...International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge (IJSRK), 1(7), pp. 189-201, 2013 Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.com/ijsrk ISSN: 2322-4541; ©2013 IJSRPUB http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsrk-2013-p189-201 Full Length Research Paper Factors Influencing Anemia and Night Blindness among Children Less than Five Years Old (0 - 4.11 Years) in Khartoum State, Sudan Samir Mohamed Ali Hassan Alredaisy1, Haram Omer El Hag Saeed2 1 Faculty of Education, University of Khartoum, Khartoum Omdurman 406 Sudan 2 Rufaa Nutrition and Maternity Office, Ministry of Health, Gezira state, Sudan *Corresponding Author: samiralredaisy@yahoo.com Received 24 April 2013; Accepted 5 June 2013 Abstract. This study investigated factors influencing nutritional status of children less than five years old suffering anemia and night blindness in Khartoum State. Sample size was 138 children determined by 10% rate of prevalence of nutritional deficiency diseases among children living in Khartoum State. In addition, testing hemoglobin and anthropometric measurements were done. Results depicted that, illiteracy was prevailing, and household monthly income averaged 100 USD. Symptoms of anemia included loss of appetite (8777%), paleness (9375%), and eating clay (29%), while for night blindness they were xerophthalmia (20%); Pinot spots (52%); karatomalacia (12%), and Cornea ulceration (4%). Children suffering these two diseases had hemoglobin concentration below 60% standard, indicated to Iron deficiency...
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...A Storm Gathering A Thursday night in Sudan Malik a Doctor educated from the university of Khartoum, is laying in his charpoy, feeling disembodied, as his bodily feelings has left him. We are told some of the things that has been happening throughout the week, mostly sad things such as the army accidentally killing nomads etc. Malik is unfortunately unable to pay his staff in cash, he has run out of medicine and is therefore unable to cure the people he promised to help and so it goes on. That night a female doctor arrives without much medicine, as she is just there to inspect the work that Malik is carrying out, and to inspect the nearby villages, when what they really need is Medicine and food. Malik is looked very badly upon as his effort is not helping, and he broke his promise. The next day the female doctor drives off to inspect the villages, while she is gone, Malik receives word that the village chief is dead, and is afraid of the locals retaliation as they assume the female doctor has killed him, they are saved by a sandstorm. Malik has a good heart he really wants to help the locals, his luck is sadly just not as good as his heart, most of of the time things seem to go against him. He is educated at the university of Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, he feels humiliated by the female doctor probably because the African people isn´t used to women walking and talking as they wish, furthermore women´s rights in Islamic religion is very restricted, and therefore her...
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...Our Sudan I am going to tell you a story Paint you a picture Ask you to think differently about who you are About who we are The story I am going to tell is the story of a generation My generation It is a tale of our romance with the past The losses of our age And hope for the future There is a memory of an old Sudan A torn and faded picture of the country as it was As it was told to us A warm and beautiful place imprinted in our memories as if it were our own A world of wide open boulevards and tree-lined streets Of clean roads and white robes Young men straight and proud and women wrapped in gold and finery Old men on bicycles gliding slowly through the town The early morning siren and those trains that ran on time Cinema coliseum and St James and jazz nights by the Nile 1 Khartoum University in its glory days when exams were marked in London and students had their laundry done Greek stores full of foreign goods and cars when England used to make them Weddings that lasted 40 days and 40 nights And funerals that lasted just as long Clear skies and cool nights and darkness pierced by the brightest stars Lush green gardens and seasons that broke the heat Young men and women full of passion and idealism An old world tired and in retreat and a new world resurgent and full of hope These are the stories that our fathers told us Told to us in sketches, fragments Told to us In the early mornings, as the sun crept slowly into the sky On those orange days Afternoons...
