture includes the personal beliefs of religion, the practices of the society, and the attitudes of the people. The Spanish culture has made adjustments to meet the demands of the international and the way of doing business in Europe, but retains much of its older, more comfortable traditions as well. Spain is relatively consistent in its population ethnicity, unlike Germany in which one must bear a German family name to be a citizen. Spain’s ethnicity varies in itself because the different regions within the country. The influence of the Moors from centuries ago still plays a part in the architecture and beliefs of some people. Spain embraces its art and architecture that consists of aqueducts, castles, historic churches, and housing. The largest cities, such as Barcelona, still maintain buildings that are both traditional in style and features. The cities also maintain their small and narrow streets. Various Elements of the Spanish Culture Spain has a rich linguistic heritage. Spain has four official languages; “Castilian Spanish (the most commonly spoken), Catalan (used in Cataluña and the Balearics), Basque (spoken in the Basque regions of both France and Spain) and, finally, Galician. There are also a number of local dialects such as Valéncian and Andulucian” (Spain culture- guide, 2008). These languages...
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...Biography of Nick Joaquín (1917-2004) Posted on September 15, 2010 by Pepe Nicomedes "Nick" Joaquín This is the best biography of Nick that I’ve encountered so far… The 1996 Ramón Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and Creative Communication Arts BIOGRAPHY of Nick Joaquín Resil B. Mojares He was the greatest Filipino writer of his generation. Over six decades and a half, he produced a body of work unmatched in richness and range by any of his contemporaries. Living a life wholly devoted to the craft of conjuring a world through words, he was the writer’s writer. In the passion with which he embraced his country’s manifold being, he was his people’s writer as well. Nick Joaquín was born in the old district of Pacò in Manila, Philippines, on September 15, 1917, the feast day of Saint Nicomedes, a protomartyr of Rome, after whom he took his baptismal name. He was born to a home deeply Catholic, educated, and prosperous. His father, Leocadio Joaquín, was a person of some prominence. Leocadio was a procurador (attorney) in the Court of First Instance of Laguna, where he met and married his first wife, at the time of the Philippine Revolution. He shortly joined the insurrection, had the rank of colonel, and was wounded in action. When the hostilities ceased and the country came under American rule, he built a successful practice in law. Around 1906, after the death of his first wife, he married Salomé Márquez, Nick’s mother. A friend of General Emilio Aguinaldo, Leocadio...
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...reconstruction. The court issued a series of decisions that significantly weakened the federal government’s ability to protect black Southern’s. The “Slaughterhouse case” distinguished state and National citizenship. The “U.S vs. Cruikshank” ruling gave states more power to impose discrimination in the state and legislate Discriminatory Laws within the states. 2.) African Americans demonstrated their citizenships by participating in elections, educate themselves and become a teacher or open a school like disabled ex slave Elias did and own lands and work independently on their own, worship in their own churches, 3) Since the beginning of colonization of the first colonies in North America, Native Americans have been subjected to colonial rule and forced from their lands. Towards the end of the nineteenth century Native American tribes began to resist such rule and push back. One example of this is in 1877 when the Nez Percé people fought back against the United States when the government dictated a treaty severely reducing the Nez Percé people forcing them to move onto reservations. These people fled to Canada for safety, and around 800 of the Nez Percé people were slaughtered, leaving than 300...
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...passion or interest. There are several different types of information that newspapers distribute; therefore, there are many kinds of imagined communities that they have created in the past and have the potential to construct in the future. By definition according to Anderson, a nation is “an imagined political community”—a widespread consciousness shared by its members who may never come into contact with one another. Consequently, the first way newspapers built an imagined community was by sparking the emergence of a national identity amongst American citizens. Alexander Ziegler conducts a study on the involvement of newspapers in the development of an American national identity in which he states: “The hypothesis of this study is that colonial newspapers, the primary media for mass communication, must show some evidence of the emergence of American national identity.” Furthermore, waking up each morning and knowing that everyone else was reading about the same news that they were gave many Americans a sense of belonging in their communities. Anderson uses the example of the daily ritual...
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...Mis-education of the Filipino” (1959/1966), inquiring into the colonial basis of his anti-colonial critique of American English. It explores the affinity between his view of language and those of American colonial officials, especially around the relationship between English and the vernacular languages. Both conceived of that relationship in terms of a war of and on translation. It then turns to an important but overlooked essay by Nick Joaquin published around the same time as Constantino’s, “The Language of the Streets” (1963). By closely considering Joaquin’s views on “Tagalog slang” as the basis for a national language, we can see a different politics of language at work, one based not on translation as war but as play. Whereas Constantino was concerned with language as the medium for revealing the historical truth of nationhood that would lead to democratizing society, Joaquin was more interested in the conversion of history into language as a way of expanding literary democracy. Abstract Vicente L. Rafael is Professor of History at the University of Washington in Seattle. He grew up in Manila and graduated from the Ateneo in 1977. His books include Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society Under Early Spanish Rule (1993), White Love and Other Events in Filipino History (2000), and The Promise of the Foreign: Nationalism and the Technics of Translation in the Spanish Philippines (2005). He is currently at work on a book on translation...
