...does it carry out these actions? Enzymes play a huge part in cellular activity, as was discovered in 1896 (Human Touch of Chemistry). Enzymes were originally found while trying to ferment glucose into alcohol. Scientists couldn't figure out how to carry out this process without living yeast. Eduard Buchner proved that glucose could be turned into alcohol without living yeast by using juice he obtained from yeast, but didn't know what to call the things acting inside that juice. Enzymes translate to "in yeast" because of this discovery process (Kroening). Continued study and investigation of them has allowed much more understanding of how cells carry out their daily processes. Enzymes are made of amino acids, amino acids are folded together to create a specific shape. Each enzyme will have a different shape in order to fit perfectly with a different substrate. The open spot on an enzyme is called an active...
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...Eugene’s Story A. What are electrolytes and why is the doctor concerned about them with respect to Eugene’s heart and brain? An electrolyte is an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solution. In solution, electrolytes can conduct an electrical current. The doctor could be concerned about Eugene’s electrolytes because they are critical for controlling water movement throughout the body, maintaining acid-base balance, and conducting nerve and muscle impulses. B. Why would administering bicarbonate to Eugene be advisable if his blood pH was too low? What is the bicarbonate going to do to adjust Eugene’s blood pH? Bicarbonate can act as a weak base. Administering bicarbonate to Eugene should remove the excess acidity from his blood thus bringing his blood pH level to normal. C. Compile the information you currently know about Eugene. What are his vitals? What history do you have? What exam results do you have so far? What further information would help you determine if Eugene’s loss of consciousness was from a chemical imbalance or something else? Eugene’s vitals are pulse rate of 110 bpm, blood pressure 135/80, respirations 25/min, and blood oxygen saturation 97 percent. Eugene is a chronic alcoholic and he is also a diabetic. He also has pancreatitis. CBC and chemistry results show that his electrolytes are below normal. His blood pH is 7.28 which is acidic. His blood glucose levels would be helpful because if that was normal...
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...determine if more or less product is being made. After performing the test and understanding the results I will compare the difference between absorbance, and if any problems occurred during the process. Introduction Have you walked into a grocery store and noticed that some fruits and vegetables have brown spots on them, they no longer look fresh? For example, when you buy bananas and cut them at home and walk away and ten minutes later they have started to turn brown on the edges. The name for that reaction is catechol oxidase, which is made into the pigment called benzoquinone. In this experiment I will investigate catechol oxidase. The enzyme is a catalyst which makes some chemical reactions occur faster than if no enzyme was present. I will test how well catechol oxidase will function under different conditions, what happens in different pH and the absorbance of each. Catechol oxidase needs copper in order to active, during the process of oxidation electrons and hydrogens are eliminated from catechol. Like stated above the compound...
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...slow to respond – and water vapor is lost. Closure may take hours rather than Potassium (K) increases Enzyme Activation minutes and is incomplete. crop yield and improves Enzymes serve as cataAs a result, plants with an quality. It is required for lysts for chemical reactions, insufficient supply of K are numerous plant growth being utilized but not conmuch more susceptible to processes. sumed in the process. They water stress. bring together other molecules in such a way Accumulation of K in plant roots prothat the chemical reaction can take place. duces a gradient of osmotic pressure that Potassium “activates” at least 60 different draws water into the roots. Plants deficient in enzymes involved in plant growth. The K K are thus less able to absorb water and are changes the physical shape of the enzyme more subject to stress when water is in short molecule, exposing the appropriate chemical- supply. ly active sites for reaction. Potassium also neutralizes various organic anions and other Photosynthesis compounds within the plant, helping to stabiThe role of K in photosynthesis is comlize pH between 7 and 8...optimum for most plex. The activation of enzymes by K and its enzyme reactions. involvement in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The amount of K present in the cell deter- production is probably more important in regmines how many of the enzymes can be acti- ulating the rate of photosynthesis than is the vated and the rates at which chemical reac- role...
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...Catalysis. “Bio” prefix denotes biological and “catalysis” means the acceleration of a chemical reaction due to a catalyst. So in general biocatalysis is the use of biological (natural) catalysts, such as enzymes. These biological catalysts are used to transform organic compounds chemically. An enzyme is a protein catalyst that is responsible for the reactions in your body. Enzymes help with digestion of food, production of essential nutrients, movement of muscles, etcetera. Enzymes not only exist in our body but are used for quite a lot of other...