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...What connection have you found between the ways in which Duffy and Pugh write about education? In your response, you must include detailed critical discussion of at least two of Duffy’s poem. Both Carol Anne Duffy and Sheenah Pugh include education in their writing in different ways, but with subtle familiarities linking them together. In ‘Mrs.Tilcher’s Class’, Duffy blatantly shows her fondness towards her experiences in earlier education. It is obvious that ‘Mrs. Tilcher’ is the woman that molded Duffy’s early fascination towards learning, whether negative or positive, and so, as this poem progresses the reader is taken through Duffy’s journey of growing up along side this teacher in a place “better than home”. Education, in this poem, is represented as a chance for personal growth. Not only physically, through the metamorphosis of “tadpoles changing” to frogs, but mentally as well. The ‘tangible alarm’ of adolescence ringing in Duffy’s ear in the last ‘feverish July’ before secondary school highlights educations provision of growth. However, this perfect imagery of Duffy’s time at school is tainted by her “faded” reference to “Brady and Hindley”. The fact that she decided to include this in an overall gentle, innocent poem, suggests two things. One being that this reference could be a way for Duffy to signify her teacher’s ability to provide a safe place. A place to feel separate from harm and danger. However, I personally think that Duffy chose to include these...
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...DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS It has been known that the most of the period since independence in 1956 is military-dominated. This is because more than three-fourths of the total independence period, around 35 out of 45 years was under the domination of three military rulers, which are the Abboud regime (1958-1964), the Nimeiri regime (1969-1985) and the Bashir regime (1989). Based on overall performance measured by macro-economic fundamentals, namely, growth rate, savings and investment rates, balance of payments, foreign exchange reserves, inflation and unemployment, the decade of 1980s seems to be the worst. While the performance during the initial two decades after independence in the mid-1950s to the mid 1970s was not as worse as the 1980s, and the decade of the 1990s started showing signs of improvements, in general. With this in mind, we will now analyze how this macro-performance being measured in the most pragmatic sense of fulfilling both social rights (health and education) and economic rights (real purchasing power) has implications for achieving economic democracy proxied by socio-economic rights (SER) and political democracy proxied by civil-political rights (CPR). Socio-economic rights (SER) determines the rights of any individual to basic needs together with the access to minimum level of health, education, shelter and basic public utilities, while civil-political rights (CPR) includes the rights to live in a civil society concomitant with the rights to exercise...
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...Crisis in Darfur: An Educational Simulation July 10, 2009 U.S. Diplomacy Center Department of State PARTICIPANT BACKGROUND GUIDE INTRODUCTION: “CRISIS IN DARFUR” Whether the murder, rape, pillage, and displacement of tens of thousands in the Darfur region of Sudan is labeled a tragedy, or civil war, or ethnic cleansing, or genocide “in slow motion” 1, the world can’t ignore what is going on in western Sudan. According to the UN, over 2.1 million people are believed to have left their homes, and up to 70,000 have been killed. Other estimates put the death toll higher, up to 400,000. International media has only limited access due to the remoteness and instability in this vast region the size of France. So we don’t see all the day to day details of suffering as we did, for example, in late 1998 in Kosovo. Those images and reports helped trigger UN ultimatums and eventual NATO intervention in 1999. After the Holocaust, the world said “never again” should we stand by and watch while millions are slaughtered. After the Cambodian genocide of the 1970s, after the Rwandan genocide of 1994, and after the mass killings in Srebrenica in Bosnia in 1995, the world also stood by, and then said “never again.” And now we have Darfur. Thus Darfur can be seen as a profound test of the credibility of the international community: the United Nations, the international NGO community, the African Union, and citizens and governments around the world. Is there the will to act in Darfur or will we stand...
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...Imagine this huge number of people died because of the war; besides the two million US dollars, which was invested by the Sudanese government each day. This means that not only the life of the Sudanese people is lost but also the country is economically destroyed. In only one year, between 1983 and 1984, 500,000 Sudanese people died because of the war between the Khartoum Government and the rebels of the Sudan People's Liberation Army, the SPLA (Biel). Many children lost their parents in the war and many families and children walked a long distance seeking peace, food and education in any country offers these essentials. In the article "The Civil War in Southern Sudan and Its Effect on Youth and Children", Biel stated that "In 1995 there were about three million internally Displaced Persons (DPS) living in and around the Sudan capital of Khartoum"(Melha Rout Biel). Moreover, the health system was controlled and limited to rich people in Sudan (Biel). In addition, schools, homes and shelters which are the essentials of life are destructed. All of these reasons, the consequences of the war, make Sudanese people do leave their homeland seeking for essential of...
