...Why Brazil and India? Brazil and India are one of the fastest growing economies in the world. They are now on the heat map for the investors. Also they are now making its mark in the world politically as well as financially. They are a part of BRIC which is one of the most powerful associations. Hence we selected Brazil and India for comparative study. Objective of Study The objective of our study is to look at various factors which an Investor looks at before investing in a country. Here we have analysed specific sectors and the problems in these countries. Structural Issues in Brazil: Since the mid 1990s, Brazil has enjoyed improved economic and financial stability largely owing to a strengthening of its macroeconomic framework. In order to quickly catch up with other countries, sustainable growth is required. To obtain this Brazil has to identify and deal with the structural problems it faces. Structural Issues Basic Logistic Infrastructure Competitive advantages in the modern world do not only depend on the supply of assets accumulated in the past via public and private investments. They also depend on the efficiency with which the new investments contribute to the rise of the average productivity of the economy. The necessity of their continuity, the performance of regulating agencies in the areas of oil, electric energy, telecommunications, carriers, water, and ports is of greater importance in Brazil. The Human...
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...No. 4 Advanced Mathematics Mathematics Analysis: Series Limit, Calculus, General Theory of Series, Function Series and Power Series, Fourier series, Leaning Differential Coefficient, layer Integral, Curve Integral, Mapped Limit and Progression of Euclid Space. Advanced Algebra: Determinant, Linear Equation, Matrix, Linear Space, Linear Change, Euclid Space No.5 Descriptive Geometry and Mechanical Graphing Descriptive Geometry and Shadows, Perspective Drawing, Projection Standard, Axis Measure Chart Fundamentals of Architectural Design No.6 Building Materials This course teaches the nature, purpose, method of preparation and use, as well as civil engineering materials testing and quality control methods, and to understand the relationship between material properties and materials engineering structures, as well as ways to improve performance. Through this course, you should be able to reasonable selection of materials for different projects, and to work closely with the follow-up courses to understand the relationship between the material and the design parameters and construction measures chosen. No. 7 Metrology Construction Engineering Mechanics measure is specialized elective courses. Every stage of construction, are inseparable from survey work, should work as a pilot to measure. Therefore, any person engaged in engineering and construction technicians must master the knowledge and skills necessary measurements. Construction surveying measurements are an integral...
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...CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Structural materials can be categorized in many ways in many different ways. One of the most common is by the nature of their failure. Materials, such as steel, after reaching their elastic limit, deform plastically before failing. Such materials, where reasonably large plastic strains are observed, are broadly categorized as ductile. On the other hand, those materials that exhibit little or no plasticity are in contrast termed brittle. In structural design, ductile materials are usually preferred, because failure is rarely sudden and catastrophic. Once the material has yielded, large observable strains will occur before total collapse of a structure. Steel, the most common primary structural building material, generally behaves in a ductile fashion. However, during the World War II, over 200 steel ships suffered serious brittle fracture, often at relatively low stress levels. It was observed that brittle behavior, in normally ductile materials, almost always occurs in regions of elastic stress concentration, where some constraint exists to prevent plastic stress redistribution (McGuire, 1968) Following these experiences, designers realized that brittle fracture in steel could be avoided by sensible detailing. This is also true of reinforced concrete. Concrete itself, is a brittle composite, but with the addition of reinforcements concrete it behaves in a ductile fashion. In an earthquake-prone areas, where designing for ductility...
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...ECONOMIC STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMMES AFFECTED WOMEN MORE THAN MEN The view that Economic Structural Adjustment Programmes (ESAPs) affected women more than men is true to a considerable extent. This was because women were a vulnerable group and Economic Structural Adjustment Programs worsened the situation and that is why ESAP have been cynically changed to mean Extreme Suffering of the African People, and this implies that Economic Structural Adjustment Programs brought more negative impact than positive ones and it were women who particularly suffered more than any other group. Economic Structural Adjustment Programmes are perceived by the Bretton Wood institutions as the process which aims at making national economies of developing countries more efficient, more flexible and better able to use resources through cutting of expenses. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were arguing that Third World countries were being faced with finance problems because they were spending too much on arms and paying workers. Hence the way to address these financial problems was by reducing on arms spending and retrenchment of extra workers, and this was the dawn of a new economic day in developing countries in the form of Economic Structural Adjustment...