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...the ways enzymes work. It also will give information on the role of substrates and how it affects enzymes. In the first experiment, we examined whether or not the speed of the reaction will be influenced positively by an increase of heat to a point where it will not be denatured, but negatively by a decrease of heat. In the second experiment we looked to see if the speed is influenced positively by an increase of enzymes to a point, but negatively affected by a decrease of enzymes. For the third experiment the hypothesis was to see if the speed of the reaction is influenced by the amount of substrate in the environment. There is another test conducted to see if the enzyme will not be able...
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...Enzymes: Virtual Lab Introduction: This is a virtual lab simulation of enzymes and substrates. It teaches about enzymatic activity and how it is affected by substrate concentration and pH. Students are to visualize the virtual lab as an actual lab and conduct the experiment as such. Purpose This investigation will determine the effects of substrate concentration and pH on the initial rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Materials Computer Pencil/pen Enzymes at various pH Substrates at various concentrations Procedures 1. Go to this link ( http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_11/BL_11.html 2. Click the TV/VCR. Then click the play button. Watch an animation about enzymes. 3. Click Information and read more about enzymes and substrates. 4. Complete the table found at the bottom of the virtual lab by: a. Adjusting the pH level of the test tubes (already filled with an enzyme solution) by clicking the up and down arrows. Pay attention to the proper pH in each designated test tube according to the data table! b. Adding substrate to each of the test tubes that already contain an enzyme solution by clicking and dragging a piece of weighing paper with the powdered substrate. Pay attention to the proper substrate concentration in each designated test tube according to the data table! c. Record the number of molecules of product formed per minute into your data table. d. Click the computer monitor to see...
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...What Influences Enzyme Activity Biology Lab 2010-09-25 Summary In this lab we learned about what influences enzyme activity. We learned many terms and concepts in this lab. Enzymes decreases the amount of energy needed in a reaction. Catalyst speeds up reaction. A substrate is what the material with which catalyst reacts. A product is the modification of the substrate. This was a very informative and good lab. Materials 1. 1 Reaction spot plate 2. 3 Small Cups 3. 3 Plastic pipettes 4. 1 Bottle starch indicator solution. 5. Prepared starch solution 6. Prepared diastase solution 7. Distilled water 8. Clock with second hand 9. Bottle of dilute hydrochloric acid (HCL) solution- 0.1 % 10. Bottle of dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH)- 0.1% 11. Test tubes 12. 2 Glucose test strips 13. Glucose Test Strip Color Chart 14. Clock or Stopwatch Procedure: Activity 1- Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Activity 1. Obtain approximately 10 mL each of the prepared starch solution, the diastase solution, and distilled water and place each of them in one of the sample cups. Label each of your solutions properly. 2. Using two different plastic pipets, place one drop of enzyme in each of 12 successive wells on the spot plate, followed by four drops of distilled water. Quickly put one drop of starch solution in each of the wells using a third pipet. Be...
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...produced will increase and eventually level out. This is because the hydrogen peroxide is substrate specific to catalase which is found in the liver solution tab. The two products react to create an active site which produces water and oxygen. Therefore, as the amount of hydrogen peroxide increased then the displaced oxygen will increase but eventually it should level out due to the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity (Allot, 99-100, 2014). Catalase is an enzyme that is found in the liver of animals and it aids to catalyze the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen (Allot, 99-100, 2014)....
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...Journal Article Assignment Name: Sajeel Khan ID: 20623349 Section: 3:30 Tuesday TA: Alyssa Guerra Cell Bio Bites Topic: Peroxisomes – What are they, where do they come from and what do they do? Define the key terms (scientific words) in your own words. (notes or textbook can be used as sources) Peroxisome – Small organelle that is enclosed by a membrane; it makes use of Oxygen (molecular form) to oxidize organic material. As a result of their functions, some of its enzymes produce hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, while other enzymes have the capabilities to degrade it. Plant peroxisome – Peroxisomes that are specific to plants. They perform as well as aid in the processes of many plant cultivations such as detoxification. Arabidopsis...