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...Darfur is geographically situated in the westernmost province of Sudan (North). The region has been rocked by constant civil wars that generated feelings of hatred between different ethnic groups in the region and frequent crisis, which was humanitarian in most cases that attracted the international and regional organizations concern since 2003. The Darfur region was an arena of violent clashes between African tribes namely Fur, Mazalit, and Zaghwa and Arabian tribes. This unmediated and unsolved conflicts turned into one of the worst humanitarian crisis in the world. The conflict in Darfur has old and deep roots and it’is only the latest manifestation of a recurring problem. However, several important differences distinguish the 2003 and 2005...
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...Geography 120/Section 1 10 December 2007 Crisis in Darfur The crisis in Darfur is a very serious and ugly situation happening in the very heart of Africa in the country of Sudan. This is a conflict of much bloodshed and death that has been going on for many years and there seems to be no end in sight. It is a complicated conflict involving many people including rebel groups and corrupt governments. I will discuss the history of this conflict and how it is affecting the people and the country. I will also talk about different solutions to possibly end this horrible conflict. The Darfur conflict has often been portrayed as a struggle between Arabs and Africans sparked by ethnic and tribal tension over competition of resources. However as with many conflicts in Sudan and Africa as a whole there is no single root cause. It is a set of intertwined factors that are driving this war. Things such as historical grievances, perception of race, demand for power, the distribution of economic resources, and access to resources are just several of the numerous factors that are driving this war. This quote by a struggling woman typifies what is going on in Darfur, “I have been waiting here two days for my turn, and if the water finishes I will have to ask for water from other people," says Khadija Musa, the elderly woman. "Sometimes I have to borrow water to cook. Our clothes are filthy, we cannot wash without water." She rubs her shoulder and sighs. "The only thing left is to...
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...Sudan and South Sudan’s Merging Conflicts Africa Report N°223 | 29 January 2015 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 brussels@crisisgroup.org Table of Contents Executive Summary................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. II. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... South Kordofan – the Epicentre of Sudan’s Conflicts ..................................................... A. The Government’s “Hot Dry Season” Campaign ....................................................... B. The Sudan Revolutionary Front ................................................................................ III. Internal Nuer Conflict in Unity State ............................................................................... A. Historic Disunity ........................................................................................................ B. Bul Nuer Rising .......................................................................................................... 1 2 2 4 7 7 8 IV. Merging Conflicts in Sudan and South Sudan ......................................................
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...employees | 18,000+ (2014) | Website | www.combanketh.et | The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (CBE) is the largest commercial bank in Ethiopia As of June 2013, it had about 195.4 billion Birr in assets and held approximately 63.5% of deposits and about 38% of all bank loans in the country. The bank has around 22,000 employees, who staff its headquarters and its over 900 branches positioned in the main cities and regional towns. The latter include 120 branches in the national capital Addis Ababa. With the opening of a branch in the Gechi in the Illubabor Zone of the Oromia Region, CBE's banking network has reached online 783 branches. The bank has reached 1014 branches as of February 12, 2016.[2] The bank also operates two branches in South Sudan, and is contemplating opening re-opening a branch in Djibouti, andopening branches in Dubai and Washington, DC, all to serve the Ethiopian diaspora. History A Commercial Bank of Ethiopia building in Addis Ababa. After the Ethiopian-English victory over Fascist Italy, the new government established the State Bank of Ethiopia a proclamation issued in August 1942. State Bank of Ethiopia commenced full operations on 15 April 1943 with two branches and 43 staff. It served both as the Ethiopia's central bank with the power to issue bank notes and coins as the agent of the Ministry of Finance, and as the principal commercial bank in the country. In 1945 the Ethiopian government granted the bank the sole right of issuing currency. The first governor...