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...Department of Mechanical Engineering Texas A&M University NSF Grant Number DIR-9012252 Negligence And The Professional "Debate" Over Responsibility For Design Instructor's Guide - Introduction To The Case On July 17, 1981, the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri, held a videotaped tea-dance party in their atrium lobby. With many party-goers standing and dancing on the suspended walkways, connections supporting the ceiling rods that held up the second and fourth-floor walkways across the atrium failed, and both walkways collapsed onto the crowded first-floor atrium below. The fourth-floor walkway collapsed onto the second-floor walkway, while the offset third-floor walkway remained intact. As the United States' most devastating structural failure, in terms of loss of life and injuries, the Kansas City Hyatt Regency walkways collapse left 114 dead and in excess of 200 injured. In addition, millions of dollars in costs resulted from the collapse, and thousands of lives were adversely affected. The hotel had only been in operation for approximately one year at the time of the walkways collapse, and the ensuing investigation of the accident revealed some unsettling facts: During January and February, 1979, the design of the hanger rod connections was changed in a series of events and disputed communications between the fabricator (Havens Steel Company) and the engineering design team (G.C.E. International, Inc., a professional engineering firm). The fabricator changed the design...
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...the eye is also now good for the environment. Feasibility of Converting Flat Roofed Buildings to Gardens There are many options for the placement of a roof garden including wood-frame structures. However, the primary guiding principal is that roof gardens should be built on structures that are strong enough to support them. “Roof gardens are more ideally suited to steel-frame and reinforced-concrete structures, on which strong support platforms can be provided as reasonable cost.” (Osmundson 1999, 14) Weaker structures or structures that require additional support be added, can be transformed into a roof garden. However, these can cost significantly more to build depending on the initial weight-bearing capability of that structure. Structural Requirements Developing a roof garden does not need to be limited to the concept of a traditional garden that might be seen on top of a downtown apartment building. Instead, creativity is imperative as other structure-types are...
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...Sudhir K.4 had mentioned in his report about current Indian seismic scenario. Also mentioned previous devastating earthquakes occurred in India and there eco-social effects. Author underlined that from past experience it was clear that we need to sharpen our tools to avoid such losses. More precise work need to be done in the field of seismic engineering. Agarwal Pankaj and Shrikhande Manish5 have provided an enough material at one place to develop the basic understanding of the issues as required for correctly interpreting and using the standard codes of practicing for earthquake resistance design. The book was divided into seven parts, each dealing with specific aspects of earthquake engineering. Starting with earthquake generation, seismic zoning map of India etc. While the second part covers structural dynamic concern with analytical treatment of vibration problems. Third part throws light on earthquake resistance design of RC buildings. Ideas to improve seismic performance of building, modeling issue of buildings were covered in to fourth part. Fifth part covers earthquake resistance design of building and shear wall. Sixth chapter was related to masonry buildings. The final section was related to seismically damaged buildings that is evaluation and retrofitting of buildings and covers various evaluation and retrofitting methods. Thus a gamut of earthquake engineering was elaborated in to this book. Kadid A. and Boumrkik A.6 have presented a technical note on pushover analysis...
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...Improvement Paradigm 4 Company Data 6 Current Business Issues 7 Topic Research 8 Benefits and Recommendations 11 Conclusion 13 Bibliography 16 Abstract In today’s evolving global markets, construction companies need to develop business solutions to advance bottom-line results, improve operational processes, and recognize problems and solutions quickly, and systematically and effectively implement supply chain management methods. In particular the Structural Steel and Miscellaneous Metals Industry must improve its ability to match the ever increasing demands of the customer-driven market place. As Architectural and Engineering firms set the standards of technology use in their industries so must the steel fabricator to “confirm to owners, the design community, building officials, and the construction industry that a certified structural steel fabricating facility has the personnel, organization, experience, procedures, knowledge, equipment, and commitment to produce fabricated steel of the quality required for normal structural steel building construction.” (AISC Manual) Aero Steel must implement new technologies over the next three years to exert itself...