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...A2 Biology Coursework A1- Develop a hypothesis Outline your biological knowledge or research related to the problem under investigation Yeast are eukaryotic species and make up approximately one percent of species in the kingdom Fungi. One of the most well studied yeast species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as bakers yeast, and also used in the fermentation of alcohols, is a model species for the study of eukaryotic cells. They are known to reproduce either sexually, by mitosis, or asexually, by budding, depending on environmental conditions. Yeast grow and reproduce by producing enzymes to catabolise polysaccharides. Upon maturation the parent cell passes its genetic information to the bud which then becomes a genetic copy of the original cell and adds to the population. A growth curve demonstrates the four stages of population growth for a yeast cell as follows: Diagram 1. Reference: http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/33/flashcards/602033/jpg/bacterial_growth_curve1320203184633.jpg Lag phase: Indicates the process of assimilation of nutrients by the initial population. Growth is restricted as the yeast are adjusting to their environment and synthesising cellular macromolecules. Exponential phase: Growth is increasing rapidly at this stage and competition for resources is minimal allowing for the yeast to bud at maximum capacity. Stationary phase: The population is now stabilising as resources become depleted and competition increases;...
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...pepsin, the powerful enzyme in gastric juice that digests proteins such as those in meat, eggs, seeds, or dairy products. Pepsin was first recognized in 1836 by the German physiologist Theodor Schwann. In 1930 it was crystallized and its protein nature established by John H. Northrop of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Glands in the mucous-membrane lining of the stomach make and store an inactive protein called pepsinogen. Impulses from the vagus nerve and the hormonal secretions of gastrin and secretin stimulate the release of pepsinogen into the stomach, where it is mixed with hydrochloric acid and rapidly converted to the active enzyme pepsin. The digestive power of pepsin is greatest at the acidity of normal gastric juice (pH 1.5–2.5). In the intestine the gastric acids are neutralized (pH 7), and pepsin is no longer effective. In the digestive tract pepsin effects only partial degradation of proteins into smaller units called peptides, which then either are absorbed from the intestine into the bloodstream or are broken down further by pancreatic enzymes. Small amounts of pepsin pass from the stomach into the bloodstream, where it breaks down some of the larger, or still partially undigested, fragments of protein that may have been absorbed by the small intestine. Pepsin is prepared commercially from swine stomachs. Crude pepsin is used in the leather industry to remove hair and residual tissue from animal hides prior to their being tanned. It is also...
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...2 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay AQA A2 Biology: Writing the Synoptic Essay by Dr Robert Mitchell CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.ctpublications.co.uk 0800 040 7901 Dr Robert Mitchell A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-907769-02-3 First published in May 2010 by CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 The right of Robert Mitchell to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright and Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher at the address below. Published in 2010 by CT Publications* 40 Higher Bridge Street Bolton Greater Manchester BL1 2HA Edition 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 *CT Publications is owned by Chemistry Tutorials located at the same address. Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.biologytutorials.co.uk 0800 040 7901 3 4 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay CONTENTS 1. Be aware of the task you face ............................................................................ 6 What is Synoptic? ........................................................................................... 6 Will I have to learn everything? ..............
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...Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity Analysis of Enzyme Activity: Catalase and Tyrosinase Introduction to Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholinesterase Abstract: A series of three labs were combined to observe the effects of some common biological enzymes: Catalase, Tyrosinase, and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Enzymes are catalytic proteins, that when present in a chemical reaction, are able to lower the action potential needed to create the reaction without being destroyed or altered themselves in the process. In Part A, my hypothesis stated that when Catalase is combined with H2O2 the rate of conversion to water and oxygen gas should double when 5-10 drops of enzyme is added and quadruple when 10-20 drops are added. In Part B, my hypothesis stated that increases in enzyme concentration or buffer pH the substrate of the final product will yield increased substrate, also, if the substrate concentration is increased then the enzyme will be less diluted, the buffer pH will increase, or there will be a temperature increase. In Part C, my hypothesis stated that tacrine will have an inhibitory effect on AChE, and that those effects will increase as the level of concentration increases. In all three labs I postulated that increases in temperature and concentration levels and would increase the rates and decrease time to form chemical reactions. We setup each lab with a series of increased concentrations and a control trial using DiH2O. We observed the results using the...
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... | |Title |Demonstrate understanding of life processes at the cellular level | |Level |2 |Credits |4 |Assessment |External | |Subfield |Science | |Domain |Biology | |Status |Registered |Status date |17 November 2011 | |Planned review date |31 December 2014 |Date version published |17 November 2011 | This achievement standard involves demonstrating understanding of life processes at the cellular level. Achievement Criteria |Achievement |Achievement with Merit |Achievement with Excellence | |Demonstrate understanding of life processes at |Demonstrate in-depth understanding of life |Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of life | |the cellular level. |processes at the cellular level....
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