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...ABSTRACT For over two decades, civil war has raged in Sudan. The government of Sudan which consists of a majority of Muslims has focused the war on the Africans of Darfur region of Sudan. These Africans have had the control of some of the most fertile grazing lands and oil reserves in all of Sudan. Unfortunately over the past two decades, persistent droughts have forced the Arabs to migrate to more arable land, though having strained their relations with the Africans[1]. When the Arabs and the Africans started coexisting, fights broke out between them over lands and the Arabs became violent. Massacres and rebellions were a commonplace scenario between both the sides. The situation worsened when Sudan government sided with the Arabs and the government and military groups of Janjaweed(“devils on horsebacks”) began fighting the insurgents and the citizens of Darfur. It dint take very long for this to turn into genocide, also known as ethnic cleansing. The cleansing stopped focusing just on citizens and insurgents and started targeting certain ethnicities such as the Africans and the Christians. INTRODUCTION On the 10th anniversary of the genocide in Rwanda, another human catastrophe is rapidly accelerating despite full knowledge of the United Nations and Western democracies. In April, a U.N. team investigating human rights abuses in the far western Darfur region of Sudan found “disturbing patterns of massive human rights violations in Darfur, many of which...
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...Ethiopian rule and began armed struggle for their independence in 1958. The Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement (EIJM) began activity in 1975 when a group of Islamist-minded guerillas split off from the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) that had been fighting since the beginning of the Eritrean independence movement. The EIJM was formally established in 1980. Since independence in 1993, the EIJM (and its factions) have been the principal Muslim opposition group in Eritrea, seeking the violent overthrow of the ELF government led by President Isaias Afewerki. EIJM claims to only target the Eritrean government and its apparatus in the country, not Western targets, and seeks the establishment of an Islamic caliphate in Eritrea. The group is based in Sudan and is made up primarily of dissidents from the ELF, conservative Eritrean (and some other Muslims from Horn of Africa countries), and a Muslim youth network. The group is also known by a variety of other names—the Eritrean Islamic Reform Movement, the Abu Suhail organization, the Eritrean Islamic Salvation Movement, and the Eritrean Islamic Party for Justice and Development—but many of these appear to be break-away groups that operate with some degree of autonomy. This is reflective of the climate for political and militant Islamic organizations in the Horn of Africa. Like other neighboring...
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...The Nile expedition It was the winter of 1884-85, and for almost 400 Canadians it was a winter like no other. Instead of the sub-zero temperatures of their country, they faced the heat of the Sudan in far off sub Saharan Africa. The men were attached to British General Sir Garnet Wolseley’s Nile expedition. Their job was to help save Major-General Charles Gordon who was besieged at the Sudanese capital of Khartoum, sited on the Nile south of Cairo, Egypt. For that journey, a great number of voyageurs were hired to aid with the transportation of Wolseley’s force. The tricky part of the expedition began on the shores of Lake Superior. It finished 13 weeks later at Fort Garry. The men travelled in boats, and along the way they encountered chains of raging rivers. Major-General Gordon, sent to evacuate Egyptian soldiers and officials, only removed a few hundred to security before being besieged at Khartoum in March 1884. Wolseley was sent to rescue to him. Wolseley’s army had to move up the Nile and around its cataracts, through unwelcoming desert. The contingent sailed from Montreal on Sept. 14, 1884, clear for Alexandria in far away Egypt. The contingent arrived at Alexandria, Egypt, on Oct. 7, 1884. Preceding to its arrival, the contingent recorded its first loss. From Alexandria, the forces journeyed south up the Nile to Wadi Halfa. On Oct. 26, the Canadians joined Wolseley. After Wadi Halfa, the real rough work began. It was gruelling labour 13 to 14 hours a day. But with...
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...In early 2003, a horrific event started; genocide in Darfur, Sudan. Genocide is the intentional killing of a mass quantity of people, usually of people of a particular ethnic group. In the following, you will see how this gruesome act was put into action. Darfur, Sudan is located in northeast Africa. Surrounding Sudan is Egypt to the north, Ethiopia and Eritrea to the east, South Sudan to the south, and Chad to the west. The Sudanese government committed the genocide. The government orchestrated the genocide because they wanted to stop the rebel groups from their up rise against the government. In February of 2003 the Darfur Liberation Front (later the Sudan Liberation Army) attacked Gulu, the capital of the district of Jebel Marra. Their second attack was on April 25, 2003. In Darfur, Sudan, two rebellious groups, the Sudanese Liberation Army and the Justice and Equality Movement, attacked the El Fasher airport....
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