Free Essay

Sugar Addiction

In:

Submitted By noelle
Words 834
Pages 4
Dopaminergic Pathways’ Role in Addiction: Sugar and Drugs of Abuse Researchers are hesitant to claim sugar to be addictive, however, many studies have been performed showing how sugar has the ability to produce addictive symptoms similar to those of addictive drugs (1). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2004) does not define addiction, but rather, has criteria for substance dependence. The first two criteria relate to the “physiological dependence” of drugs of abuse- tolerance: a need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect, and withdrawal: the removal of the drug of choice and its subsequent feelings of anxiety and depression. Often the same (or a closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid these symptoms. Sugar consumption has increased because it is ubiquitous- it’s everywhere and in everything. Popular literature claims sugar to be addictive, and mounting scientific evidence is substantiating this concept (2). Research has shown that addiction emerges in the part of the brain known as the Mesolimbic pathway, referred to as the “Reward Center”, which is one part of the dopaminergic pathway (3). This brain system, which reinforces natural behaviors such as sex and feeding, has adapted to synthetic reinforcement (4). Drugs of abuse activate neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Neurons originating in the VTA project axons into multiple areas of the limbic system including the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Vesicles containing dopamine in the neuronal axons within the VTA fuse with the plasma membrane and release dopamine into the synaptic cleft where it binds to its receptors located on dendrites in the NAc (5). There are several subtypes of dopamine receptors, D1, D2, D3, that are implicated in addiction. D1 and D3 receptors are up regulated in the presence of cocaine, whereas D2 receptors are down regulated (4,6). Drugs of abuse also block the dopamine reuptake transporter, which is located on the transmitting neuron, causing increased levels of dopamine in the synaptic cleft. The increased levels of this dopamine continually stimulate the receiving neuron, thereby prolonging the feeling of pleasure. Tolerance occurs when over stimulation of dopamine to its receptors desensitizes the receiving neuron creating a change in the amount of receptors. These neurons develop tolerance to dopamine and become less responsive, thereby causing the drug user to use more of the substance to receive the same effect (7) Studies using animal models have shown that sugar dependency develops and has similar symptoms as those of drugs of abuse. Rats have been observed for their responses to sugar and have shown signs of binging, withdrawal, and craving after intermittent exposure to sugars (4,6,8,9). The effects of sugar on the neurochemical mechanisms of the mesolimbic pathway are very similar to drugs of abuse, e.g. cocaine (4,10, 11). Sugar has been shown to increase dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft after ingestion and it increases dopamine receptors D1 and D3 binding in the NAc, as well as dopamine transporter binding in the midbrain and has been shown to decrease D2 receptors binding similar to cocaine use (4,6). Many other neuromodulators and neurotransmitters play an important role in addiction. Endogenous opioids released into the NAc have been found to stimulate the desire for sucrose and have developed into addiction in animal models (9). Excessive sugar consumption was shown to sensitize mu-opioid receptors as shown with drugs of abuse (12). The feeling of satiation is due to the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in the NAc, and increased levels of Ach have been found in animal models both on sugar binging diets and being administered methamphetamines (4,9). This is by far not an extensive list of neurochemicals, their pathways, and receptors associated with addiction, however, the similarities of their actions on both drugs of abuse and sugar show much evidence for the concept of sugar addiction.

References
(1) Irene Rumbaum-Keller. Is Sugar Addictive? Huff Post: Healthy Living. Feb. 22nd 2012 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/irene-rubaumkeller-/is-sugar-addictive_b_217115.html
(2) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (Fourth Edition) 2004
(3) Zhang TA, Maldve RE, Morrisett RA. 2006. Coincident signaling in mesolimbic structures underlying alcohol reinforcement. Biochemical Pharmacology 72:919-27
(4) Nicole M. Avena, Pedro Rada, and Bartley G. Hoebel. Evidence for sugar addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008;32(1):20-39. Epub 2007 May 18.
(5) Margolis EB, Lock H, Hjelmstad GO, Fields HL. 2006b. The ventral tegmental area revisited: Is there an electrophysiological marker for dopaminergic neurons? J. Physiol. 577(Pt. 3):907–24
(6) Nicole M. Avena, Kristin A. Long, Bartley G. HoebelT. Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced responding for sugar after abstinence: Evidence of a sugar deprivation effect. Physiology & Behavior 84 (2005) 359 – 362
(7) Carl Erickson. Dopamine - A Sample Neurotransmitter. http://www.utexas.edu/research/asrec/dopamine.html
(8) Drake Morgan* and Glen M. Sizemore. Animal Models of Addiction: Fat and Sugar. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2011, 17, 1168-1172

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Article Analysis: Is Sugar An Addiction?