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...world. It is not simply a set of forces and processes that are enacted “from above.” Rather, macro-level forces are mediated and shaped by local cultures, social subnational politics, and social practices in communities, neighborhoods, villages, cities, and nations around the world. This course explores the varied and often contradictory processes and consequences of global capitalist development in a diverse set of localities. l.weinstein@neu.edu 617-373-4274 The course will not attempt to cover all aspects of globalization, but will examine five particular topics and sets of questions: 1) Global finance and investment, looking at the social consequences of market exuberance, including investments in so-called “emerging markets.” 2) Structural adjustment programs, particularly the increased marketization and privatization brought about by loan contingencies and IMF-imposed reforms. 3) The new international division of labor, emphasizing transnational financial linkages and the changing division of household labor. 4) Global cultural flows, particularly the new cultural forms that are created through the global circulation of technology and media. 5) Transnational activism and the links between local organizations and transnational movements. Under these broad topics and questions, the course readings and in-class films will focus on such diverse places as Egypt, Bolivia, Mexico, Japan, Europe, China, Argentina, and the United States. Coursework and...
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...Felice and Andria Wisler The Unexplored Power and Potential of Youth as Peace-builders Journal of Peace Conflict & Development Issue 11, November 2007 available from www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk ARTICLE The Unexplored Power and Potential of Youth as Peace-builders By Celina Del Felice and Andria Wisler1 1 Celina Del Felice is a PhD student at CIDIN (Centre for International Development Issues Nijmegen), University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands (www.ru.nl/cidin). She has experience working with local governments, national and international NGOs, especially on youth and participation issues. Celina is also associated with the United Network of Young Peacebuilders (www.unoy.org) as a policy advisor. Andria Wisler is a PhD candidate in Comparative and International Education at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City. She is currently a lecturer in the Center for Holocaust, Genocide and Peace Studies at the University of Nevada as well as at the European University Center for Peace Studies in Austria. 1 ARTICLE Celina Del Felice and Andria Wisler The Unexplored Power and Potential of Youth as Peace-builders Journal of Peace Conflict & Development Issue 11, November 2007 available from www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk ABSTRACT Around the world many young people are victims of cultural, direct, and structural violence and become carriers of that violence or perpetration. There is a strong tendency among politicians and researchers...
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...It can be translated into the budget planning phase. Concept, design development, and technical design are in the design stage. Design In this section, it should look at the principal components of the budget and some simple techniques which is used so as to build the building. First, the concept is including the development of plan and financing. For instance, proposals for structural design, building services systems, outline specifications and primary cost are for the strategies in accordance with design stage, and agree the alterations to brief and issue final project brief. Also, in this design development plan of concept stage, it is needed to concern the building sizing, shape and disposition of the space within building and defined by its fabric and with the nature and form the building fabric and its services which are the building structure and building services systems, updated outline specifications and the financing. Then finish the project brief and the application for planning...
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...5 Aircraft Load 5.1 Overview Aircraft structures must withstand the imposed load during operations; the extent depends on what is expected from the intended mission role. The bulkiness of the aircraft depends on its structural integrity to withstand the design load level. The heavier the load, the heavier is the structure; hence, the MTOW affecting aircraft performance. Aircraft designers must comply with mandatory certification regulations to meet the minimum safety standards. This book does not address load estimation in detail but rather continues with design information on load experienced by aircraft. Although the information provided herein is not directly used in configuring aircraft, the knowledge and data are essential for understanding design considerations that affect aircraft mass (i.e., weight). Only the loads and associated V-n diagram in symmetrical flight are discussed herein. It is assumed that designers are supplied with aircraft V-n diagrams by the aerodynamics and structures groups. Estimation of load is a specialized subject covered in focused courses and textbooks. However, this chapter does outline the key elements of aircraft loads. Aircraft shaping dictates the pattern of pressure distribution over the wetted surface that directly affects load distribution. Therefore, aircraft loads must be known early enough to make a design “right the first time.” 5.1.1 What Is to Be Learned? This chapter covers the following topics: Section 5.2: Introduction to...
