Summary Stress is a term we all are aware of, and it is experienced by people in their different workplaces. Stress in the workplace is detrimental to human health and organization when it comes to productivity, performance standards and job satisfaction. Organizations whose workers are stressed are likely to be successful in a competitive market. Workers who are stressed are more likely to be unhealthy, poorly motivated, less productive and less safe at work. Stress can be destructive in a way that, after reaching a certain point, the performance of the employees begins to reduce also which prevents fulfillment of work and various assignments. The following are the causes of stress in the workplace; Exhaustion (weakens the employees mentally and physically), moral injury (destructive of self-esteem of employees or lack of confidence in their abilities, discrimination), illness of the employees (feeling of irritation, uncertainty, guilt or mistrust), violence (damage to the property of the employees or organization), long hours, lack of rewards or incentives by the managers and managers lackadaisical attitude to employees.

Stress can be brought to a minimal level; to prevent stress, we have to identify, know the causes and prevent it. The reduction or elimination of stress are the employee’s participation in the management, improvement of communication skills of managers, adequate training should be given to employees in other to prevent negligence of training which can harm a third party in the organization, the possibility of relaxation, social support (interaction and relationships that provide basic needs of workers), schedule your day for energy and focus, positive attitude, eat and sleep well, act rather than react and take a deep breath.

Contents
Summary i
Contents ii
Introduction 1
Definition of Stress
Causes of Stress
Prevention of Stress
Conclusion

Stress in the Workplace
Introduction
Stress is what we see in our everyday lives. It is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint or demand related to what he or she desires and for which is the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important. The organizations have been helpful, but not so much in related to stress because individuals are internally and externally affected by stress which in return can be dangerous to their health if not well prevented or taken care of. It also affects employee’s mental ability or cognitive ability that says a lot in the long run of the delivery of our work in the organization. Some of the internal factors are; * Lack of self-confidence and low self-esteem or motivation
Some of the external factors that relates to the causes of stress are; * Working overload and tight timelines-This is poor quality of management, autocratic leaders, insecurity and inadequate power of official duties in the workplace. * Organizational change- This requires skills of the employees to quickly adapt to new conditions. * Role of conflict and ambiguity- This is when an employee is not sure of the job descriptions and correctness of their actions.
My questionnaire will indicate the type of stress employee’s experience. Definition of stress
There are a lot of relevant scientific and journalistic articles that examine organizational behavior in general. Recently, the stress that gets people directly in the workplace, has received increased attention (Adams, S., 2013). Stress is the state of tension that occurs in a human or an animal under the influence of strong negative factors. In Chinese, the term "stress" is composed of two characters - danger and opportunity. Uncomfortable condition for human and negative impact on their emotional and psychological state makes it a premonition of danger. When we talk about stressful situations at work, such an expectation is primarily related to the fear of dismissal, failure to plan, demonstrate their incompetence, conflict with management or team. There are five types of stress which includes; * Physiological stress – The result of physical fatigue, which is caused by lack of sleep, malnutrition, or human heavy loads; * Psychological stress – This stems from uncertainty about the future, adverse relationships with others; * Emotional stress –This occurs due to excessively strong feelings - fear, joy. This type of stress occurs not only in the case when a person is in danger of death or the loss of his precious person, but also as a result of an unexpected and great joy; * Informational stress – This occurs in a person who has too little or too much information. The lack of complete information is forcing people to speculate about the possible result of the interest of his case and keeps it in constant tension. Unnecessarily, large amount of negative information about the real state of affairs in the same person holds in tension, causing him to survive; * Management of stress –This occurs when the risk to make decisions or responsibility for actions is too large and does not correspond to the moral stability of a person or his office (Sauter, S., 2002).
Stress significantly reduces the effectiveness of the man, so the head has to create conditions for the work in which its employees will feel relaxed and confident. Stress, directly or indirectly increases the cost of achieving the objectives of the organizations. If the action of the stress is too long, it becomes a real danger. Man in stress condition shows signs of confusion and anxiety, then his behavior takes either attacking character in relation to the causes of stress, or protective.
