...INTRODUCTION You’re at home, watching your favourite sports team, when you begin to notice something: Every time the camera zooms in on the coach for his reaction to a play, there’s always the same group of people wearing the same t-shirts sitting directly behind the bench. Then it hits you—they’re promoting a brand -- one that hasn't officially sponsored the game. It refers to a situation in which a company or product seeks to ride on the publicity value of a major event without having contributed to the financing of the event through sponsorship. What Is Ambush Marketing? Ambush marketing is when a company that hasn’t paid to be a sponsor of an event, gets free publicity by unofficially communicating their brand in places where spectators, cameras or reporters will see them. By purchasing sponsorship, a sponsor seeks to attract the attention that an event generates to its own product. In a typical sponsorship arrangement, a sponsor purchases the sponsorship property rights and does further promotion to draw attention to itself. In “ambush marketing,” another company, often a competitor, intrudes, thereby deflecting attention to itself and away from the sponsor. The term was initially coined to describe the activities of a company that associated itself with an event without paying the requisite fee to the event owner. McKelvey describes it as “a company’s intentional effort to weaken or ambush its competitor’s official sponsorship. It does this by engaging in promotions or advertising...
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...DO SPORT TOURISM EVENTS HAVE A BRAND IMAGE? Kyriaki Kaplanidou Ph.D. Candidate Michigan State University Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resources Studies 131 Natural Resources Building East Lansing, MI 48824 kaplanid@msu.edu Christine Vogt Michigan State University Abstract.—Sport tourism events are used by destinations to enhance their image. The components of an event’s brand image, however, have not been well studied. Keller (1993) suggested that brand image consists of brand associations featuring attributes, benefits, and attitudes toward the “product.” Understanding these brand associations will help determine those elements that constitute a sport tourism event’s image. This study aimed to measure a sport tourism event’s brand image associations from the participants’ perspective. The sport tourism event utilized in this research was an annual bicycling event in the state of Michigan. To explore the brand image associations bicyclists have about sport tourism events, two focus groups were used. The results revealed the image of a sport tourism event consists of mental imageries related to organization, environment, physical activity, socialization, fulfillment and emotions. Implications for both event and destination marketers are discussed. golf, jogging and hiking is booming (de Villier, 2001). For example, sport travel generated $2.4 billion spending in Canada while the total person-trips related to sport travel (over 80 km) was 11,982,000 in 2004...
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...Impact of a sponsorship activity on the brand perceptions within an international context: the America’s Cup and Louis Vuitton case. Stephane Ganassali, University of Savoie, sgana@univ-savoie.fr, corresponding author 4, Chemin de Bellevue - BP 80439 - 74944 Annecy-le-Vieux Cedex - France Francesco Casarin, University Ca’ Foscari of Venezia Paola Cerchiello, University of Pavia Gunnar Mau, University of Göttingen Carmen Rodrigues Santos, University of Leon Astrid Siebels, University of Hannover All members of the “International Network on Consumer Behaviour Studies” http://comptes.ergole.fr/young Impact of a sponsorship activity on the brand perceptions within an international context: the America’s Cup and Louis Vuitton case. Abstract On the basis of an extended review of literature dedicated to experimental studies of sponsorship effects on brand perceptions, this paper introduces a detailed framework of sponsorship persuasion process. Considering the central “transfer” between event and brand perceptions, the model also includes moderating effects (such as congruence) and focuses on specific components of functional, affective and symbolic customer value. In Spring 2007, a Web survey was conducted to evaluate the impact of Louis Vuitton’s sponsorship of America’s Cup. A total sample of 1,400 European respondents was developed thanks to the collaboration of eight Universities in France, Germany, Italy and Spain, working...
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...SMS12.4 paper 5 Does Sponsorship Pay Off pp352-364 KT2 20/7/11 21:23 Page 352 Does sponsorship pay off? An examination of the relationship between investment in sponsorship and business performance Keywords sponsorship spend investment business performance indicator Compound Annual Growth Rate Abstract CASE STUDY Jonathan A. Jensen Adjunct Professor Columbia College Chicago, 618 S. Michigan Avenue Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60605, USA Tel: + 312 933 2940 Email: jjensen@colum.edu Anne Hsu Account Director Relay Worldwide, 375 Hudson Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10014 Tel: + 212 471 5495 Email: hsu.anne@gmail.com Peer reviewed Do corporations who invest in sponsorship perform better? Examining five years of sponsorship spending data and business performance indicators of more than 50 US-based corporations, this case study analyses the relationship between a company’s investment in sponsorship and its business performance. The results indicate that as a group corporations that consistently invested in sponsorship outperformed market averages and those who spent at an above average level outperformed those who spent at a below average level. Executive summary In 2009, North American-based companies spent a total of US$16.51 billion on sponsorship, 68% of which (US$11.28 billion) was spent with sports properties such as the US Olympic Committee, the National Football League and hundreds of local teams and athletes (IEG...
