... Experiment 9 – Pre-lab Homework Enzyme Kinetics of LDH This pre-lab homework assignment is due at the beginning of your lab session. You are provided with the following portion of a protocol: • Determine concentration of enzyme stock solution, if unknown, by taking an A280 nm reading of a 1:100 dilution (in water). Use a total volume of 1 ml in the cuvette. • Dilute some of the enzyme stock with buffer A to make a 4 mg/ml solution. • Serially dilute the 4 mg/ml solution with buffer A to make working solutions of 400 µg/ml and 40 µg/ml. • Prepare 30 µl of each working solution for every sample The PI of the lab gives you a tube of enzyme and tells you the following before disappearing into the office to write more grant proposals: ➢ There is 50 µl of enzyme stock solution. The enzyme is expensive to purify, so follow the protocol exactly, using as little of the stock solution as possible. ➢ The concentration of the stock solution is currently not known, but a 1 mg/ml concentration of the pure enzyme has an A280 nm of 2.0. ➢ You’ll be performing the assay on 12 samples. ➢ Make enough of each working solution so that you have at least 400 ul to work with when you do the assay (to cover any waste and/or inefficiencies in pippetting). Using the spectrophotometer to read the absorbance at 280 nm, you get a reading of 0.784. 1. (2 pts) What is the concentration of the solution in the cuvette? What is the concentration of the stock solution...
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...Enzymes: Virtual Lab Introduction: This is a virtual lab simulation of enzymes and substrates. It teaches about enzymatic activity and how it is affected by substrate concentration and pH. Students are to visualize the virtual lab as an actual lab and conduct the experiment as such. Purpose This investigation will determine the effects of substrate concentration and pH on the initial rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Materials Computer Pencil/pen Enzymes at various pH Substrates at various concentrations Procedures 1. Go to this link ( http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_11/BL_11.html 2. Click the TV/VCR. Then click the play button. Watch an animation about enzymes. 3. Click Information and read more about enzymes and substrates. 4. Complete the table found at the bottom of the virtual lab by: a. Adjusting the pH level of the test tubes (already filled with an enzyme solution) by clicking the up and down arrows. Pay attention to the proper pH in each designated test tube according to the data table! b. Adding substrate to each of the test tubes that already contain an enzyme solution by clicking and dragging a piece of weighing paper with the powdered substrate. Pay attention to the proper substrate concentration in each designated test tube according to the data table! c. Record the number of molecules of product formed per minute into your data table. d. Click the computer monitor to see...
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...Lab Report #2 Name: Lab: #9 Enzymes – Experiment #4 Due date: Purpose The purpose of the experiment is to compare and examine the effect of substrate concentration on catalase activity. Introduction All chemical reactions require a catalyst. A type of catalyst that exists is an enzyme, which acts to bring out a specific biochemical reaction. At all times, all work inside a cell is being performed by enzymes (Brian, 2000). The purpose of an enzyme is to help the cell carry out reactions very quickly. An interaction must be made for a reaction to become catalyzed. The active site is where this interaction between the enzyme and the reactant and/or reactants takes place. In order for the enzyme to work efficiently and properly, the reactant (or substrate) must position itself perfectly within the active site. Most enzymes usually only can catalyze a single chemical reaction, which is called specificity (Introduction To Enzymes, n.d.). Enzymes can also operate to an optimal extent where chemical reactions can occur rapidly and with the upmost efficiency, under certain conditions known as the enzyme’s optimum activity (Boli, 2012). The many different conditions include environmental, such as pH and temperature, or concentrations of the substrates and enzymes. In this experiment, we examined a substance called catalase. Catalase is the isolated cells from potatoes and beef liver. As the substrate for the experiment, hydrogen peroxide was used at various different amounts...
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...Biology 61 Lab Report Fall 2017 The Testing of Inhibitors for the Prevention of Fruit Browning Caused by PPOs Name: Jennae Fenton ID:989289378 Lab Code: R2 Purple Honor code compliance On my honor, I indicate with my personal signature that the work presented here is my own, and has not been plagiarized from another student or another source, in accordance with the honor code of University of the Pacific. (Please sign by typing your name or pasting an electronic signature if you have one) Signature: Jennae Fenton Date: 10/12/17 Abstract: The enzyme catechol oxidase is a protein that produces benzoquinone when the substrate catechol binds to the enzyme. This is commonly referred to as browning. How quickly produce spoils...
