...even after all of these tests and trials, drugs can cause major problems after they have been put in to the public market. When problems arise these drugs are normally taken off of the market for further testing, or off of the market for good. Law firms will then take on consumers cases to sue the pharmaceutical company. These are called tort lawsuits and if there are enough people suing then it is a mass tort lawsuit. This paper will look at the mass tort lawsuit against Vioxx. It will explain the problem, how it was addressed by the company, and who was found at fault. Vioxx is drug that was developed by the pharmaceutical company Merck. It was introduced in mid- 1999. Originally Vioxx was a medication that was prescribed to patients for pain. The drug was not on the market for too long before the drug was pulled off of the market. In 2004, Merck pulled the drug off of the market for good on reports that the painkiller increased risk for heart attacks and strokes in patients using it (Voreacos & Johnson, 2010). In the specific case of Merck&Co. vs Garza, the estate of Leonel Garza sued Merck over Mr. Garza’s untimely death. Mr. Garza had started taking Vioxx on March 27, 2001 after visiting his cardiologist and complaining of pain and weakness over a 24 hour period (Merck & Co., Inc. v. Garza). His doctor gave him a one week sample of Vioxx. After this initial appointment, Mr. Garza received several different tests involving blood flow and cardiac tests. At the...
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...Cancer VS. Diabetes Diabetes and cancer are common diseases with a tremendous impact on health worldwide. These diseases have more differences than similarities, but can have the same outcome if not taken care of properly. There is evidence that says people with diabetes are at a greater risk for many forms of cancer. Studies show that some medications used to treat diabetes are associated with increased or a reduced risk of cancer. The mortality rate of each has increased in recent years, but with proper diet and a healthy lifestyle, these diseases can sometimes be controlled. Diabetes and cancer have the same risk factors which include age, gender, race, obesity, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol. You should lose weight and eat healthy if you are at risk for either of these two diseases. For your diet, incorporating fruits and vegetables is a step in the right direction. So far, there is no real cure for diabetes, but with regular medical care and taking care of yourself, you can manage your diabetes; reducing considerably, the risk of serious complications such as heart disease and stroke. Treatment for diabetes varies depending on what type of diabetes you have. Managing all forms of diabetes include regular monitoring of blood sugar levels; eating a well-balanced, healthy diet, and following a regular exercise program. Insulin is the most common diabetes drug. It can be injected or taken orally. Beyond medications...
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...inflammatory issue and cardiovascular processes. In other words, Nicholas’s research aims at showcasing that most oral inflammatory issue are likely to lead to cardiovascular dilemmas. The ultimate implication on this particular study is that regular dental care processes play a pragmatic role in preventing most cardiovascular diseases. The following paper is a comprehensive research in which in which I seek to uncover the history of cardiovascular disease as well as how it affects dental practices. History An American Heart Association commonly abbreviated as (AHA) describes the various heart disease as cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular illnesses are a leading cause of death throughout the world. Cardiovascular disease dates from several years back. The period at which the disease is said to have come into existence is commonly known as the ancient Egypt. However, it is worth to note that the vast society has only become enlightened regarding the cause a well as the effects of the cardiovascular illnesses just in the wake of the 20th Century despite the ancient history of the disease. As a health practitioner, the implication underlying this revelation is dire consequences. In other words, the looming range of cardiovascular illnesses we encounter in our daily routine as mostly as a result of lack of knowledge especially on the side of the society. The fact that the effects and in particular the cause of heart disease have not been known to many has meant a prolonged neglect...
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...QI Plan Part I- Consumerism HCS/588 October 17, 2011 QI Plan Part I- Consumerism Healthcare organizations have a responsibility to its consumers and various stakeholders to ensure only the highest quality care is delivered. Quality measures such as performance measurement and quality improvement processes play a critical role in helping organizations achieve quality outcomes. This paper will contrast performance measurement and quality improvement processes. In addition, this paper will discuss a healthcare organization, Gulf Coast Medical Center, its mission and QI goals, and the role of the consumer and stakeholders in the QI process. Performance Measurement vs. Quality Improvement Processes Performance measures are an important element of the overall quality management of an organization. “Performance measures quantitatively tell us something important about our products, services, and the processes that produce them” (Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, n.d.). In the healthcare industry, performance measures are a tool used to help understand, manage, and improve what healthcare organizations do. Performance measures are composed of units of measure; a number to tell how much, a unit to give the number a meaning of what, each tying in to the overall target number. In contrast, quality improvement (QI) focuses on bridging the gap between current levels of quality and expected levels of quality. “QI uses...