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...Sport MarHeting Quarterly, 2006, 15, 114-123, © 2006 West Virginia University Coca-Cola vs. PepsiCo — A "Super'' Battleground for the Cola Wars? Steve M. McKelvey Overview of the Soft Drink Industry Coca-Cola: The Defending Champion Since its inception in the late 1800s, Coca-Cola has experienced meteoric growth, progressing from nine glasses per day to nearly 4.5 billion cases on an annual basis ("Top 10," 2004). Today, Coca-Cola offers nearly 400 brands in over 200 countries and controls the highest market share (44%) in the soft drink market ("Top 10," 2004). In addition to its leading global market-share, Coca-Cola also retains the title of having the most popular individual beverage in the world in Coca-Cola Classic, with an 18.6% market share ("Top 10," 2004). Additionally, in 2003 it placed four beverages in the top 10 for individual product sales: Coke Classic (#1), Diet Coke (3), Sprite (5), and Caffeine Free Diet Coke (8) ("Top 10," 2004). Through Research & Development (R&D) and acquisitions, Coca-Cola has also expanded its product line to include non-carbonated beverage products, including: Dasani, Fanta, Fruitopia, Hi-C, Minute Maid, and Mr. Pibb. In 2003, Coca-Cola spent approximately $1.9 billion on marketing and advertising. In November 2004, Coca-Cola CEO Neville Isdell stated that "[Marketing expenditures] would rise by $350-$400 million a year ... forever" (Marketplace Roundup, 2004). Pepsi-Cola: The Challenger With the exception of brief bankruptcy...
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...Marketing Management 555 Corporate Societal Marketing: Much More Than Sponsorship of Non-Profit Organisations Unit: Marketing Management 555 Assessment: Assignment 2 – Individual Research Paper Lecturer: Astrid Fackelmann Due date: 14 March 2012 Word Count: 3769 words (includes in-text referencing) Student: Tracey Piani Student Number: 08801476 Introduction Consumers increasing awareness and concern for environmental and social issues, over the past two decades, has lead to significant changes in business relationships between the non-profit and for-profit organisations (Polonsky and Speed 2001; Till 2000). Marketing research indicates consumers increasingly reward or intend to reward companies, whose business practices encompass environmental and social issues, prompting corporations to move beyond simply donating to worthy causes to seek out mutually beneficial relationships with non-profit organisations (Till 2000; Wymer and Sargeant 2006; Wymer and Samu 2009). With seventy- five percent of consumers indicating they would switch brands to a company involved with a charitable cause, if price and quality are equal, corporate giving, regardless of its form makes good business sense (Till 2000). Corporate giving is now considered a competitive resource and important marketing tool, with corporate executives proactive and strategic in their donation tactics, addressing their corporate social responsibility objectives...
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...Celebrities’ Impact on Branding Center on Global Brand Leadership Columbia Business School January 15, 2003 Christina Schlecht 527 Riverside Dr., Apt. 4K New York, NY 10027 (212) 280 5447 cschlecht02@gsb.columbia.edu Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. A Definition of ‘Celebrity’ 3. Celebrities as Spokespersons 4. Source Credibility and Attractiveness 5. The Match-up Hypothesis 6. The Meaning Transfer Model 7. Multiple Brand and Celebrity Endorsement 8. Conclusion Table of Figures Figure 1: Catherine Zeta-Jones endorsing the brand ‘Elizabeth Arden’ Figure 2: Successful and unsuccessful celebrity endorsements Figure 3: Meaning transfer in the endorsement process Figure 4: Brands endorsed by top model and actress Milla Jovovich Figure 5: Celebrities endorsing the luxury brand ‘Omega’ 2 Introduction The billions of dollars spent per year on celebrity endorsement contracts show that celebrities, like Liz Hurley, Britney Spears and Tiger Woods, play an important role for the advertising industry (Daneshvary and Schwer 2000, Kambitsis et al. 2002). Female athlete Venus Williams, tennis player and Wimbledon championship winner in 2002, for example, has signed a five-year $40 million contract with sportswear manufacturer Reebok International Inc.1 Theory and practice prove that the use of super stars in advertising generates a lot of publicity and attention from the public (Ohanian 1991). The underlying question is, if and how the lively interest of the public...