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...The purpose of the enzyme lab conducted was to observe the chemical composition of cells. In order to do so we tested for the presence of organic molecules. Molecules are what forms when atoms bond together. Organic molecules of cells include proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, which are composed of smaller molecules known as monomers and polymers. Polymers are joined monomers. A chemical reaction links monomers together occurs and releases a water molecule, this is called dehydration synthesis. Hydrolysis separates polymers into monomers by using water to break bonds. Organic catalysts called enzymes are proteins that increase the speed of a chemical reaction. In the lab we used Biuret reagent to test for proteins, iodine solution to test for starch, paper to test for lipids. In the first lab, we tested for the presence of proteins in samples by using blue solution called Biuret reagent, which changes to purple when a protein is present and pinkish-purple for peptides. First test tubes were marked at 1cm and then filled to the mark with water, albumin, pepsin, and starch. Next, five drops of Biuret reagent was added to the sample, covered with Parafilm, and swirled to mix. The water remained clear, indicating the sample lacked the presence of proteins, and thus was our negative control. The albumin sample observed changed to an orange-purple color, indicating the presence of protein. The peptin sample changed to a pink-purple hue, testing positive for presence of peptides...
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...LAB REPORT: ENZYMES Part I: Graphs and Data TIME COURSE: ABSORBANCE VS. TIME Provided data: Time(minutes) | Experimental ABS @ 405nm | Control ABS @ 405 nm | Exp. ABS minus Control ABS | Micromoles p-Nitrophenol | 0 | 0.057 | 0.051 | 0.006 | 0.0004 | 10 | 0.207 | 0.053 | 0.154 | 0.0064 | 20 | 0.351 | 0.054 | 0.297 | 0.0120 | 30 | 0.501 | 0.055 | 0.446 | 0.0181 | 60 | 0.955 | 0.064 | 0.891 | 0.0362 | Personal data: Time(minutes) | Experimental ABS @ 405nm | Control ABS @ 405 nm | Exp. ABS minus Control ABS | Micromoles p-Nitrophenol | 0 | 0.092 | 0.064 | 0.028 | 0.0010 | 10 | 0.262 | 0.048 | 0.214 | 0.0085 | 20 | 0.429 | 0.054 | 0.375 | 0.0140 | 30 | 0.599 | 0.051 | 0.548 | 0.0208 | 60 | 0.976 | 0.050 | 0.926 | 0.0350 | STANDARD CURVE: Provided data: Micromoles p-Nitrophenol | Absorbance @ 405 nm | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.0025 | 0.058 | 0.0050 | 0.118 | 0.0100 | 0.245 | 0.0200 | 0.496 | 0.0400 | 1.000 | Personal data: Micromoles p-Nitrophenol | Absorbance @ 405 nm | 0.0000 | 0.000 | 0.0025 | 0.071 | 0.0050 | 0.167 | 0.0100 | 0.228 | 0.0200 | 0.519 | 0.0400 | 1.050 | TIME COURSE: PRODUCT VS. TIME Provided data: Time | Micromoles product | 0 | 0.0004 | 10 | 0.0064 | 20 | 0.0120 | 30 | 0.0181 | 60 | 0.0362 | Personal data: Time | Micromoles product | 0 | 0.0010 | 10 | 0.0085 | 20 | 0.0140 | 30 | 0.0208 | 60 | 0.0350 | TEMPERATURE: PRODUCT VS. TEMPERATURE Provided data: ...