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...Latino/Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, Alaskan Natives and Pacific Islanders as compared with the US population as a whole." --National Center for Cultural Competence Population addressed Population addressed In 1950, U.S.-born whites made up about 90 percent of the U.S. population. By 2000, this number declined to about 75 percent, and by 2050 non-Hispanic whites will be in the numerical minority (U.S. Census Bureau 2001, 2002). This rapid diversification requires healthcare organizations to pay closer attention to cross-cultural issues if they are to meet the healthcare needs of the nation and continue to maintain a high standard of care. Looking at the Country as a whole the current area of discussion for this paper is the area of Western North Carolina and the population of Asheville, which is a melting pot of cultures which the combination they create is unique to no other. According to the 2006 U.S. Census Bureau statistics for Asheville, N.C. the current demographics break down as follows: Asheville [City] Population (current estimate), 70,400. Buncombe County Population (2006), 222,174, county in Western North Carolina Asheville is located. Gender Dispersion was 46.8% Male, 53.2% Female with an average age being 39.2 years of age. Race breaks down as follows: White persons (2000), 78%, Black or African American persons(2000), 17.6%, American Indian (2000), 0.4%, Asian persons (2000), 0.9%, Hispanic or Latino origin (2000), 3.8% ( underestimated...
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...I have learned that too much of anything is bad for you so you always have to keep a moderation of anything and everything. We need saturated and unsaturated fats but we have to understand the common misconception between them. “While it is well known that there are saturated and unsaturated fats, fewer people are aware that unsaturated fats are further classified into two other groups:monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats.” (Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats) There is a third type of fat known as a trans fat. Trans fats are actually a kind of unsaturated fat, but they stand out from other types of fat because they very rarely occur in foods naturally. There is a third type of fat known as a trans fat. Trans fats are actually a kind of unsaturated fat, but they stand out from other types of fat because they very rarely occur in foods...
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...Community Health Survey Task 1 Kinita L. Evans Western Governors University Author Note This paper is being submitted on March 14, 2016, for C228 Community Health and Population Focused Nursing course. Community Health Survey Task 1 Hillsborough County is a county located in the state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,229,226, making it the fourth most populous county in Florida. Its county seat and largest city is Tampa. Hillsborough County is included in the Tampa – St. Petersburg – Clearwater, Florida Metropolitan statistical area. Hillsborough County was created on January 25, 1834, from Alachua and Monroe counties, during the US territorial (1822 – 1845). It was named for Willis Hill, the Earl of Hillsborough, who served as British Secretary of State for the colonies from 1768 to 1772. The counties 1834 boundaries were much wider and included eight of the present day counties: Charlotte County, Desoto, Hardee, Manatee, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, and Sarasota County. The last significant change in Hillsborough County’s borders was the separation of its western section to create Pinellas County in 1911 (Wikipedia, 2015) On New Year’s Day in 1914, the St. Petersburg – Tampa Airboat line initiated the first scheduled commercial airline service in history, from St. Petersburg to Tampa. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1266 mi.² of which 1020 mi.² is land, and 246 mi.² is water. There is approximately 158.27 miles...
