...History of Special Education Cherri Eurich Grand Canyon University: SPE-526 11/7/12 Abstract Understanding the history of special education is necessary to grasp its value today. After the 1970’s it was decided there was a growing need for reform when it came to educating children with disabilities. Over the years there have been many pieces of legislation introduced to aid in improving our nation’s special education program. Perhaps one of the most important, being the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). As early as 1970, people began to recognize the need for educational legislation on behalf of students with disabilities. Before that time schools were allowed to discriminate and segregate as well as deny education to certain students. Since Brown vs. the Board of Education educational legislation has been vital to developing the best special education programs. What is Special Education? Special education is designed to give opportunities and teaching to students with disabilities that affect their life and learning (Heward, 2009). Special education provides a curriculum that is specialized and individually intensive. The lessons are intensive and goal directed for each student. Special education teachers work in conjunction with general education teachers to provide adequate lessons. In many instances, special curriculum, along with unique materials is used to aid in educating the students (Heward, 2009)...
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... Peggy Graham Education is the one resource everyone has that is theirs alone. It is also the one asset everyone has that can never be taken away from them. Does anybody believe that the United States government and politicians should be those holding the keys to our future generations’ quality of education? The future of any country of any nation depends directly upon the degree of cultural and educational development of younger generations. Besides, any education system needs constant control and upgrading to correspond to world standards and bring better results. This leads to discussing the Act of 2001, which received the name “No Child Left Behind” signed by President Bush at the beginning of the year 2002. NCLB is said to be “a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the central federal law in pre-collegiate education” (Mathis, 2003, pg. 679). The special aid program for disadvantaged students was the first to expand the ESEA. NCLB was formed in an answer to the reaction of public concern of education, with stricter guidelines for testing, and a stronger importance for highly qualified teachers’. Because of the public reaction about education the key aims of the “No Child Left Behind” Act is to improve as much as possible the situation in education and provide sufficient support for the disadvantaged students. The NCLB does not allow a single public school to be left out of this document...
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...My Personal Philosophy of Special Education Christina L. Richardson Grand Canyon University: SPE-529N November 18, 2012 My Personal Philosophy of Special Education As educators, we need a foundation for why we want to teach, where students with different disabilities fit in that foundation, a rationale for how we teach, and a principle that keeps us striving to be the best educators we can be. The purpose of this essay is to point out what I believe the foundation, student location, rationale, and principle are for why I want to become a teacher. Special Education Philosophy I believe every child is entitled to an education no matter what race, socio-economic status, or disability. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) ensures that every child is given the opportunity to have a highly qualified education while Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires children with disabilities be given a free appropriate public education (FAPE) that meets their individual needs. The latest version of IDEA also works together with NCLB to give children with disabilities the same opportunity of high quality instruction. This causes the responsibility for the progress and performance of children with disabilities to be shared by the general and special education teachers. (Cortiella, 2006, p. 10) As a special education teacher, I will work with general education teachers and collaborate to make sure the individual needs of students with disabilities are met. I believe that...
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...Introduction A. Social Problem Education plays an important role in the way a particular country progresses. The US has always strived for high education standards; however, recent statistics point out that the country has competitively fallen behind when compared to other developed countries. For this reason, education has played an important role in the US agenda for many years. In January 8th, 2002, the US Congress passed a law called “No Child Left Behind Act” (NCLB), which expanded the role of federal government in education. This law strongly emphasizes the implementation of standardized tests in public schools to measure the progress of students as well as to hold teachers and schools accountable for students’ progress. A social problem that the NCLB is trying to fix is the fact that the quality of education in US’ public schools has decreased during the last years. Alarming statistics have shown that the country’s education system is not as internationally competitive as it used to be. For example, according to a report issued by the Council on Foreign Relations, the United States has slipped ten spots in high school and college graduation rates in the past three decades (CFR). Poor education affects the entire country because of the close relation that progress has with having a skillful workforce. Furthermore, other social problems, such as poverty and crime, are indirectly related to inferior education. An extensive body of research has found that people with...