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...AMBUSH MARKETING is to know that how it take advantage of situations which allow brands/products to get extra exposure at minimal cost. Research Objectives 1. To examine the unethical issues in the advertising industry. 2. Determine the need of Ambush Marketing. 3. To analyze the measures of Ambush Marketing. 4. To study whether Ambush Marketing is ethical or unethical. Research Questions 1. What are the measures to combat Ambush Marketing? 2. Is it ethical for a company to ambush an event? 3. Why do brands with excellent reputations get into this? Research Methodology The methodology of the study includes study of library references and latest literature on the various educational sites, and compilation of the secondary data and information obtained from various journals. My research methodology will be doctrinal as well as non-doctrinal in nature and therefore data will be collected from both primary and secondary sources. The method of research would be deductive as conclusion would be drawn after the analysis and interpretation of data collected ------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER 1 ------------------------------------------------- UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN ADVERTISING INDUSTRY The field of advertising is extremely broad and diverse. Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade the viewers, readers or listeners to purchase or take some action upon products, ideals, or services. It includes the name of...
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...China Media Research, 9(3), 2013, Zheng, Case Study of Audi’s Brand Repositioning in China A Case Study of Audi’s Brand Repositioning in China Lu Zheng University of Florida Abstract: Based on a comprehensive review of Audi’s press releases published from 1999 to 2007 and in-depth interviews with Audi’s public relations professionals, this case study identified media relations, event sponsorship, and corporate social responsibility as Audi’s main public relations strategies for its brand repositioning in the Chinese market. Each strategy and related tactics were first illustrated by specific examples and then surveyed in light of contemporary public relations and mass communication theories. [China Media Research. 2013; 9(3): 64-73] Key words: Audi, brand, reposition Introduction Audi, a subsidiary of German car manufacturer Volkswagen, entered the Chinese automobile market in 1988. In the late 1990s, or one decade after its China debut, Audi, with the help of Ruder Finn, a New-York based independent PR firm, began to implement a brand repositioning strategy in China. By the mid-2000s, thanks to its unremitting PR efforts, Audi has successfully repositioned itself from a government car brand to a premium car brand targeting successful business professionals (Ruder Finn, 2007). Since the launching of its China production in 1988, Audi was designated as the “premium government car brand” dedicated to serve high-rank government officials. In contrast, middle and low ranking government...
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...Abstract Sales promotion has been in constantly growth since the 1960’s and have today become one of the key factors in the promotional mix. The methods used have become more sophisticated and an increasing number of companies are realizing the importance of a well structured promotion strategy. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a better understanding on how sales promotion is used in B2B setting. In order to reach this purpose, research questions focusing on the objectives of sales promotion, as well as which sales promotion tools that were used were stated. Based on these research questions, a review of the relevant literature was conducted, resulting in a conceptual framework, which was used to guide this study's data collection. A qualitative, case study approach was used, using interviewing at an industrial company in Sweden as the primary data collection tool. The findings indicate that, although the individual objectives of the tools can be different they can still be used overall to lead to the same overall goal. It was also found that the focus is not always on using sales promotion tools to generate sales, but to improve relationships. As for the tools used, it was found that there are commonly used sales promotional tools in B2B settings. More specifically, gift giving can be deemed inappropriate in certain contexts and should be used carefully. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................
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...Research Project Report Submitted By: Influence of Brand Loyalty on Consumer Sportswear Submitted To: Dr Navreet ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We owe a debt of gratitude to (professors name), for the vision and foresight which inspired us to conceive this research project on topic Influence of Brand Loyalty on Consumer Sportswear as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for her support in completing the project. We would like to express our gratitude towards member of (institute name) for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help us in completion of this project. Our thanks and appreciation also goes to all the respondents who took time to fill the questionnaires and helped us out with their abilities. INDEX S. NO | CONTENTS | PAGE NO. | 1 | Statement of the problem | 4 | 2 | Background of the Problem | 5 | 3 | Purpose of the Study | 6 | 4 | Setting for the Study | 6 | 5 | Research Questions | 7 | 6 | Definition of Terms | 7 | 7 | Factors of Brand Loyalty | 8 | 8 | Grass roots marketing | 11 | 9 | Hypotheses | 12 | 10 | Methodology | 12 | 11 | Hypothesis Test | 13 | 12 | Sample Questionnaire | 14 | 13 | Respondents’ Information | 16 | 14 | Graphs | 18 | 15 | Analysis | 20 | 16 | Research Questions Analysis | 20 | 17 | Conclusion | 21 | Statement of the Problem This study focuses on various aspects of building brand loyalty towards youth consumers and how current marketing strategies in the clothing...