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...Joann Lee Geology Research Paper December 1, 2014 Air Pollution Air pollution can be described as any contaminate or harmful substance to the atmosphere that disturbs the natural composition and chemistry of the air, causing damage to the environment, human health and the quality of life. The air that we breathe is filled with substances and pollutants that are hazardous to our health and these pollutants in the air can take many forms such as gases, solid particles or liquid droplets. Pollution enters the Earth’s atmosphere in many different ways. Air pollution can be created naturally, for example smoke from wildfires or ash from volcanoes, but most air pollution is created by humans, especially from the release of emissions from factories, cars, planes and etc. Air pollution that occurs naturally is considered as a natural source and air pollution caused by humans are called anthropogenic or man-made sources. Air pollution is the most common in large cities due the high volume of people and some of the most polluted cities in the world are Beijing, New Delhi, Los Angeles and Cairo. Although air pollution is usually thought of as smoke from large factories or exhaust from vehicles, air pollution can come from indoors also. Burning kerosene, wood, or coal to heat a house can contaminate the air inside the house, resulting in air pollution indoors. The ash and smoke from the burning of the substances can make breathing difficult and can also stick to the walls, food or clothing...
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...factors include obesity, Type II diabetes mellitus, and family history. Upon exam the patient asks why he has not been started on a beta blocker yet. He explains further that when his brother had a “heart attack” in 2005, he was immediately placed on a beta blocker because the cardiologist reported how beta blockers reduce mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). The patient wants to know if a beta blocker would reduce his chance of mortality? Using the Patient-Intervention-Comparator-Outcome (PICO) format we formulated the following question. In a 67-year-old male with multiple co-morbidities with MI (P), does treatment with a beta blocker (I), compared with no beta blocker or placebo (O), reduce mortality rate (O)? Risk Factors, Incidence and Prevalence of Disease * US incidence rates of cardiovascular disease, including MI, are seen in men more than women (Alexander et al., 2007). This trend is also true in Utah ("Impact of heart," 2007). * The incidence rates of cardiovascular disease increase with age (Alexander et al., 2007). * Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include not eating enough fruits and vegetables, lack of physical exercise, smoking cigarettes and the co-morbidities of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity ("CDC national heart," 2010). * The clinical scenario patient was at high MI risk being male, over 65, diabetic and obese. Article Critiques * The following primary article critiques were based on the CONSORT...
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...Community Interest Company: a Social Enterprise Organisation Project Report Health Needs Assessment: Stroke in South West and South East London Author: Version: Date: Client: Ref No: Dr John Hayward, Sarah Martin, Dr Michael Soljak Final Version 16.03.09 South West and South East London Cardiac and Stroke Network Boards P132 A Social Enterprise organisation and Community Interest Company Registered office: PO Box 1295, 20 Station Road, Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire, SL9 8EL English Company Number: 06480440 VAT Registration: 926 9466 78 www.phast.org.uk E&OE Final Project Report P132 Health Needs Assessment: Stroke in South West and South East London Public Health Action Support Team (PHAST) The Public Health Action Support Team (PHAST) is a Community Interest Company. This is a type of social enterprise that is committed to using its surpluses and assets for the public good. Social enterprises are social mission driven organisations which trade in goods or services for a social purpose.1 PHAST is based at Imperial College, London. It has over 60 experienced and expert public health professionals whose aim is to improve the health of the population and reduce inequalities. Many have worked at high level in the NHS, the Department of Health or in academia. Quality assurance and due diligence processes are in place to ensure all associates work to the highest standard. PHAST also has associates with economic, ethical and legal expertise. For further details see www.phast...
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...Consistent with the view that independence is valuable, we find that stock prices react less negatively when the independent director is older, appointed to the board during the tenure of the current CEO, or when he has long board tenure. Our results hold when controlling for director-invariant heterogeneity (e.g. ability, experience, and skills) using a fixed-effect approach. Overall, our results demonstrate that independent directors provide a valuable service to shareholders. Keywords: Independent Director, Sudden Death, Firm Value, Corporate Governance JEL Classifications: G3, G30 We thank Betty Shuet Lin Ng and Crystal Yuk Ip Shiu for excellent research assistance. Nguyen thanks the Chinese University of Hong Kong for financial support through a Direct Research Grant. Nielsen thanks the Danish Social Science Research Council and Danish Centre for Accounting and Finance (D-CAF) for...