Most people have several signs of stress which are * Memory loss- This can occur when an individual doesn’t even expect due to stress. * Frequent errors- This occurs when an errors are found in the work of the employees * Inability to concentrate at work- Since stress is present, it is impossible to concentrate. This leads to lack of concentration. * Constant fatigue- This is visible in the employee who experiences stress. * Frequent headaches ,stomach cramps without organic cause; * Abnormally slow or rapid speech; abuse addictions; increased irritability and resentment.
The appearance of these symptoms (even separately) can cause serious problems, such as a nervous breakdown, which can permanently withdraw employees from high level of performance. To prevent undesirable consequences, the leader must be attentive to subordinates (there should be an upward feedback.). For many types of work stress is almost inevitable in the presence of the industrial sector. At the same time, the individual characteristics of people lead to a wide range of different reactions to stress: some task can be interesting and difficult for one person or cause a high level of anxiety in the other. This diagram illustrates the causes of stress in the workplace.

If stress continues for a long period of time, leads to diseases of the blood vessels of the heart, kidneys and other organs and systems. Most people are able to cope with the effects of stress by avoiding serious emotional or physical disorders, but only if the level of stress at work and outside it is still quite low. The organization, in some cases may be legally responsible for the physical and emotional impact of work stress on employees. Injury, poor working conditions, long conflict may lead to mental suffering, neuroses, and even suicide.
Complete lack of stress means that workers get very simple tasks, and their performance indicators are high. Performance metrics are increased with the level of stress, which helps to mobilize "the additional resources needed to meet the requirements of the labor process requirements". The structural stress is healthy incentive and encourages employees to respond to the task contained in the call. Subsequently, the stress reaches a level approximately corresponding potential ability of man to reach the highest score in the daily work process (Kerr, R., McHugh, M., & McCrory, M., 2009).
CAUSES OF STRESS
Stress can be destructive in a way that, after reaching a certain point, the performance of employees begins to reduce, as excessive pressure prevents the fulfillment of work and necessary assignments. The worker loses control of stress and loses the ability to make decisions. With further increase, stress reaches the point of failure and performance rapidly reaches zero. The manager should monitor the level of stress and assist their employees on operating conditions. There are two main factors of stress on performance indicators work tasks: internal (organizational) and external (off-duty). Employees can move to the beginning of the negative feelings of stress, adversely affecting the performance of work - refers to internal factors. The level of control over the work and its conditions, lack of self-confidence and low self-esteem is the second internal factor that is influencing employee stress. Higher employment rates have workers with a high degree of independence and freedom to make decisions. Regulation of the needs of workers in the control is possible by means of worker participation in self-managing teams, empowerment through participation in management, providing a flexible work schedule. There are two types of workers (Personalities) Type Aand B whose vulnerability to stress manifests itself in different ways. Type A personality are prone to competition, eager for self and others, quite aggressive people. Some members of this type are more prone to diseases such as heart attacks. Type B are not trying to protest, but try to take the unfolding situation, adapting to it. They quietly take the most stringent timelines and hence less prone to stress. Along with this they demonstrate high performance rate, and observe the requirements of schedule. Studies of the behavior of people type A and B showed that representatives of A type, weakly expressed hostility and expressiveness and they are less prone to cardiovascular diseases. And many people of this type are so satisfied with their success that do not take the constant stresses and completely healthy. * Exhaustion – A condition which occurs at a constant confrontation stressful situations, and weakens the people both mentally and physically. According to the theory of Hans Seli, "during depleted stresses the human body gradually loses its ability to recover" .When exhaustion, emotionally exhausted workers feel helpless and gradually move away from performing their professional duties.
Most often, exhaustion occurs in people employed in occupations associated with the provision of various kinds of assistance (health workers, social workers, lifeguards, etc.) Or in occupations with the constantly high level of stress (air traffic controllers, the staff working directly with clients, stockbrokers et al.). Employees which are experiencing burnout tend to constant complaints, irritability, often blaming their mistakes on others. Exhaustion leads to increased employees turnover, to improve performance of absenteeism, lower productivity.
