...Working Paper Series No. 16 Agricultural Marketing and Supply Chain Management in Tanzania: A Case Study Elina Eskola 2005 __________________________________________ ______________________________ 2 Success under Duress: a Comparison of the Indigenous African and East African Asian Entrepreneurs ESRF Study on Globalisation and East Africa Economies ARGICULTURAL MARKETING AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN TANZANIA: A CASE STUDY Elina Eskola12 ABSTRACT This study describes the prevailing marketing arrangements in Tanzania at local, regional, national and export markets using Dar es Salaam, Ifakara, and Mtwara as case study examples. The major impediments for trade in Tanzania has been categorised into three groups: 1) Physical infrastructure, 2) know-how and capital, and 3) institutional framework. Insufficient physical infrastructure in terms of roads increases the cost of transportation, works as an informal market barrier, forms a wedge between the supplier price and consumer price, and increases the loss of perishable products. Lack of know-how shows in poor market orientation and business skills, and leads to difficulties in managing and obtaining loans. Furthermore, the current institutional framework is unable to support the formation of strong traders and producers’ associations and other representative bodies to enhance capacity building and to bargain for fairer terms of trade. In addition, the lack of market information and the weak legal framework...
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...dddddddddddddddddddddd Chapter 7: Market Entry Strategies Chapter Objectives Structure Of The Chapter Entry strategies Special features of commodity trade Chapter Summary Key Terms Review Questions Review Question Answers References Bibliography When an organization has made a decision to enter an overseas market, there are a variety of options open to it. These options vary with cost, risk and the degree of control which can be exercised over them. The simplest form of entry strategy is exporting using either a direct or indirect method such as an agent, in the case of the former, or countertrade, in the case of the latter. More complex forms include truly global operations which may involve joint ventures, or export processing zones. Having decided on the form of export strategy, decisions have to be made on the specific channels. Many agricultural products of a raw or commodity nature use agents, distributors or involve Government, whereas processed materials, whilst not excluding these, rely more heavily on more sophisticated forms of access. These will be expanded on later. Chapter Objectives The objectives of the chapter are: Structure of the Chapter The chapter begins by looking at the concept of market entry strategies within the control of a chosen marketing mix. It then goes on to describe the different forms of entry strategy, both direct and indirect exporting and foreign production, and the advantages and disadvantages connected with each method...
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...INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT International Journal of Project Management 25 (2007) 150–157 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijproman Coordination mechanisms for construction supply chain management in the Internet environment Xiaolong Xue a,c,* , Yaowu Wang a,c , Qiping Shen b,c , Xiaoguo Yu a,d a c Department of Construction and Real Estate, School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 1243, No. 13, Fayuan Street, Harbin 150001, China b Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China National Center for Technology, Policy and Management, Science Park, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2, Yikuang Street, Harbin 150001, China d Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, HIT Campus of Shenzhen University Town, XiLi, Shenzhen 518055, China Abstract The construction industry in general is characterized with high fragmentation, low productivity, cost and time overruns, and conflicts compared with other manufacturing industries. Supply chain management as an innovative management mode provides a new solution for resolving these problems from systems perspective. Coordination is the core issue to improve construction performance in construction supply chain (CSC). In this paper, the concepts of CSC and CSC management are defined. Furthermore, the inter-organization problems that effect CSC coordination are identified. Considering...
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...Statements on Management Accounting BUSINESS PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT TITLE Implementing Integrated Supply Chain Management for Competitive Advantage CREDITS This statement was approved for issuance as a Statement on Management Accounting by the Management Accounting Committee (MAC) of the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA® IMA ). appreciates the collaborative efforts of the Finance Business Solutions Group at Arthur Andersen LLP and the work of Dr. C.J. McNair, CMA, of Babson College, who drafted the manuscript. Published by Institute of Management Accountants 10 Paragon Drive Montvale, NJ 07645 www.imanet.org All rights reserved IMA Publication Number 00352 ISBN 0-86641-282-4 Special thanks go to Randolf Holst, CMA (Canadian), Manager of Knowledge Creation at Arthur Andersen, for his continuing oversight during the development of the Statement. IMA thanks the Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing-International (CAM-I) for their support in the development of this SMA. IMA is also grateful to the members of the Management Accounting Committee for their contributions to this effort. Copyright © 1999 in the United States of America by Institute of Management Accountants and Arthur Andersen LLP Statements on Management Accounting BUSINESS PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Implementing Integrated Supply Chain Management for Competitive Advantage TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ...