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...Comparison Paper What is history? Why do we need to study history? When I first started this assignment, I wondered why we needed to describe the history of public health and include pertinent dates and significant events. Being a good student, I did what I was told. While doing the research I realized that history is what shapes us. We not only learn from our successes, but our failures too. History has transformed us into what we are and why we do the things that we do. The History of Public Health According to the “Southeast Public Health Training Center” (2012), “Leviticus is believed to be the first written health code in the world” (para. 1). The book of Leviticus was written around 1500 B.C. and dealt with such issues as personal and community responsibilities, hygiene, sexual behavior, and protection against infectious diseases (“Southeast Public Health Training Center,” 2012). I found this very interesting since here we are thousands of years later still dealing with basically the same issues. The middle ages (500 to 1500 A.D.) marked a time when sickness was thought to be a consequence of sin. Bloodletting and alchemy were prevalent during this time. The biggest mistake of this era was their failure to believe that the environment could be the culprit, thus leading to epidemics such as the bubonic plague which resurfaced in Europe during 1348. Two-thirds of the population died within two years before scientists and religious figures discovered the...
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...relationship between physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships and overall health and rates of illness. a) Physiological Incorrect. Physiological psychology may be interested in these topics, but health psychology explores these relationships from approaches other than the physiological perspective. b) Developmental c) Health Correct. This is the correct definition of health psychology. d) Medicinal e) Adjustment ANS: c, p. 344, C, LO=Prologue, AP VIII.5, (2) 2. Kirima has her doctorate in health psychology. Which of the following research questions might she be most likely to investigate? a) Why are college students more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes? Correct. Health psychologists are interested in the factors that lead us to lead healthy lives, so the relationship between classes and the tendency to take drugs would be an appropriate topic for Kirima to research. b) What is the relationship between one’s ethnicity and their political affiliation? Incorrect. The effects of a social category like ethnicity would be more applicable to experts from other fields, which might include sociology, political science, or social psychology. c) Are men or women better drivers? d) What is the relationship between a person’s age and the number of years it takes them to get an undergraduate degree? e) How do parents and children adjust to differences in temperament? Ans: a, p. 344, A, LO=Prologue, AP VIII.5, (1) ...
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...United States, alcohol causes impaired judgment and in turn causes people to do things that affect their health physically and emotionally, and marijuana has almost the same effect as alcohol. (New England Law) Health is the ultimate concern when studying these three substances, which would lead to the Family Smoking Prevention Act to survive the Hudson Test. The Granholm case would lead one to believe that states cannot discriminate against outsiders from sales, and the medical exceptions for marijuana are valid on the fact that it has a medical advantage to some citizens. I strongly believe that the federal government has a right to regulate certain aspects of these substances based upon the danger posed to the health of citizens. This paper will discuss certain court cases that shape my opinion for every substance. Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission of New York, 447 U.S 557 (1980) was an important case decided by the United States Supreme Court that laid out a four-part test for determining when restrictions on commercial speech violated the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. Central Hudson Gas had challenged a New York State Public Service...
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...Heart Failure Western Governors University Pathopharmacological Foundations for Advanced Nursing Practice Heart Failure It is estimated that about five million people in the United States are living with heart failure with an overwhelming number of 550,000 newly diagnosed cases each year, costing the nation roughly $32 billion dollars per year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Heart failure is a complex, pathophysiological condition in which the ventricles of the heart is weakened and unable to pump effectively to meet the body’s needs for nutrients or has lost adequate filling capacity. Clinical presentations of heart failure depends on which ventricles have failed to pump blood adequately; left ventricular failure, also known as congestive heart failure (CHF) is more common than right ventricular failure (McCance & Huether, 2014). The most common symptoms of heart failure are shortness of breath, fatigue, and peripheral edema. HF is not a disease, but rather a manifestation of a diseased heart. Large number of disorders can lead to heart failure, and with the aging population and many surviving primary cardiac events, it is no surprise that the most common reason for hospitalization in patients older than 65 years old is heart failure (McClintock, Mose, & Smith, 2014). Heart failure has become a major public health problem because it is the only cardiac condition that continues to increase in prevalence (McClintock, Mose, & Smith, 2014)...
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