...The Problem and its Settings Historical Background The occurrence of bread making has been said to have been known to man 30,000 years ago. Flour was processed into unleavened bread. Among Europian countries, diets of the people were mainly based on fats and animal proteins. Bread became staple until 10,000 years back(.http:www.google.com) The ancient Egyptians were the first people known to bake bread, around 8,000 BC. Then during the middle ages, each landlord has a bakery, which is a public oven. Housewives would prepare the dough and bring it to the baker who would lend the oven and bake the dough into bread.(http:www.nybakas.com) However, Vicent Van Dough (1882) forwarded the idea of the historical background of a bakery. He stated that the first evidence of baking occurred when human took wild grasses, soaked them in water and mixed everything together, making it into a kind of broth-like paste. The paste was cooked by pouring it into a flat, hot rock, resulting as a bread like substance. Later, this paste was roasted in hot embers which made bread making easier as it could now be made any time fire was available.(Anders Zom 1889) Seven years later, Zom reported that baking is food cooking method using prolonged dry heat acting by convection rather than by thermal radiation , normally in an oven, but also in a hot ashes or hot stove. In about 300 B.C., baking flourished...
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...Jerry Gershenhorn, “Objectivity and the Development of Negro Studies,” in Melville J. Herskovits and the Racial Politics of Knowledge (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000): 123-167 “Objectivity and the Development of Negro Studies” in Melville J. Herskovits and the racial Politics of Knowledge by Jerry Gershenhorn discusses the impact of Melville Herskovits and his ideas on racial politics. Herskovits’s work primarily focused on African American culture. Many of his colleagues and even African Americans of his time did not value his work because of his Jewish heritage and controversial viewpoints. However, today his work is viewed beneficial to the study of African Americans. Gershenhorn begins by describing the efforts by progressive intellectuals to create a more democratic society through their writings. He cites the views of Charles Beard, who stated, “I don’t say that you ought to write history on the basis of your assumptions but I say you do” (pg 124). Gershenhorn says some scholars moved away from an activist perspective, while others continued to embrace it. Melville Herskovits said he sought to understand African American cultures on their own terms, meaning people defined their own life, reality and culture and could not be evaluated by those not in the culture themselves. Although Herskovits was a very intelligent man his work was always questioned. For example he faced many anti-Jewish attitudes when looking for job after getting...
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...Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey edited by Amy Jacques-Garvey 1 Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey edited by Amy Jacques-Garvey The Journal of Pan African Studies 2009 eBook Dedicated to the true and loyal members of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in the cause of African redemption. Preface This volume is compiled from the speeches and articles delivered and written by Marcus Garvey from time to time. My purpose for compiling same primarily, was not for publication, but rather to keep as a personal record of the opinions and sayings of my husband during his career as the leader of that portion of the human family known as the Negro race. However, on second thought, I decided to publish this volume in order to give to the public an opportunity of studying and forming an opinion of him; not from inflated and misleading newspaper and magazine articles, but from expressions of thoughts enunciated by him in defense of his oppressed and struggling race; so that by his own words he may be judged, and Negroes the world over may be informed and inspired, for truth, brought to light, forces conviction, and a state of conviction inspires action. The history of contact between the white and Black races for the last three hundred years or more, records only a series of pillages, wholesale murders, atrocious brutalities, industrial exploitation, disfranchisement of the one on the other; the strong against the weak; but the sun of evolution is gradually rising...
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...Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance period was when the world found out that there was indeed a distinctive and varied "negro/black American" culture and it was centered here in Harlem of New York City. It was a culture movement that began around 1920s. Before it was called the Harlem renaissance it was known as the "New Negro Movement", that was named after the anthology edited by Alain Locke in 1925. The Harlem Renaissance grew out of the changes that had taken place in the black community since the abolition of slavery, and which had been accelerated as a consequence of the First World War. It can also be seen as specifically African-American response to an expression of the great social and cultural change taking place in America in the early 20th century under the influence of industrialization and the emergence of a new mass culture. This movement impacted urban centers throughout the United States. Across the cultural spectrum (literature, drama, music, art, dance) and also in social thought (sociology, philosophy), artists and intellectuals found new ways to explore the historical experiences of black America and the contemporary experiences of black life in the urban North. Challenging white superiority and racism, African-American artists and intellectuals rejected merely imitating the styles of Europeans and white Americans and instead celebrated black dignity and creativity. Asserting their freedom to express themselves on their own terms as artists, they explored...
