...Assessment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis drugs supply chain network design and performance measures at health facilities of Jimma town, southwest Ethiopia By: Alula Tadesse, SintayehuTarekegn&TadesseGudeta A term paper to be submitted to Dr.TemesgenGaroma (PhD) for partial fulfillment of advanced logistics and supply chain management course April, 2015 Jimma, Ethiopia Jimma University College of Health Sciences Department of Pharmacy Assessment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis drugs supply chain network design and performance measures at health facilities of Jimma town, southwest Ethiopia By: Alula Tadesse, SintayehuTarekegn&TadesseGudeta Advisor:-Dr.TemesgenGaroma (PhD) April, 2015 Jimma, Ethiopia ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: In all supply chains, correct logistics management optimizes the circulation of products and materials, and insures the link between flow of the physical items and the follow of information. It takes a holistic approach to company’s activities, as well as to the lifecycle of a given product, from its conception to its disposal. This system also has a great impact on the sustained availability of medicines including antiretroviral drugs where their absences resultin service interruption and loss of customer confidence on the institution. For this purpose an effective supply chain network and performance measures needs to be established. OBJECTIVE:-The objective of this study was to assess the supply chain network...
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...STD’s are sexually transmitted diseases. STDs used to be called venereal diseases or VD. They are among the most common contagious diseases. More than 65 million Americans have an incurable STD. Each year, 15.3 million new cases are reported; half of these infections are life-long. STDs are serious illnesses that require treatment. Some STDs, such as HIV, cannot be cured and can be deadly. By learning more about STDs, you can learn ways to protect yourself. You can get a STD from vaginal, anal, or oral sex. You can also be infected with trichomoniasis through contact with damp or moist objects such as towels, wet clothing, or toilet seats, although it is more commonly spread by sexual contact. Anyone who has had sexual contact can get an STI. Men and women of all ages, regions, ethnic backgrounds, and economic levels can get STI. One out of four Americans between ages 15 and 55 will catch at least one STI. STIs are most common among teens and young adults, with about two-thirds of all STIs occurring in people under age 25. Young people are more likely to take more risks and have sex with more partners. Additionally, teen girls are more likely to become infected by Chlamydia than adult women are. Effects: If left untreated in women, the infection can cause Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, which can lead to long term pain, infertility, or even death. In men Chlamydia can cause pain, fever...
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...narrow spectrum susceptible to antibiotic Obtain C&S before administering antibiotics Gram positive stains pinkish Gram negative stains purple-ish blue Bactercidal – kills Bacteriostatic – inhibits growth Side Effects – allergy in 1st 30min – nausea, vomiting, dirreaha Teaching – fluids, yogurt, probiotics, take as directed 2.Antiviral Interrupt cell metabolism 3.Antifungal Mechanisms of action – Inhibits cell wall synthesis Inhibits protein synthesis Inhibits organism reproduction via DNA Inhibits cell metabolism and growth Indications for use- Infection or prophylactic Resistant to one drug in class / resistant to all in class – become resisitant when antibiotic is taken to often or dose not finished (Directly Observed Therapy to prevent) Culture and sensitivity to determine suseptablity, intermedicate or resistant Difference between virus and bacteria – no cell wall in virus Antibacterials work on cell wall of bacteria Virus – wash hands Lower doses for kidney/liver failure to avoid toxicity – dependent on creatine clearance >60 normal Renal failure inhibits excretion and causes build up of antibiotic Vitamin B6 for tingling fingers Septic = low blood pressure *prototype *class *action at cellular level *indications – side effects /adverse effects Beta-lactam Antibacterials- 1.Penicillian – cephalosporins Act by inhibiting synthesis of bacteria cell walls by binding to protein in cell membranes -most effective...