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...No Child Left Behind Act On American Education Education Essay Recently; main concern of teachers, parents and students has been devising ways that can increase test scores. Since the beginning of an implementation of state based NCLB standardized tests, there is an increase in expectations of the parents and teachers in terms of an improvement in test scores. However, these expectations can only be fulfilled when planning and implementation is strategic, while the reality of implementation of NCLB is on the contrary. This paper will describe pros and cons of “No Child Left Behind” act and its effects on American education system. Introduction Originally proposed by the Bush administration under US federal law in 2001, “No Child Left Behind” act was designed in order to provide funding, from federal governments, to different schools in all American states in order to make changes in learning capabilities of students. It was realized at the local government level that educational standards in schools in different states were not being considered for improvement, highlighting failures of local American governments. Various accountability standards have been defined under this law that gives the parents an opportunity to choose schools in which they want their children to be admitted. Thereby, rational that was followed while designing this law was that all children and students within schools would achieve their full academic potential because of improved programs provided in...
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...Child Left Behind In 2001, then President G.W. Bush introduced the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act. The U.S. Congress, with bipartisan support, passed the act. The NCLB Act was brought about to combat the rising and devastating social divide within the educational system. “The law targeted early learning, measuring student performance, offering options to failing schools, and ensuring more resources for schools” (Dolgoff, 2009, p. 125). The 1965 Elementary and Second Education Act allotted funding for primary and secondary education. This act was put in place to make sure all children were given equal education and equal opportunities with their education. (The Santa Fe New Mexican, pp. 1- 2003, A.1.) The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 is a reauthorization of the 1965 ESA. New standards were put in place that required schools to meet certain criteria or lose funding for their schools. The NCLB Act has 37 categories that each school must meet. There are also 10 specific guidelines for AYP, Adequate Yearly Progress. Adequate Yearly Progress Ten Categories: The Adequate Yearly Progress allows the government to determine how a school is performing academically based on the results of the required standardized tests. The Department of Education guidelines for the AYP are: 1. A single statewide accountability system, which is applied to all public schools and local education agencies. 2. The state accountability system must include all public school students. 3...
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...Education of Individuals with Disability Name: Institution: Education of Individuals with Disability History of Special Education In the early 18th century, people with disability were often ignored, obscured, or put to death. First efforts to provide education for disabled students were focused on students with sensory problems such as the deaf and blind. During the 19 and early 20th century, schools that were specialized in providing education to students with disability emerged in United States and Europe. The extremely published story of Helen Keller influenced the introduction of education for disabled people in America. In 1887, Anne Sullivan who was Helen’s teacher said that he will not give up in offering education to the deaf and the blind, and she succeeded in teaching a five year old Helen how to communicate (Ashbaker, 2011, p. 25). Prior to 1965, there were no free education services provided to students with serious disabilities. These students were barred from attending school. Most of the students with severe disabilities used to put up in institutions. Many students who had mild disabilities and were not in a position to complete high school without any help did not have any other alternative other than dropping out of school. To appreciate developments that have placed disabled students in normal learning classroom, it is important to understand the legislative history that led to this move. Back in 1954, there was a civil rights case that involving...
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...Federal Money and the “No Child Left Behind” law The “No Child Left Behind Act of 2001,” commonly known as NCLB, is a United States federal law that reauthorizes a number of federal programs that aim to improve the performance of U.S.'s primary and secondary schools. The NCLB Act incorporates the principles and strategies proposed by President Bush. These include increased accountability; greater choice for parents and students; more flexibility in the use of Federal education dollars; and a stronger emphasis on reading. In exchange for tens and hundreds of millions in increased federal aid, NCLB asked states to: Assess students in grades 3-8, and once during grades 10-12, in reading and math by the end of the 2005-2006 school year, using state-designed tests to certify that all teachers of core academic subjects are highly qualified by the end of the 2005-2006 school year, using state-set definitions to Assess students in science once during grades 3-5, 6-9, and 10-12 by the end of the 2007-2008 school year, using state-designed tests and to provide public school choice and supplemental educational services to students in schools that have been unable to meet Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) for two consecutive years. Accept nothing short of 100 percent student proficiency by 2014. State flexibility is a key element within NCLB. Each individual state is given the flexibility to determine a variety of factors, including the definition of proficiency, the starting...