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...Training-I NCC/NSO/NSS L 3 3 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 13 T 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 3 0 2 3 2 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 6 0 0 8 2 C 8 6 8 5 6 2 3 0 0 38 8 8 8 8 6 2 0 0 40 8 8 6 6 6 2 2 2 40 6 6 8 2 Course No EC-1101 CS-1101 MA-1102 ME-1101 PH-1101/ CH-1101 CS-1111 EE-1111 PH-1111/ CH-1111 Course Name Semester-2 Basic Electronics Introduction to Computing Mathematics-II Engineering Mechanics Physics/Chemistry Computing Laboratory Electrical Science Laboratory Physics/Chemistry Laboratory Physical Training –II NCC/NSO/NSS Semester-4 Structural Analysis-I Hydraulics Environmental Engg-I Structural Design-I Managerial Economics Engg. Geology Laboratory Hydraulics Laboratory Physical Training-IV NCC/NSO/NSS Semester-6 Structural Design-II Structural Analysis-III Foundation Engineering Transportation Engineering-II Hydrology &Flood Control Concrete Lab Structural Engineering Lab L 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 15 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 15 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 T 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 C 6 6 8 8 8 2 2 2 0 0 42 8 8 6 8 6 2 2 0 0 40 8 8 8 6 6 2 2 MA-1201 CE- 1201 CE -1202 CE -1203 CE-1204 CE-1211 Semester-3 Mathematics-III Building Materials and...
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...Introduction Chlorite is a general name for a group of magnesium rich hydrous sheet silicates possessing similar structure and chemical composition. Many green rocks owe their color to chlorite and chlorite owes its name to its green color. The Greek word choros, meaning “green,” is the origin of chlorite’s name. Consisting of negatively charged mica-like (2:1) layers regularly alternating with positively charged brucite-like (octahedral) sheets, the basic structure of chlorites allows for various compositions(Grim,1962). Members are differentiated by substitutions within the octahedral layer and the tetrahedral or octahedral positions of the mica-like layer. The arrangement of hydroxide and 2:1 sheets stacked in the z-direction defines the polytype of chlorite. There are theoretically six possible layer interlayer assemblages in either semi-random or regular "one-layer" polytypes. Of these six polytypes, four have been observed in nature (Partice De Caritat ect. 1993): clinochlore (Mg,Fe2+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8, chamosite (Fe2+,Mg)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8, nimite (Ni,Mg,Al)6((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)8, and pennanite Mn52+Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8. Provenance Chlorite is widespread throughout the world, often found in low- to medium-grade regional metamorphic rocks and as a secondary mineral to mafic silicates in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. It is an occasional constituent of igneous rocks, in most cases probably forming secondarily by deuteric or hydrothermal alteration of primary...
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...PREVENTATIVE STRUCTURAL FAILURE MONITORING SYSTEM Dartanion T. Sutton, BS College of Technology Applied Engineering and Technology Management Indiana State University Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S.A. ABSTRACT With the recent structural failures in the world today and the lack of maintaining a real world application towards the structural stresses that take hold of structures that are built today and three – quarters of a century ago. These structures are designed and tested for weaknesses using computer simulation and this seems to be a problem that has caused loss of life as well as large financial loss. In order to keep these disasters from occurring the investment in a computer monitoring system, which would monitor the structural integrity of various buildings and bridges, would be beneficial from a safety and financial stand point. The implementation of this system should be begun immediately to prevent any further happenings. Further research into perfecting this system needs to be a top priority due to the fragile nature of the problem. INTRODUCTION By investing in a computer monitoring system that would monitor the structural integrity of structures, like bridges and buildings, the benefit would be much more valuable in the long run by saving lives and money. Instead of waiting for a disaster and then sending experts out to the scene to find out what happened there needs to be a monitoring system to give warning before the disaster even comes to pass...
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