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...Medication can promote healing, ease symptoms alleviate pain and lower the risk of outbreaks. Medication does not kill the virus and does not prevent outbreaks in the future. The virus lies dormant in the body and can “flare up”; however, flare ups or outbreaks normally become fewer and lessen in severity as the individual ages. Outbreaks can be prevented or treated early with prescribed anti-viral medication to lessen symptoms. Oral herpes sufferers can use sun block on and around the borders of the lips and a hat to lessen the chance of cold sores from sun exposure. Individuals with genital herpes are prescribed with an anti-herpes medication to help sores heal faster and other medication to lessen the number of episodes of herpes or begin drug protocol as soon as tingling or other symptoms start. As stated by Young Men’s Health (2014): Half of the people who have herpes don’t have any more outbreaks or flare-ups after the first occurrence of symptoms. This is especially true if the infecting herpes was HSV-1. Some people only get a few outbreaks, while others get many. People can have many outbreaks in a row and then go months or years without one. People with illnesses that weaken the immune system such as leukemia and HIV are more likely to get more outbreaks and have symptoms that are more painful and last longer. It is not clear what causes outbreaks. Some indications are: other infections, physical or emotional stress, fever, surgery, menstruation, sexual intercourse, skin...
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...SULFONAMIDES Abstract Sulfonamides are among one of the oldest drugs to be used as antibiotics. They were invented in 1930's. Nowadays doctors prefer to prescribe them as the traditional drug of choice for urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Currently, the new development of antibiotics to combat illnesses caused by bacterial resistant strains and have limited the usefulness of Sulfa medications. Objectives Upon successful completion of this presentation you should be able to: • Understand and communicate your knowledge of Sulfonamides mode of action and bacterial resistance • Identify and understand the contra indications, common signs and symptoms of allergic reactions to Sulfonamides. • Identify 3 common trade names for sulfonamides and select indication for use between different patient population. Type and class of Pathogen Sulfonamides have been in use since the 1930's , these drugs are effective against both gram- negative and gram - positive bacteria. Sulfonamides are know as broad spectrum antimicrobial drugs; they are effective against a wide variety of microorganisms most Enterobacteriaceae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Nisseria, Haemophilus influenzae,, Norcardia, E.Coli , P. mirabilis some staphylococci, and many streptococci (with exception of Enterococcus faecalis). They are used for...
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...Safe Sex: Stop STDs and Unplanned Pregnancy Practicing safe sex to reduce the risks of getting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and unplanned pregnancy should be on the minds of people who are sexually active. According to Mayo Clinic Staff, “T he organisms that cause sexually transmitted diseases may pass from person to person in blood, semen, or vaginal and other bodily fluids,” (“STDs” 1). Some STDs can be nonsexually transmitted during childbirth or pregnancy. Blood transfusions or shared needles can also transmit STDs. In fact, it’s possible to acquire STDs from people who appear to be healthy because STDs don’t cause symptoms in many people. The common STDs are chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV/AIDs, HPV (Human Papillomavirus), and syphilis (Most Common STDs, 1). Unplanned pregnancy is getting pregnant without planning it. Who wants to catch an STD or increase the chances of an unplanned pregnancy? If both parties say no, then it’s up to the individual to take responsibility to prevent it from happening. Safe sex should be practiced to reduce the risk of getting STDs and the risk of an unplanned pregnancy. Chlamydia is a bacterial infection that is the most commonly reported STD in the United States. It is usually transmitted via vaginal or anal sex, but it can also be transmitted from oral sex. Approximately 50% of men and 25% of women have symptoms from this infection. The symptoms are pain or burning sensation when urinating...
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...Kaposi’s Sarcoma Kaposi’s Sarcoma Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a malignant tumor of the blood and lymphatic vessels. KS is caused by the human herpes virus-8(HHV8). The disease occurs frequently in immunodeficient HIV-AIDS patients and organ donor recipients taking immune suppressant medications. KS is often a sign that HIV has progressed into AIDS. Before the HIV-AIDS epidemic, the classical case of KS was typically found in older males of Eastern European and Italian descent. The disease developed slowly in a period of about 10-15 years versus the rapid growth in immune deficient patients. KS is associated with red, purple or black lesions on the skin. Patients often complain of swelling, pain and itching from infected areas. KS can spread quickly to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, bones and other internal organs. Tumors that develop in the respiratory tract have a high rate of mortality in patients. Coughing up blood, shortness of breath and finally respiratory failure can occur. GI tumors tend to be asymptomatic but diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, fever and bleeding are common symptoms of the disease process. Urinary incontinence and retention have been reported. Before KS is formally diagnosed, a biopsy is performed on infected tissues. Samples are taken from lesions and examined closely under a microscope. Endoscopy is used to collect samples from the throat, stomach, lungs and intestines. Chest...