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...their own. Another example of an unfunded mandate is No Child Left Behind, a law passed by Congress in 2002 that requires schools to meet certain educational outcomes, as usually demonstrated through standardized tests. The law expanded the federal government's role in education, which had traditionally been a state function. The law also requires states to demonstrate academic progress in their schools; provide the federal government with a range of information (a report card) on things like student achievement and performance by school districts; ensure that teachers meet minimum qualifications; and annually test students in grades three through eight in English and mathematics (with other subjects to be added later). The issue of unfunded mandates has been a contentious one. Critics claim that it forces states to spend money they do not have. They also claim that it forces them to pursue policies they do not necessarily agree with or at least do not consider a priority. To this extent, it distorts their priorities As an example, nowhere in the main body of the Constitution does it say that the national government will be responsible for providing public education. You may be used to getting a free education in a public school, but it is not a constitutionally guaranteed right. Rather, in the absence of an express power of the national government, states assume, on the basis of the Tenth Amendment, that public school...
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...Inclusion Education and ADHD: A Hit or a Miss? Alice A. Avila-Smith COM 22 July 15, 2012 Katherine Cox Inclusion Education and ADHD Brianna, a precocious seven-year-old student diagnosed with ADHD came home from school and handed her mother a report with a turned down smile on it from her teacher indicating she was disruptive in class, earning her a time-out. Her mother asked why she talked so much in class. With a wide-eyed innocent expression on her face, Brianna says, “I don’t want to but I have to! (B. Smith, personal communication, October, 2002). For an estimated 4.5 million school-aged children diagnosed with ADHD, this same sentiment could be echoed much to the dismay of parents and teachers alike. Forty percent of these children are also diagnosed with co-morbid conditions, secondary to ADHD, such as learning, and conduct disorders or Oppositional Defiance Disorder, a condition marked with aggression, conflict-seeking, ignoring even the simplest requests, and frequent outburst (Flippin, 2005). Proponents of Inclusion Education argue integrating disabled students with their non-disabled peers into mainstream classrooms is beneficial to teaching them how to socially function in the world after high school; however, immersion does not guarantee inclusion for the ADHD student, who typically does not benefit from the one-size-fits-all classroom model. Inclusion of ADHD students in mainstream education has merit, but it has missed the mark because it leads to...
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...The lack of parental participation in special education remains an issue. Despite putting different practices in place for children with learning disabilities it seems the attention and the drive to do it is not there. Parental Involvement is still limited whether it is because of not understanding the disability of the child or severity, or becoming overwhelmed or just no time because of lack of time management. This paper gives a study of facts and details of things that can possible aide in getting the parent involved in the child’s educational process. Every child should be educated no matter what the circumstances. The reason why most children do not succeed is due to the lack of parental involvement in their education process. The government has placed many policies in place to help parents get involved. The individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) are a law that ensures disabilities throughout the nation (U.S. Department of Education, 2011). In this essay I will give supporting details about the No Child left being Act, potential involvement, limitations and ways the parent can participate. The No Child Left Behind act has been the law for nearly 10 years. In the year 2011 President Bush requested Congress to reauthorize ESEA/NCLB in 2007. The Obama administration introduced his version for ESEA which stands for Elementary and Secondary Education Act and Congress still did not respond. This is where the parental involvement and the people are able to get involved...
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...EDA-535 October 1, 2014 Gary Marx stated “identifying, monitoring and considering the implications of trends is one of the most basic processes for creating the future” (Stevenson, 2010 p. 1). The world of education is forever changing at a pace that gets more rapid as the years go on. The decisions made in the past have laid the foundation of education today, as will recent changes affect the future. Programs such as choice schooling and No Child Left Behind will impact school funding. Rulings such as the Lemon Test and separation of church and state will impact decisions that can potentially result in litigation and court rulings dictating educational decisions. In his work regarding educational trends, Kenneth Stevenson (2010) stated, “a continuing recession, escalating political polarization, rising racial/ethnic tensions, a growing national debt, and a widening divide between the haves and the have nots portend a future fraught with unprecedented challenges to and clashes over the form and substance of public education in America” (p.1). Analysis of the Lemon Test The Lemon Test was created by Chief Justice Warren Berger as a result of the court case Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) and is based on the principles stated in Everson v. Board of Education. The case of Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) centered on Rhode Island’s Salary Supplement Act. This act approved a salary supplement of up to fifteen percent for teachers who taught secular subjects in private religious schools...