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...Photography Photography * Transforms the passing moment of a three dimensional event into a frozen instant reduced in size on a flat piece of paper. * Transforms a three dimensional composition into two dimensional. Uses of Photography in the Philippines * Portraiture * In the Philippines, the first forms of photos were of the size of calling cards called cartes de visite (4” x 2 ½”) and the tarjeta (3 ½” x 5 ½”) used for mailing as a postcard. * In the 1800’s, photo studios sprouted in Sta. Cruz, Binondo and Quiapo. * Life-size photos are hung in living rooms and became status symbols. * Research and Documentation * Photo journalism became a field which shows a visualized history through photos captured in actual events. * Travel and Tourism * Photos are used widely to promote the beauty of the country like photos of colorful festival celebrations, beautiful tourist spots and night life posted in the net and magazines. * Propaganda * Used as an effective communication tool to promote political messages. * Photos are also incorporated in the campaign materials of the government. * Advertising * Photographs are used to sell products, services and personalities. * Billboards and print ads used photographs more than text to sell. * Artists’ tool and art medium * Augusto Fuster is the first painter who used photographs to composed pictures as paintings. * Photographs are also used by artists...
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...History 151 28 March 2013 HIST 151: Final Essay Tlatelolco Massacre The Tlatelolco massacre was one of Mexico’s worst bloody events. It took place in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas (“Scare of the Three Cultures”) during the afternoon and night of October 2, 1968. Ten days before the Olympic Games, a group of 10,000 students decided to protest against the government’s oppression. Unfortunately the government sent the army to control the event and opened fire on the group of students and killed hundreds of them. All those innocent lives killed ten days before the opening ceremony of the 1968 Summer Olympic Games made a lot of noise in Mexico but also in the whole world. At that time, the Mexican propaganda controlled the media and let the citizens know that the group of students was hostile to the army, which explained the actions of the president and therefor the soldiers. The official paperwork was only available to the public in 2000. These documents got Gustavo Diaz Ordaz and Luis Echeverria, the Mexican president and his interior minister at that time in a lot of trouble, not only after the massacre but also after the publication of the government’s documents. The book I chose is Massacre in Mexico (“La Noche de Tlatelolco”) written by Elena Poniatowska. The book takes place in Mexico City during the year of 1968. During this period, Mexico has many political repressions. At this time it is also a year of searching and aspirations by students and the labor...
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...the Philippine languages, in Spanish and in English, and in Chinese as well. Philippine literature may be produced in the capital city of Manila and in the different urban centers and rural outposts, even in foreign lands where descendants of Filipino migrants use English or any of the languages of the Philippines to create works that tell about their lives and aspirations. The forms used by Filipino authors may be indigenous or borrowed from other cultures, and these may range from popular pieces addressed to mass audiences to highly sophisticated works intended for the intellectual elite. Having gone through two colonial regimes, the Philippines has manifested the cultural influences of the Spanish and American colonial powers in its literary production. Works may be grouped according to the dominant tradition or traditions operative in them. The first grouping belongs to the ethnic tradition, which comprises oral lore identifiably precolonial in provenance and works that circulate within contemporary communities of tribal Filipinos, or among lowland Filipinos that have maintained their links with the culture of their non-Islamic or non-Christian ancestors. The second grouping consists of works that show Spanish derivation or influence in the themes and forms employed, and these may include literary works that are translations of original Spanish writings, or adaptations of the same. A third grouping comprises works belonging to the American colonial tradition. Literary production...
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...IGOROTS * Home * IGOROT SONGS * IGOROT DANCE * IGOROT TRADITIONS * MONEY ON THE MOUNTAIN IGOROT TRADITIONS IGOROT TRADITIONS When we talk about Igorot identity and culture, we also have to consider the time. My point is that: what I am going to share in this article concerning the Igorot culture might not be the same practiced by the Igorots of today. It has made variations by the passing of time, which is also normally happening to many other cultures, but the main core of respect and reverence to ancestors and to those who had just passed is still there. The Igorot culture that I like to share is about our practices and beliefs during the "time of Death". Death is part of the cycle of life. Igorots practice this part of life cycle with a great meaning and importance. Before the advent of Christianity in the Igorotlandia, the Igorots or the people of the Cordilleran region in the Philippines were animist or pagans. Our reverence or the importance of giving honor to our ancestors is a part of our daily activities. We consider our ancestors still to be with us, only that they exist in another world or dimension. Whenever we have some special feasts (e.g., occasions during death, wedding, family gathering, etc.), when we undertake something special (like going somewhere to look for a job or during thanksgiving), we perform some special offer. We call this "Menpalti/ Menkanyaw", an act of butchering and offering animals. During these times we call them...
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...inserted itself as their new colonial power (Chomsky, 2011). For the next four years, the U.S. occupied the island-nation until the establishment of the Platt Amendment, which officially put Cuba under U.S control, although Cuba was formally considered an independent nation by 1902 (Chomsky, 2011). Cubans became discontent over the next five decades as the U.S. exploited the country for sugar production, and asserted itself as a repressive force under the guise that they would transform Cuba into a republic. The U.S. invaded Cuba consistently up until 1933, when Fulgencio Batista seized power, and supported rebellions, to ensure that whoever became the leader of Cuba was complacent to American imperialism (Cuba Profile, 2018). For the next two decades, Batista reigned as dictator of Cuba with American approval. Four million Cubans were starving or struggling to survive, and over one and a half million Cubans were unemployed by 1950 (Chomsky, 2011). The collapse of the world economy in 1929, devastated Cuba which relied too heavily on sugar as its primary export as a result of American economic oppression (Chomsky, 2011). During this time, the Socialist Party was formed by disgruntled Cubans in reaction to economic catastrophe, unscrupulous politics, and racial disparity (Cuba Profile, 2018). The Socialist Party would later provide the platform for Fidel Castro to take power. Early Life Born in 1926, Castro was the son of a well-off Spanish immigrant, a successful sugarcane...
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... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 2 6 6 7 8 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 19 20 21 21 21 1.1.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.12 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.13 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 History of journalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8 1.2.9 Early Journalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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