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...Gonorrhea, sometimes called "clap", is a very common Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) in the United States. It is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhea. The mucous membranes in the genital region become inflamed without the development of any other symptoms. More than 350,000 cases of gonorrhea are reported to the CDC (Center of Disease Control) in 1998(Yancey). Sexually active teens living in high-density urban areas are at greatest risk at contracting gonorrhea. There are quite a few people who contract this horrible disease. The incidence of gonorrhea has steadily declined since the 180’s, mostly because of public awareness campaigns and the risk of contracting other STD’s. Still, current estimates range from 400,000 to as many as man one million cases of gonorrhea in the United States each year. But of course, these estimates vary due to the private nature of the disease and the consequent underreporting that occurs. The majority of reported cases of gonorrhea come from public health clinics. Gonorrhea is transmitted through contact with an infected vagina, penis, anus, or mouth. It is spread through semen or vaginal fluids during unprotected sexual contact with a partner who has gonorrhea. Touching infected sex organs, like the vagina or penis, and then touching your eyes can also cause an eye infection. The bacteria are carried in infected discharge, semen, and vaginal fluids. However, gonorrhea cannot be passed on inanimate objects such as a toilet seat or towel...
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...AIDS Introduction AIDS is growing by leaps and bounds in the United States. Millions of Americans have been affected by the virus from the ages of 25 and 45. AIDS is the fifth leading cause of death among persons between ages 25 and 44 in the United States, down from number one in 1995. To some people, AIDS is just another epidemic like the common cold and it will go away in time. The AIDS epidemic doesn’t affect everyone in society the same. AIDS is a global epidemic and has threatened the human health and development for many years. There are many ways to prevent the spread of AIDS such as abstinence, educating our youths and adults on AIDS prevention, and political support to find a cure. There are different views on the AIDS problem. One view is the Politicians who believe that people are responsible for their own sexuality; therefore, it’s their responsibility to educate themselves. Second are Christians who believe that religion acts as a deterrent to sexual activity which decreased pre-marital sex. Third are the group of Planned Parenthood and safe sex which believes that if they educate people on the use of contraceptives, it will help diminish pregnancy and the spread of AIDS. HIV and Aids in the United States by age and gender More than half a million people diagnosed with AIDS have died in the USA. Around two-thirds of these people did not live to the age of 45. In 2007, the age group 30-49 years accounted for an estimated 54% of HIV diagnoses, 63% of AIDS...
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...Epidemiology Paper on Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), also known as TB, is a disease spread by respiratory inhalation of droplets that contain the bacteria. Tuberculosis is an ancient disease that has been traced back at least 9000 years. In 1882, Dr. Robert Koch was the first physician to describe Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the germ responsible for tuberculosis. However, treatment that was evidenced based was not put into practice until the 20th century. It is estimated that 2 billion people around the world are infected with the TB bacteria. Approximately 5 to 10 percent of these infected people will actual develop active TB and experience the life-threatening symptoms of the disease. Tuberculosis remains a deadly infection around the world claiming 1.7 million lives per year. TB is generally recognized as a respiratory disease but can also attack the brain and spine, circulatory system, gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems as well as the skin, bones and joints. (Furlow, 2010) The groups of people in the United States that are at risk of developing tuberculosis are those infected with HIV, the homeless, prisoners, poor individuals who live in urban areas, minorities such as African American’s, Hispanics and Asians. Healthcare workers are also at risk in the US and around the world. Countries outside of the US hardest hit by TB are in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Rates for infection among American born individuals has...
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...HIV MANIFESTATIONS (Primary infection) The majority people infected by HIV develop a flu-like illness within a month or two after the virus enters the body. This illness, known as primary or acute HIV infection, may last for a few weeks. Possible symptoms include: • Fever • Muscle soreness • Rash • Headache • Sore throat • Mouth or genital ulcers • Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck • Joint pain • Night sweats • Diarrhea Although the symptoms of primary HIV infection may be mild enough to go unnoticed, the amount of virus in the blood stream (viral load) is particularly high at this time. As a result, HIV infection spreads more efficiently during primary infection than during the next stage of infection. Clinical latent infection In some people, persistent swelling of lymph nodes occurs during clinical latent HIV. Otherwise, there are no specific signs and symptoms. HIV remains in the body, however, as free virus and in infected white blood cells. Clinical latent infection typically lasts 8 to 10 years. A few people stay in this stage even longer, but others progress to more-severe disease much sooner. Early symptomatic HIV infection As the virus continues to multiply and destroy immune cells, you may develop mild infections or chronic symptoms such as: • Fever • Fatigue • Swollen lymph nodes • Diarrhea • Weight loss • Cough and shortness of breath Progression to AIDS If...