In Japan, the concept of "exhaustion" corresponds to the term "karoshi," or "sudden death" at work, which are the cause of the overload in the labor process, and as a consequence - a heart attack or stroke. This disease kills leaders, bus drivers and nurses. When the number of such deaths has exceeded 10,000 per year, Japanese corporations went on a serious application of preventive measures - workers were forced to go into well-deserved vacation, promoting dietary nutrition, exercise and managing stress levels (Yarker, J., & Lewis, R., 2009).
Moral injury is the result of stress, the source of which is the immediate threat to the safety of workers (the crisis organization, disaster, abuse by the management or job loss). In modern times the three species are widespread moral injury:
• Moral injury in the workplace – This is the destruction of self-esteem of employees, lack of confidence in their abilities, as a result of discrimination, prejudice, and unfair dismissal. Signs of moral injury in the workplace - difficulty concentrating, alienation, tardiness, absenteeism, predisposition to accidents;
• Illness of employees-This is experienced by a wave of contractions, that is characterized by a feeling of irritation, uncertainty, guilt and mistrust.
• Violence in the workplace –This happens when employees takes actions when under stress that causes damage to the property of, or harmful to the physical health of colleagues and managers. This is also caused by unsupportive working condition of employees. Such acts of violence may include provocations to fight, destruction of property and the use of weapons. Violence in the production is the reason that the murders in the United States occupied the third place among the work-related causes of death. The shock is caused by violence, it immediately leads to the manifestation of stress syndromes requiring prolonged treatment.
Any of the extreme manifestations of stress, and moral injury and burnout, have very serious consequences, even death, and in order to reduce the negative effects people need comprehensive preventive measures.
Long Hours of work- This is when an employee works more than expected, so much to do or little to do. These working hours includes- * Strict and inflexible working schedules * Long and unsocial hours * Unpredictable working hours * Badly designed shift systems Job Insecurity and Poor pay- Job insecurity and fear of redundancy can be a major sources of anxiety, particularly if organizations expect, at the same time, commitment from their employees. Poor pay clearly may be hazardous to health while most workers will complain about levels of pay and the extremes of poor pay clearly have an effect on the workers ability to remain healthy. Method or schedule of payment may also be a source of stress example piece of work may interact in its effects with the rate of working. Poor pay includes; * Lack of promotion prospects * Under promotion or over promotion * Work of “low social value” * Piece rate payment schemes * Unfair or unclear performance evaluation systems * Being over skilled or under skilled for the job.
Organizational Change- This requires skill to quickly adapt to new condition. A process whereby there is poor communication, poor leadership and lack of clarity about organizational objectives and structure, the employee won’t function well. This can also lead to lack of motivation, rewards and unfairness from managers to employees which can affect employees psychologically.
PREVENTION OF STRESS
Stress can be brought to a minimal level. To prevent stress, we have to identify it, know the causes and prevent it. So the nature of stress is determined largely by individual responses to stressors, because employees have differences in experience most especially when it comes to stress.
Frustration – The block of motivation, which does not achieve the desired goal. The most common reaction to frustration includes aggression, apathy, withdrawal, regression, appearance obsessions (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2009).