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...AED 222 Course Calendar |Monday |Tuesday |Wednesday |Thursday |Friday |Saturday |Sunday | |Week 1 |Day 1 |Day 2 |Day 3 |Day 4 |Day 5 |Day 6 |Day 7 | |AED 222 |Post Bio | | |IDEA 2004 CheckPoint | | |Special Education and the Principles of NCLB | |Week 2 |Day 1 |Day 2 |Day 3 |Day 4 |Day 5 |Day 6 |Day 7 | |AED 222 | |DQ 1 | |DQ 2 |Final Project Matrix CheckPoint | | | |Week 3 |Day 1 |Day 2 |Day 3 |Day 4 |Day 5 |Day 6 |Day 7 | |AED 222 | | | |Classifying EBD and ADHD CheckPoint |Final Project Matrix Exercise | |The Controversy of Medication | |Week 4 |Day 1 |Day 2 |Day 3 |Day 4 |Day 5 |Day 6 |Day 7 | |AED 222 | |DQ 1 | |DQ 2 |The Life of a Special Education Teacher CheckPoint | | | |Week 5 |Day 1 |Day 2 |Day 3 |Day 4 |Day 5 |Day 6 |Day 7 | |AED 222 | | | |Devices and Practices for Sensory Impairments CheckPoint |Final Project Matrix Exercise | |Supports for TBI, Physical Disabilities, and Health Impairments | |Week 6 |Day 1 |Day 2 |Day 3 |Day 4 |Day 5 |Day 6 |Day 7 | |AED 222 | |DQ 1 | |DQ 2 |Channeling Students into a Gifted Program CheckPoint | | | |Week 7 |Day 1 |Day 2 |Day 3 |Day 4 |Day 5 |Day 6 |Day 7 | |AED 222 | | | |IEP CheckPoint |Creating a Student Profile for a Mock Case Study Exercise | |Channeling Students into Special Services | |Week 8 |Day 1 |Day 2 |Day 3 |Day 4 |Day 5 |Day 6 |Day 7 | |AED 222 | |DQ 1 | |DQ 2 |Bloom’s Taxonomy, Planning Pyramids, and Systematic Strategies CheckPoint | | | | Week 9 |Day 1 |Day 2 |Day 3 |Day 4 |Day 5 |Day 6 |Day...
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...testing was performed in English only which led to special education misclassifications. During this time Spanish speakers mostly resided on the west coast, their solution was segregation, both Spanish and English schools (Jong, 2011). Brown v. Board of Education (1954) brought minority civil rights to the forefront as such language policies shifted. In the 1960s Miami Florida offered bilingual education to Cuban refugees (Jong, 2011). In 1968 the Bilingual Education Act (BEA) was created, it offered grant incentives to districts given they implement bilingual education programs. The program was intended to simply help students learn the English language. In 1994 the Clinton administration altered the BEA, it now recognized the benefits of teaching a child content outside of language in their native language (Jong, 2011). In 2001, BEA was no more and No Child Left Behind (NCLB) stepped in. NCLB was a move back towards moving children to an English only environment. The goal of the act was to prepare non english speaking students to enter an all-English instructional setting (Jong, 2011). US and California’s ELL population and Policy English-language learners (ELL) students are all over the nation and they are a rapidly growing population (Payán, 2008). The NCLB Act of 2001 requires states to identify and provide services for ELLs so that they are able to advance in the English language and other academic subjects. NCLB requires that ELL students be regularly tested to assessed...
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...debate about whether or not special needs students should be exempt from graduation and exit-level tests. Many believe that testing will place students where they belong in society. Under this belief pattern, is it fair to judge special needs students by these standards? Many parents and educators believe that it is unfair for special needs children to be judged or tested in the same manner as children who do not have special needs. The major concern here is not so much whether or not special needs students should take exit level tests; but rather how special needs students are classified, whether or not the correct accommodations are provided, and if a single indicator is used for assessment. To identify a special needs students capability levels, multiple indicators must be given. These multiple indicators include: tests, observations, psychological reports, student work samples, and parent and teacher interviews. Because it is difficult or almost impossible for educators to determine what level of accommodation is needed for each student, educators must consider giving students exit level tests according to their individual academic level. This must be done on a case-by-case basis. Timothy Bush, a special education teacher at Sanford high school in Delaware, said it best: “The national demand for high standards and accountability is appropriate for all students. But it is unfair not to make the accommodations that will enable students with special needs to demonstrate their...
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