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...Name: Cheyenne McMillian Causative Agent: Chlamydia trachomatis Disease: STD chlamydia, ocular trachoma Classification of the causative agent: C. trachomatis is a gram – coccoid bacteria History: 15-19 year old women account for half of the carriers of the disease for females. Virulence factors of the causative agent: C. trachomatis has a unique cell wall structure that allows it to hinder phagolysosome fusion within phagocytes. Characterized as gram negative, a notable difference amongst other bacteria’s is that it lacks muramic acid in its cell walls which makes it resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin. Chlamydia also has a type III secretion apparatus (a small needle-like projection) that allows it to inject proteins directly...
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...REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS ➢ The major function of the reproductive system is to make sure that the human species survives. ➢ It is not necessary for every human being to produce children, but in order to continue our human species, at least some people have to have children. ➢ The four main functions of the human reproductive system are: • To produce egg and sperm cells, • To transport and sustain these cells, • To nurture the developing offspring, and • To produce hormones. MAJOR ORGANS ➢ In the human reproductive system, the major organs include the external genitalia and many internal organs including gonads producing gametes and hormones. ➢ These hormones are needed in the maturing of the human reproductive system, the development of sexual characteristics, and the importance in regulating the normal physiology of the human reproductive system. ➢ In the males, the major organ of the reproductive system is the penis, and in the females it is the vagina. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Female External Reproductive Organs A female's external part of the reproductive organs is called the vulva, meaning “covering.” The vulva is located between the legs and covers the opening to the vagina and other reproductive organs located inside the body. Female Internal Reproductive Organs The female has four internal reproductive organs: • the vagina, • uterus, • fallopian...
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...Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are commonly spread by sex, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex. Most STIs initially do not cause symptoms.[1] This results in a greater risk of passing the disease on to others.[2][3] Symptoms and signs of disease may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain. STIs acquired before or during birth may result in poor outcomes for the baby. Some STIs may cause problems with the ability to get pregnant.[1] More than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can cause STIs.[1] Bacterial STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis among others. Viral STIs include genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts among others. Parasitic STIs include trichomoniasis among others. While usually spread by sex, some STIs can also be spread by non-sexual contact with contaminated blood and tissues, breastfeeding, or during childbirth.[1] STI diagnostic tests are easily available in the developed world, but this is often not the case in the developing world.[1] The most effective way of preventing STIs is by not having sex.[4] Some vaccinations may also decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and some types of HPV.[4] Safer sex practices such as use of condoms, having a smaller number of sexual partners, and being in a relationship where each person only has...
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...benefit. For example, biotechnology is used in industry, medicine and agriculture to produce foods, medicines, and test for diseases and remove waste. Examples of industry, medicine, agricultural? Industry: Some examples that are used in biotechnology industries is most laundry detergents produced in the United States contain biotechnology-based enzymes. The other example in industry biotechnology has also led to the creation of a wide range of materials, such as biodegradable plastics, biopolymers and bio-pesticides, novel fibres and even timbers. Some are used as fabric softeners, corrosion inhibitors, ink carriers, solvents, hair conditioners and perfumes. Medicine: one example of medicine in biotechnology is making vaccines and drugs to determining genetic origins of disease, producing organs for xenotransplant and developing nonmedical diagnostic methods. The other example in the use of medicine in biotechnology has made new therapies and vaccines, including products to treat cancer, diabetes, HIV/ AIDS and autoimmune disorders. Agriculture: Agricultural biotechnology benefits farmers, consumers and the environment. By increasing yields and farm income, decreasing pesticide applications and improving soil and water quality, and providing healthful foods for consumers. The other example is Genetic engineering can be used to modify the genetic compositions of plants, animals, and microorganisms. The number of genes that have been isolated and are available for transfer...
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