Stress can be prevented through these possible ways * Employees’ participation in the management- This is when an employee focuses his/her performance in the goal of the organization * Improvement of communication skills of the managers- Here, managers should try to encourage employees in all ramifications to boost their self-confidence and self-esteem. They should not be the cause of the employees stress at work. Money is a good motivator but health is everything. * Managers should avoid negligence of training- Managers should train employees without any form of discrimination or diversity of work force. A situation where by managers don’t train an employee well, the employee can harm a third party in the organization. * Possibility of Relaxation- No matter how long one works in the organization, there should always be a form of relaxation of the mind and brain because, we are all humans. * Supportable working conditions- There should be a great sense of family sense in the work place. This will go a long way to encourage employees. * Equitable rewards- No matter the type of work we do, we all need attention in every area. Rewards are necessary most especially in the work place; this will lead to increased level of performance. * Social support- This is interactions and relationships that provide basic needs of workers. This is also known as interpersonal skills in the organization. This will help employees. No man is an island. Two heads are better than one. * Positive Attitude- We should always have a positive attitude. It goes a long way to help our initiative. * Schedule your day for energy and focus- These are part of positive internal thoughts and factors which prepares the mind for the day’s work. * Act rather than react- Typically, we are in control of our actions and responses, but not in control of someone else’s tone. We mustn’t react to everything. We need to take charge for what we have and that will activate our concentration. * Eat right and sleep well- Some of the causes of stress comes from our eating habits. This entails having the right classes of nutrients in our food. When you are not sleeping well, you are not getting the rejuvenating effects. This can affects employees at work and make them slow at work. To overcome the stress it is necessary to bring leaders and workers together, and to direct them to social support, the possibility of relaxation, biofeedback, and personal wellness programs (Goudreau, J., 2013). Conclusion
Finally, there are five types of stress, prolonged exposure to which can lead to real health complications. The short-term stress with low pressure may give impetus to mobilize all forces and stimulate the work; stress symptoms, even individually, can permanently withdraw staff from the working state; attempt of the human body to overcome stress alone leads to physical disorders (diseases of the blood vessels of the heart, kidneys and other organs and systems). Organization has an interest in creating a supportive work environment, since in some cases the company may be legally responsible for the physical and emotional impact of work stress on employees. The amount of stress will only increase, and as already established that occupational stress is a threat not only for one person, but also affects the health of the whole team, you must learn to control the situation. Any of the extreme manifestations of stress has very serious consequences, even death and to reduce negative consequences need comprehensive preventive measures. The reasons that cause stress - stressors include: working overload and tight time frame, role conflict and ambiguity, the difference value systems of the enterprise and employees, organizational change of any kind, frustration. There are two main factors of stress that imply on execution of work tasks: internal and external factors. The persons who are belonging to the different types A and B react differently to the stress, and this information can be used in working time and the load distribution. The management of stress includes prevention and control of stress levels, avoiding stress and how to overcome them. The aim of counseling is to strengthen the mental health of employees, encouraging their self-confidence and understanding of manifestation. Finally, only in understanding the problem of stress in the workplace, constant monitoring of the situation and the combined efforts of managers and employees can create optimal conditions for the preservation of the physical and mental health and achieve the best results of work.

References
Adams, S. (2013). Stressed Out at Work? It's Getting Worse, Study Shows. Forbes. Retrieved 25 October 2014, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2013/04/09/stressed-out-at-work-its-getting-worse-study-shows/
Cox, T., Griffiths, A., & Rial-González, E. (2000). Research on work-related stress. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, from https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/203
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. (2009). OSH in figures: stress at work — facts and figures. Luxemburg: European Communities, from https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/TE-81-08-478-EN-C_OSH_in_figures_stress_at_work
Goudreau, J. (2013). 12 Ways To Eliminate Stress At Work. Forbes. Retrieved 25 October 2014, from http://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2013/03/20/12-ways-to-eliminate-stress-at-work/
Kerr, R., McHugh, M., & McCrory, M. (2009). HSE Management Standards and stress-related work outcomes. Occupational Medicine, 59(8), 574-579, from http://www.hse.gov.uk/stress/management-standards.pdf
Sauter, S. (2002). The changing organization of work and the safety and health of working people. Cincinnati, OH: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-116/pdfs/2002-116.pdf
Yarker, J., & Lewis, R. (2009). Management competencies for preventing and reducing stress at work: phase one. Health and Safety Executive, from http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr633.pdf
Yarker, J., & Lewis, R. (2010). Management competencies for preventing and reducing stress at work: phase two. Health and Safety Executive, from http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr633.pdf