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...Statements on Management Accounting BUSINESS PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT TITLE Implementing Integrated Supply Chain Management for Competitive Advantage CREDITS This statement was approved for issuance as a Statement on Management Accounting by the Management Accounting Committee (MAC) of the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA® IMA ). appreciates the collaborative efforts of the Finance Business Solutions Group at Arthur Andersen LLP and the work of Dr. C.J. McNair, CMA, of Babson College, who drafted the manuscript. Special thanks go to Randolf Holst, CMA (Canadian), Manager of Knowledge Creation at Arthur Andersen, for his continuing oversight during the development of the Statement. IMA thanks the Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing-International (CAM-I) for their support in the development of this SMA. IMA is also grateful to the members of the Management Accounting Committee for their contributions to this effort. Published by Institute of Management Accountants 10 Paragon Drive Montvale, NJ 07645 www.imanet.org IMA Publication Number 00352 Copyright © 1999 in the United States of America by Institute of Management Accountants and Arthur Andersen LLP All rights reserved ISBN 0-86641-282-4 Statements on Management Accounting BUSINESS PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Implementing Integrated Supply Chain Management for Competitive Advantage TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...GLOBAL SOURCING MANAGEMENT AASM04-J LONG QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS STUDY UNIT 1 1. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INTERNATIONALISATION OF BUSINESS The last two decades have seen rapid changes in the global economy. National economies are becoming more integrated. A single, interdependent, global economic network has gradually developed and is still in the process of unfolding. Global megatrends which continue to influence the international business world include technological innovation; the shift in emphasis from manufacturing through services to the Information Age; the development of regional trading blocs; and changing demographic patterns. The main driving forces for globalisation are: reduced trade and investment barriers that enable the free flow of goods, services and capital on a global scale unprecedented technological change and progress, especially with regard to communication, information and transportation technologies competition International trade blocs multinational corporations Because of the globalisation of markets and production, over the last two decades, world trade has grown faster than world output. Foreign direct investment flows have increased substantially. Imports have penetrated more deeply into the world’s industrialised economies and competitive pressures have increased continuously in one industry after the other. These factors have collectively added to the complexity of international management and of international purchasing...
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...Research paper Supply chain management integration and implementation: a literature review Damien Power Department of Management, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review a sample of the literature relating to the integration and implementation of supply chain management practices from a strategic viewpoint. Design/methodology/approach – The literature is examined from three perspectives. First, supply chain integration covers issues relating to integration of core processes across organizational boundaries through improved communication, partnerships, alliances and cooperation. Second, strategy and planning examines supply chain management as a strategic matter for trading partners, along with factors relating to the amount of planning required. Third, implementation issues concern factors critical for successful implementation, as well as issues specific to inter and intraorganizational aspects of supply chain initiatives are contained in this sub-group Findings – An important emergent theme from the literature is the importance of taking a holistic view, and the systemic nature of interactions between the participants. At the same time, it is also apparent that this requirement to take such an holistic and systemic view of the supply chain acts as an impediment to more extensive implementation. The strategic nature of adopting a supply chain wide perspective, on the one hand provides significant potential...