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...What Influences Enzyme Activity Biology Lab 2010-09-25 Summary In this lab we learned about what influences enzyme activity. We learned many terms and concepts in this lab. Enzymes decreases the amount of energy needed in a reaction. Catalyst speeds up reaction. A substrate is what the material with which catalyst reacts. A product is the modification of the substrate. This was a very informative and good lab. Materials 1. 1 Reaction spot plate 2. 3 Small Cups 3. 3 Plastic pipettes 4. 1 Bottle starch indicator solution. 5. Prepared starch solution 6. Prepared diastase solution 7. Distilled water 8. Clock with second hand 9. Bottle of dilute hydrochloric acid (HCL) solution- 0.1 % 10. Bottle of dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH)- 0.1% 11. Test tubes 12. 2 Glucose test strips 13. Glucose Test Strip Color Chart 14. Clock or Stopwatch Procedure: Activity 1- Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Activity 1. Obtain approximately 10 mL each of the prepared starch solution, the diastase solution, and distilled water and place each of them in one of the sample cups. Label each of your solutions properly. 2. Using two different plastic pipets, place one drop of enzyme in each of 12 successive wells on the spot plate, followed by four drops of distilled water. Quickly put one drop of starch solution in each of the wells using a third pipet. Be...
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...Fly lab report p. 1 SAMPLE LAB REPORT Perception of Different Sugars by Blowflies by Alexander Hamilton Biology 101 October 24, 2009 Lab Partners: Sharon Flynn, Andi Alexander Fly lab report p. 2 ABSTRACT To feed on materials that are healthy for them, flies (order Diptera) use taste receptors on their tarsi to find sugars to ingest. We examined the ability of blowflies to taste monosaccharide and disaccharide sugars as well as saccharin. To do this, we attached flies to the ends of sticks and lowered their feet into solutions with different concentrations of these sugars. We counted a positive response when they lowered their proboscis to feed. The flies responded to sucrose at a lower concentration than they did of glucose, and they didn’t respond to saccharin at all. Our results show that they taste larger sugar molecules more readily than they do smaller ones. They didn’t feed on saccharin because the saccharin we use is actually the sodium salt of saccharin, and they reject salt solutions. Overall, our results show that flies are able to taste and choose foods that are good for them. INTRODUCTION All animals rely on senses of taste and smell to find acceptable food for survival. Chemoreceptors are found in the taste buds on the tongue in humans (Campbell, 2008), for example, for tasting food. Studies of sensory physiology have often used insects as experimental subjects because insects can...
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...UTAR FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell Biology Trimester 1 How YOU can do well in BIOLOGY Follow the 4A’s and you can expect A’s. A ttitude • Attend ALL lectures, tutorials and practicals on time without fail. • Be attentive in class and revise your notes after class while the topic is still fresh in your mind. Why waste time re-reading 2-3 months later? • Do your assignments faithfully as they carry marks for the finals. • Come prepared for lessons (i.e. read up beforehand). • Read up beforehand before attending lectures so that you won’t be lost and wasted hours of your life week after week. • Why stress yourself out if you can avoid it? Do NOT count on last minute revision for tests and examinations, as it will be too late to catch up and seek help in areas where you may find confusing or unclear of. • Why panic before exams because you can’t find this or that? Keep separate files for lecture, tutorial and practical. File up the respective notes systematically so that you do not lose them along the semester. • Do you expect the lecturer/ tutor to be available all the time to answer your questions? It is YOUR responsibility to take the initiative to clear your doubts or satisfy your curiosity to understand certain scientific phenomena by reading up on the relevant topics. A Based on a true story… A professor at the National University of Singapore recounts how on one occasion a student consulted him days before the exam. Student:...
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...Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages of Plant Mitosis and Meiosis DNA, Mitosis and Meiosis Modelling 71 Respiration of Yeast 93 Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 1) Optional: Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 2) Practical 4 Enzyme studies II Practical 5 Cell studies I - - Practical 10 Energetics II Lab manual version 6_201505 FHSB1214 Biology I & FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell...
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...Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages of Plant Mitosis and Meiosis DNA, Mitosis and Meiosis Modelling 71 Respiration of Yeast 93 Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 1) Optional: Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 2) Practical 4 Enzyme studies II Practical 5 Cell studies I - - Practical 10 Energetics II Lab manual version 6_201505 FHSB1214 Biology I & FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell...