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...traumatic experience schools before desegregation. In Jonathan Kozol story he was walking into a narrow and old wood smelling classroom and he it was thirty five curious, cautious, and untrusting children aged eight to thirteen, of whom about two thirds are Negros. It is not different from sending a little girl from the negro ghetto into an art class near Harvard...
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...Nina Wohl Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences AHIS W4855 African American Artists in the 20th and 21st Centuries Spring 2012 Research Paper – African American Art & the Great Depression The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn of the twentieth century. The federal government took unprecedented action to provide relief, recovery and reform. No group was harder hit by the Great Depression than African Americans. The New Deal was slow to deal with the unique situation faced by African Americans. The struggles of the Great Depression laid the foundation for the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Art would play an important role in influencing the future. Despite its limitations, the New Deal, through the Works Progress Administration’s (WPA) Federal Arts Program (FAP), was responsible for reshaping the cultural agenda and “marked a significant turning point in the production of black culture.”1 The artists of the Great Depression built upon the work done during the Harlem Renaissance. New Deal art extended and affirmed art that translated “politics into cultural terms.”2 The FAP looked for a “new sense of authentic American culture – one that championed national values and traditions by celebrating regional and racial diversity.”3 As a result, many artists worked to place African Americans in the historical narrative of the United States while combating long held stereotypes. None were less important than Aaron Douglas...
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...music to lessons was logical. There are websites for teachers who are not musically talented. Those websites provide a variety of songs to be incorporated into lessons. Instructional songs are not the only resource for a student to retain information, because every child brain does not process the same. Instructional song helps to memorize the important facts to understand a lesson as a whole. Music is a tool that is used on a daily basis in preschool classrooms. Review Of Literature Similar to natural language abilities, children are born with natural musical ability, which varies from child to child. Music is used in a variety of families with young children for multiple purposes (Custodero, 2006). When researchers study babies, the process of how music is used by parents and children is of great interest to both scholars and parents. Americans tend to view music as a pre-lingual skill, and risk valuing music only for its later beneficial effects on children’s literacy. It has been found that phonological processing and early reading ability are significantly correlated with music perception skills among preschoolers (Anvari,...
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...history. The event grew out of “Negro History Week,” the brainchild of noted historian Carter G. Woodson and other prominent African Americans. Since 1976, every U.S. president has officially designated the month of February as Black History Month. Other countries around the world, including Canada and the United Kingdom, also devote a month to celebrating black history. The story of Black History Month begins in 1915, half a century after the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in the United States. That September, the Harvard-trained historian Carter G. Woodson and the prominent minister Jesse E. Moorland founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH), an organization dedicated to researching and promoting achievements by African-Americans and other peoples of African descent. Known today as the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH), the group sponsored a national Negro History week in 1926, choosing the second week of February to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. The event inspired schools and communities nationwide to organize local celebrations, establish history clubs and host performances and lectures. In the decades the followed, mayors of cities across the country began issuing yearly proclamations recognizing Negro History...
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...In 1712 William Lynch made a letter of how to break down Negros/blacks and how to make a slave. Although William Lynch wrote the Willie lynch Letter in 1712, us as blacks/Negros still follow the letter without knowing. First, William said if they follow those steps properly it would last 300 years. Secondly, it said if they follow the steps we would turn on each other and soon would want to kill each other off. Lastly, he wrote how to get us in line, hanging/lynching was one way and it soon came to be replaced with death row. First, William said if they follow those steps properly it would last 300 years. It is 2012 and the letter was made in 1712. It has been 300 years and us as blacks have proven him right. There are more blacks on black crimes then white on white and black on white. The letter was made to tear us apart and that is what it has done. Secondly, it said if they follow the steps we would turn on each other and soon would want to kill each other off. We have turned against each other as brothers, sisters, friends, and family. Willie said if they follow the steps we would tell if one steals something they need or if we have plans to run away. To get this to happen they made us feel better than the rest which makes others jealous and rage with hate to kill one another. We soon began to turn on each other and kill each other off. Lastly, he wrote how to get us in line, hanging/lynching was one way and it soon came to be replaced with death row. States that sentence...
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...B. Du Bois’ “Double Consciousness” How Race, Stereotypes and Prejudices influence the life of a Negro Wordcount: 3791 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 2 2. Contributing areas that lead to W.E.B. Du Bois´s “Double Consciousness”.................... 4 2.1 Race, Stereotypes and Prejudices ................................................................................ 4 2.2 Double Consciousness, the Veil and the Color-Line ................................................... 7 2.3 Du Bois´s change in use of “Double Consciousness” ................................................. 9 3. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction W.E.B. Du Bois divides the world´s population into three groups; he distinguishes the white race, the black race and the yellow race as the bigger “families of human beings” 1 . According to Du Bois, these races cannot be solely distinguished by their scientifically proven deviances, as those incongruences do not influence the inner cohesion and the lasting duration of each racial group. Furthermore, he appoints every race a unique role which contributes to the welfare of the world. Therefore, he urges the ‘Negros’ to cut the bonds of suppression from the whites and deliver their message rightfully. 2 He argues...