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...periods (the recent boom and subsequent recession that followed). Porters 5 Forces framework has been used to evaluate the changes in industry attractiveness. The analysis draws on industry specific information and makes reference to strategic management theory where appropriate. The discussion alludes to the capabilities of a chosen company within this industry and how it fairs as a competitive player. Finally, a critical evaluation of the framework in reference to the industry is pursued to support a discussion around alternative frameworks and their contribution to a more wholesome analysis. 1.2 Industry context The estate agency industry in the UK expanded considerably between the years of 1997-2006 with the average house price rising in value from £60,638 (1996) to £201,081 (2007), a rise of 232%[i], but witnessed a change of fate mainly due to the economic downturn post 2007. The expansion of such a lucrative market was due mainly to the buoyant activity of buying/selling of property/land for a higher realised value than what it was worth previously, an increase in disposable incomes and generous lending offerings by mortgage lenders. However as the UK economy slipped into decline, the industry stagnated. The role of the estate agent is to act on behalf of a client in marketing residential property and undertake related activities to obtain offers in exchange for a fee (percentage of sale price of the property). This can also include associated services for example; valuations...
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...Conclusions The globalization of supply chain management is the natural outcome of today’s expanding consumer markets as companies struggle to meet the dynamic needs of growing markets and new customer segments. It has led to a high degree of specialization under an ever-expanding world market. People with special skills can work with little overheads and market globally. Small companies can flourish. Introduction The pace of globalization on the supply chain continues to foster opportunities, challenges and uncertainties for companies around the world. Almost every business is involved in one or more supply chains and Globalization now has an impact on every company, large and small.[1] The purpose of this report is to: 1. Explain when Globalization started. 2. Assess the impact of globalization on supply chain management. Definition Globalization describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade. The term is most closely associated with the term economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, the spread of technology, and military presence. [2] History Of Globalization When It Began The term, globalization, was first used around 1960 to describe international capital flows. If the definition of...
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...INTERNATIONAL TRADE & INVESTMENT Prof. Dr. Natalia Ribberink World Trade Center, Seoul, South Korea (Picture: Ribberink) INTERNATIONAL TRADE & INVESTMENT Preliminary Notes World Trade Center, Seoul, South Korea (Picture: Ribberink) Preliminary notes • Combination of lecture, seminar, group work and other forms of learning as appropriate; • Grading: working paper 60%, case studies 40% • Communication: natalia.ribberink@haw-hamburg.de © Prof. Dr. Natalia Ribberink 3 Agenda Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Chapter 4: Chapter 5: International trade and investment environment International trade policy and instruments Forms of international trade FDI theories, patterns and forms FDI policy instruments For details s. Syllabus (will be provided in class on Nov 10, 2015). © Prof. Dr. Natalia Ribberink 4 Message icons Further reading Question for group discussion Case study Int. Trade & Investment Vocabulary © Prof. Dr. Natalia Ribberink 5 Online sources: AuslandsGeschäftsAbsicherung des Bundes: www.agaportal.de Außenwirtschaftsportal: www.ixpos.de Berne Union: www.berneunion.org.uk Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau: www.kfw.de OECD: www.oecd.org Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland: www.destatis.de The Economist: www.economist.com UNCTAD: www.unctad.org World Trade Organisation: www.wto.org © Prof. Dr. Natalia Ribberink 6 CHAPTER 1: International trade & investment environment Westside Market...
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...development and customer acquisition onto the Web” “Collaborative Commerce: A means of leveraging new technologies to enable a set of complex cross-enterprise business processes allowing entire value chains to share decision-making, workflow, capabilities, and information with each other.” “We define c-Commerce as: ‘the online business-to-business interactions between two or more parties, focused on the exchange of knowledge and the mutual interconnection of business processes in order to optimize value creation.” Essentials of Collaborative Commerce Collaborative relationships results in significant impact on organizational performance. Major benefits are: cost reduction, increased revenue, and better customer retention As a result of: * fewer stock outs * less exception processing * reduced inventory throughout the supply chain * lower materials costs * increased sales volume * increased competitive advantage C-commerce activities are often conducted between and among supply chain partners. For example ORBIS a small Australian company that uses a hub to communicate among all its business partners. Hub is the central point of control for an e-market. A single c-hub, representing one e-market owner, can host multiple collaboration spaces (c-spaces) in which trading partners use c-enablers to exchange data with the c-hub. Collaboration may be both between and within the organization for example collaborative platform can help in collaboration and communication...