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...Pereira Jeremiah Master 1 MIE 2 Summary Introduction… … … … … … . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .p 4 1. The growth strategy of the French Stage… … … … … … … … … … … .p10 1.1 . The development of the sporting club … . … … … … … … … …................... p11 1.2 . The policy of sponsorship of the stadium Francais………………………………… .... p12 1.2.1 . Sponsorship: an evolving activity since 1990 … … … … … … .p12 1.2.1.1 . The economic evolution… … … … … … … … … … … … … …................... p12 1.2.1.2 . An evolution of methodes………………………………………… … …p13 1.2.2 . The foundations of the sponsoring………………………………………………… ... p13 12.2.1 . The characteristics of l'echange……………………………………… …p13 1.2.2.2 . The sponsorship as a component of a comprehensive system… … … … … … …p15 1.2.2.3 . The objectives of the sponsorship… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …p15 1.2.3 . Why the French Stage attracts t-it both for sponsors ? ......................................... p18 1.2.3.1 . Sponsorship: a dynamic positive……… … … … … … … … … … … .p19 1.2.3.2 . A search of positionnement………………………………………… ... … ..p20 1.2.3.3 . The creation of a link between the consumer and the brand.. … … … . … …p21 1.2.4 . The dangers of sponsorship… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .p21 1.3 . The communication policy… … … … … … … … … … … … … … .p23 1.3.1 ....
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...To Study the Impact of Advertisement on the Brand Preference towards Aerated Drinks ( In Jalandhar City ) Submitted to Lovely Professional University In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Submitted By Group 22 Supervisor Manish Rajput Lecturer LSM Name Mr. Brajdeep Mr. Sayeem Rafiq Mr.Manveer Roll No 40 42 45 Regd. No 10805062 10807184 10804985 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY PHAGWARA (2010) 1 DECLARATION We, "Brajdeep, Sayeem and Manveer”, hereby declare that the work presented herein is genuine work done originally by us and has not been published or submitted elsewhere for the requirement of a degree programme. Any literature, data or works done by others and cited within this dissertation has been given due acknowledgement and listed in the reference section. Brajdeep (10805062) Sayeem Rafiq (10807184) _______________________ _______________________ Manveer (10804985) _______________________ Date: 03/4/2010 2 TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN This is to certify that the project report titled “Impact Of Advertisement on the Brand Preferences towards Aerated Drinks in Jalandar City carried out by Mr.Brajdeep Singh S/O Shri Jagdev Singh has been accomplished under my guidance & supervision as a duly registered MBA student of the Lovely Professional University, Phagwara. This project is being submitted by him/her in the partial fulfillment...
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...BY THE ALCOHOL INDUSTRY ON YOUNG PEOPLE’S ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION Research prepared for the World Health Organization by the Centre for Social Marketing at the University of Strathclyde Emma Cooke, Gerard Hastings and Susan Anderson March 2002 Acknowledgements For acquisition and translation of international data: Jill Bain, Marina Biniari, Liliana Carcamo and Ingrid Kajzer. For comments on the final draft: Anne Marie MacKintosh For administrative support: Kathryn Angus and Aileen Paton. CONTENTS Page No 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY 2 3.0 METHODOLOGY 4 4.0 RESULTS 7 4.1 Advertising 7 4.1.1 Econometric Studies 7 4.1.2 Consumer Studies 11 4.2 Other Forms of Marketing 15 4.3 Developing and Transitional Countries 21 REFERENCES 25 1.0 INTRODUCTION At the World Health Organization Ministerial Conference on Young People and Alcohol in Stockholm (February 2001) considerable concern was expressed about the nature and pervasiveness of advertising and marketing by the alcohol industry. Explicit examples were shown of alcohol promotion exploiting the themes of sexual, sporting and lifestyle success, often in direct violation of advertising codes. Furthermore, many of the advertising examples displayed images of excessive consumption. In addition, the Conference noted that marketing stretches beyond the realms of billboards, magazine...
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...Cover Designer: Chris Miller/cmiller design Cover Image: Getty Images/The Image Bank Permission Aquistion Manager/Photo: Deanna Ettinger Permission Aquistion Manager/Text: Mardell Glinski Schultz © 2010, 2007 South-Western, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—except as may be permitted by the license terms herein. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2008939395 ISBN 13: 978-0-324-59360-0 ISBN 10: 0-324-59360-0 South-Western Cengage Learning 5191 Natorp Boulevard Mason, OH 45040...
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