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...Taylurr Wilbon 3/22/15 Enzyme lab report Determining the properties of an Enzyme Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that acts as catalysts for reactions. This means that enzymes lower the activation energy essential for a reaction to take place, allowing a specific reaction to occur much quicker and easier. Certain enzymes only lower the activation energy for certain reactions, and enzymes are shape precise. The distinctive folds of the amino acid chains that make up an enzyme result in the formation of a precisely shape active site. When the reactants of a reaction, substrates, fit seamlessly into the active site of an enzyme, the enzyme is then able to catalyze the reaction. The activity of enzymes is affected by the concentration of enzymes current and the concentration of substrate current. As the amount of enzyme present increases, the rate of reaction increases. Most enzymes need specific environmental conditions to be met in order for them to function properly and efficiently. These conditions include the pH level, temperature, and the inhibitor. If the ideal conditions for an enzyme are altered, the enzyme may denature, or change its shape, resulting in deactivation. As a result, the enzyme activity would be that it would no longer be able to catalyze the reaction, and the reaction rate would significantly...
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...The Discussion should be written after the Results section so that you have a good idea of what the experiment has demonstrated. The discussion section should definitely have a statement of your expected findings (Pechenik, 86). This should include your hypothesis and a brief statement about why these types of results are expected. There should also be a comparison of how your actual results related to your expected findings (Pechenik, 86). Here, you should state whether or not your results supported or didn't support your hypothesis. In addition, the degree to which the evidence supported your hypothesis should be stated. For example, were the results completely supportive, or were there variances? There should be an explanation of unexpected results (Pechenik, 86). When looking for possible explanations, consider the following: Was the equipment used adequate for the task? Was the experimental design valid? Were the working assumptions made correct? A common mistake that many writers make is to blame themselves for the unexpected results. Unless you actually made a mistake following the methods of the experiment, and could not go back and correct it, do not make up such errors to explain the variances you observe. Think about and analyze the methods and equipment you used. Could something different have been done to obtain better results? Another possibility to consider is if the experiment was conducted under factors that were considerably different from those described...
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...2-19-15 BISC 220 Lab Report 1 TA: Anh Nguyet Vu Activity of the Porcine Pancreas α-Amylase Enzyme Under Different Concentration Introduction: Enzymes are specialized protein structures that increase the rate of reactions without changing chemical equilibrium between reactants and products (Cooper, 2000). These enzymes have a distinct chemical composition that constructs an active site for substrates to bind to; this is the location where the substances come together to from an enzyme-substrate complex, which makes forming a product possible. The shape of the molecule is extremely important to its function. Enzymes are composed of unique three-dimensional conformations, due to the complex folding during the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary, stages of protein production. Extreme pH levels, heat, concentration, and other factors can easily denature these exclusive structures. α-amylase is a biological catalyst found in the saliva of various organisms, including humans. It functions as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of starch products located in consumed foods. Chemically, starch is comprised of two different molecules, amylose and amylopectin. The glucose molecules in amylose are connected in a liner/straight manner, whereas, the glucose in amylopectin are arranged in a spiral shape. These unique linkages are what give this molecule its overall shape, and ultimately, its function. Starches produced in plants are normally a combination of both these molecules at a 30:70...
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...MicroBiology- MLT1 LabPaq / Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. sales@labpaq.com / www.LabPaq.com / Toll Free 866.206.0773 A Laboratory Manual of Small-Scale Experiments for the Independent Study of Microbiology 50-0222-MB-01 LabPaq® is a registered trademark of Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL). The LabPaq referenced in this manual is produced by Hands-On Labs, Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on the intellectual properties associated with the LabPaq’s unique design, assembly, and learning experiences. The laboratory manual included with a LabPaq is intended for the sole use by that LabPaq’s original purchaser and may not be reused without a LabPaq or by others without the specific written consent of HOL. No portion of any LabPaq manual’s materials may be reproduced, transmitted or distributed to others in any manner, nor may be downloaded to any public or privately shared systems or servers without the express written consent of HOL. No changes may be made in any LabPaq materials without the express written consent of HOL. HOL has invested years of research and development into these materials, reserves all rights related to them, and retains the right to impose substantial penalties for any misuse. Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. 3880 S. Windermere St. Englewood, CO 80110 Phone: Denver Area: 303-679-6252 Toll-free, Long-distance: 866-206-0773 www.LabPaq.com E-mail: info@LabPaq.com Printed...
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