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...1. You are asked to write a 1,000 word brief to be submitted to the European Commission on the Rise of China. There is a debate as to whether the EU commission should move to limit (to the extent it can) the rise of China. You are asked to write a brief that would highlight the opportunities created for the European economies by the rise of the China, and the challenges. You must conclude with your opinion on a way forward for the EU Commission as it relates to its China Policy. Include a Word Count. Question 2. Suppose you are approached by RIM to help them develop a strategy to enhance their penetration of the China and India markets (ie. to access the market itself, and not simply as an export platform). As noted in class, there are several alternative entry strategies: Don’t do it Sell to a home country exporting agent or a foreign country importing agent Contract with a foreign country importing agent Establish a foreign subsidiary that imports and distributes License production to a foreign manufacturer who distributes Establish a foreign subsidiary, either via acquisition or greenfield investment, that manufactures and distributes How would you advise RIM? It must be noted that the Chinese government forces foreign firms to share technology with local partners. Refer to the following two papers in your response: Distance Still Matters by Pankaj Ghemawat Target Markets and Modes of Entry by Cornelis A. De Kluyver Limit your answer to 3 pages of text, double spaced, 12...
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...INFO1400 Chapter 3 Review Questions 1. Which features of organizations do managers need to know about to build and use information systems successfully? What is the impact of information systems on organizations? Define an organization and compare the technical definition of organizations with the behavioral definition. Students can make use of Figures 3–2 and Figure 3–3 in answering this question. The technical definition defines an organization as a stable, formal social structure that takes resources from the environment and processes them to produce outputs. This definition of an organization focuses on three elements: Capital, labor, and production and products for consumption. The technical definition also implies that organizations are more stable than an informal group, are formal legal entities, and are social structures. The behavioral definition states that an organization is a collection of rights, privileges, obligations, and responsibilities that are delicately balanced over a period of time through conflict and conflict resolution. This definition highlights the people within the organization, their ways of working, and their relationships. The technical definition shows us how a firm combines capital, labor, and information technology. The behavioral definition examines how information technology impacts the inner workings of the organization. Identify and describe the features of organizations that help explain differences in organizations’ use of information...
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...realizing that mission is to capture 75% market share of the cheese industry in New Zealand. The subject of this analysis examines the New Zealand market expansion risks and opportunities supporting the business mission and objectives. External Influences and Risks External influences beyond the control of the business add risk but are a part of the competitive environment and risk analysis (Pearce & Robinson Jr., 2009). This section presents the significant external forces and risks in the New Zealand subsidiary expansion. Legal and Regulatory Legal and regulatory environments influence businesses and FreshMade Cheese Farms is no different. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) enacted in 1977 makes bribes of foreign officials, agents, employees, or other similar foreign representatives illegal (Cheeseman, 2010). Many foreign countries have standard practices of accepting bribes or using similar influences to do business in the country. U.S. businesses are not allowed to operate in this fashion under the FCPA (Cheeseman, 2010). One of the main New Zealand laws that FreshMade Cheese must consider is the Overseas Investment Act of 2005. This legislation outlines requirements and restrictions on New Zealand business in owning assets and operating within the country (newzealand.govt.nz, 2011). The emphasis of this act is to restrict and regulate the fishing industry. There is no significant affect for a cheese subsidiary business. Political New Zealand has a stable...
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...operations would reduce internal conflicts; build a new and more efficient system and also have the ability to create new brands more proficiently. To avoid store cannibalism, to settle a new subsidiary and look for new branding opportunities: 4/5 2. Explain why supply chain management should be aligned with corporate strategy. Justify your answer with an example. Supply chain management should be aligned with corporate strategy because supply chain is a process that runs through almost every division and operation in an organization. When supply chain is aligned with corporate strategy it produces optimal operational performance. Organizations have to manage inventory, get supplies on time for products, and arrange to have that final product reach its final destination in a timely manner. Aligning this with corporate strategy is important, as companies need to keep inventory manageable so they can keep cost down offer competitive prices to customers. Manufacturing companies need to have suppliers provide the materials for products on time so that orders can be filled and shipped on time, having collaboration with the suppliers and their system this can be made possible. With new technology for supply chain, everything is automated, from taking an order to sending confirmation that the order has been...
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