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...History (from Greek ἱστορία - historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is the study of the past, specifically how it relates to humans. It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about these events. The term includes cosmic, geologic, and organic history, but is often generically implied to mean human history. Scholars who write about history are called historians. Events occurring prior to written record are considered prehistory. History is the study of the human past as it is described in the written documents left by human beings. Here are a collection of more history definitions.—Kris Hirst History Definition History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind, including an account of the rise and fall of nations, as well as of other great changes which have affected the political and social condition of the human race.—John J. Anderson. 1876. A Manual of General History. A usually chronological record of events, as of the life or development of a people or institution, often including an explanation of or commentary on those events: a history of the Vikings. b. A formal written account of related natural phenomena: a history of volcanoes. c. A record of a patient's medical background. d. An established record or pattern of behavior: an inmate with a history of substance abuse. 2. The branch of knowledge that records and analyzes...
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...Brown v. Board of Education—which said that the segregated schools of the South were damaging to black children, and thus began to dismantle the system of legalized segregation—was an occasion for assessing the last half century’s progress in the lives of African Americans. While there remains deep disagreement about the current state of black America and the policies that ought to follow from that, most would agree that the status of African Americans has changed dramatically, if insufficiently, since Brown. Not only has the system of legal segregation been eliminated and widespread prejudice diminished, but the economic, political and educational status of many blacks has significantly improved. Gunnar Myrdal’s An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, generally viewed as one of the most important results of grantmaking by Carnegie Corporation of New York, played a major role in the story that led from an America, which after World War II still had a legal Jim Crow system in the South—along with a segregated army—to the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It was cited as the social scientific evidence justifying the Supreme Court’s decision that what had been deemed separate but equal education for black children was, in fact, detrimental to their development. Published in 1944 (by Harper & Bros.; reprinted in 1996 by Transaction Publishers), An American Dilemma served to crystallize the emerging awareness that racial discrimination and legal segregation could not endure...
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...which dictated how a person was to act due to the social class which they belong. The grandmother’s static belief that race and class are joined becomes apparent during the scene when the family passes the Negro child on the side of the road which states, “‘Oh look at the cute little pickaninny!’ she said and pointed to a Negro child standing in the door of a shack. ‘Wouldn’t that make a picture, now?’ she asked and they all turned and looked at the little Negro out of the back window. He Waved. ‘He didn’t have any britches on,’ June Star said. ‘He Probably didn’t have any,’ the grandmother explained. ‘Little niggers in the country don’t have things like we do. If I could paint, I’d paint that picture,’ she said” (O’Connor, “Good” 3) In this scene, the grandmother objectifies the Negro child as if he were a caged animal to watch and then she classifies him as a lower class because he is a Negro and therefore must unable to afford pants. The objectification of the boy is a direct effect of the notion that because he is a Negro, he must be in a lower class whereas because the family is white, they are able to afford many things that Negroes are unable to have. The grandmother addresses her perceived class in the passage when she stated that she would paint a picture of the Negro boy, further removing the humanity of the boy, but then admits...
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...order to progress. There were countless problems solved because of the leaders in social science, however one problem with no explicit answer was finding a solution for the inequalities between blacks and whites. This problem was taken on by William Edward Burghardt DuBois, also known as, W.E.B DuBois. He dedicated his entire life to finding solutions for this problem. Regardless if the solutions did not last long or did not work, he was still able to take the studies and record information which lead to conclusions. That...
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...The source I chose is a newspaper clipping from the 1955-1963 Birmingham bombings. The article contains a list of twenty recent bombing that occurred in Alabama during that time period. The article displays the boundless chaos the Whites wanted for the Negroes. I chose this source, because despite its simplicity, it withholds a deep underlying message that motivated the Whites and the Civil Rights Movement. The 16th street bombing supports the Civil Rights Movement because it clearly portrays the pure hatred the Whites had for the Negroes. Bombing a church vividly exhibits that the only way the Whites wanted the Negroes was dead. This is easily understood from the modern analogy of Middle Eastern Terrorists and Americans, but the Whites and...
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