...The main idea of the paper states that sugar is an addiction and that when people stop consuming it at the rate they are used to, their bodies go through withdraw. This article is trying to inform us about the effects sugar has on our bodies and to persuade us that sugar can have the same effects that a drug can have. This article pointed out many good facts that I found very interesting. I agreed with many parts of the article. The point that I agreed with the most was when the article stated that sugar is an addiction. I had never really thought about sweets in that way before, but after reading this article I can really see how sugar can be that way. I have found myself craving for something with sugar after not having it for a while because...

Words: 373 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Sugar Addiction Research Paper

...Your co-worker brings in cupcakes to work, your wife makes cookies for a holiday party, and your daughter has pounds of candy from Halloween trick or treating. Sugar is everywhere. It is a celebration, it is a festivity, it is a love. It is also a hazard. In a recent study we showed that sugar, perhaps more than salt is a vast contributor to the development of cardiovascular disease. The evidence is growing too, in New York Times Sugar Season Article written by James J. Dinicolantonio he says “Abundant sugar intake is leading to fatty liver disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity and kidney disease.” Yet still people can not resist it. They know the consequence on sugar intake and they know sugar is everywhere. The reason is simple...

Words: 911 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Sugar Addiction Research Paper

...He who conquers sugar is the real master above all of this because if he can control sugar cravings, he can control almost anything. A sugar addiction is a mental addiction. Sugar cravings are a major issue not just for ketogenic eating, but any diet program. These cravings are often what throw people out of ketosis because they give into them. Sugar causes a natural production of opioids in the brain that produces a drug-like high. Many people with addiction type of personalities who choose not to abuse illegal substances may opt for sugar because of its strong pleasurable effects. Since it is a legal substance, there are no real risks in consuming it. Sugar is ok. Sugar releases that "ahh" feeling that most of us like. Who would have ever...

Words: 507 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Sugar Addiction Research Papers

...The term addiction is most commonly associated with drug abuse. Until recently, food specifically sugar has gained enough momentum to be compared and classified as addictive as cocaine is (Ahmed et al.). There are 300,000 deaths per year related to obesity in the United States, making it the second most preventable cause of death (Flegal et. al). In comparison, there are only 47,000 deaths related to drug use (National Center for Health estimated Statistics). This essay will explore, sugar, the underlying issue contributing to the obesity epidemic. In the documentary from “Sugar Coated” they state that “in the past 30 years obesity rates have doubled to 600 million… and diabetes rates have tripled to 347 million worldwide.” Comparably in that...

Words: 2293 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Dopamine Research Paper

...Funnel cakes, fried cheesecake, fried cookie dough; with all of the sweet options available at the state fair, it might be necessary to try a little bit of each! Although it may seem like a lot of food, it actually might not be too difficult of a task to accomplish. Sugar is an addictive compound, and many researchers have actually gone so far as to compare its addictive qualities to those of drugs. When sugar is consumed, a chemical in the brain called dopamine, known as a “happiness booster”, is released. Dopamine is the center of pleasure, and the consumption of sugar is one of the ways that it is released into the human body. Humans crave the feeling that is received upon consuming sugar; thus, they consume more. Dopamine fuels that craving,...

Words: 288 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Our Food Is Harming Us

...the chemicals. If people realize that the food that they eat every day is harmful to our body because the amount of sugar that is being dumped in the food, they will stop eating that kind of food and start to eat healthy fresh organic food. The food that we eat on a daily basis will affect our long-term health specially the students; also, the food industry does not care about people’s health instead it cares only for money. In this paper, I will show that food industry is destroying people’s health on one hand by putting an enormous amount of sugar and on the other hand making low-fat products. What are the people really eating? Once in my human biology class Dr. Walter Hoeh said: “The food that you eat every day will not kill you now but it will kill you after twenty to thirty years from eating the food, however, eventually you will die from the food.” He explained how food affect us, when we heard the explanation we were shocked because we buy food without reading the ingredient. When you eat processed food it tastes delicious and you crave for more, but you are only eating sugar and harmful fats and that type of sugar and fats are harming the human body. According to Ms. Epel in the skinny of obesity episode 2, she said:” I'm suspicious a anything that says low-fat diet because you know that that means that they had to compensate with a lot these added sugars there's more than five ingredients its probably a processed food and there's probably not much real food in their it...

Words: 1744 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Sugar Hangover

...Sugar-Free for Mind and Body Eating well is becoming more and more popular. Finally people are beginning to realize that the secret to longevity is a healthy diet. The body must have the nutrients it needs to function effectively, for the energy you need, and to build and sustain a healthy body. Because of that one of the most important things that you can do is eliminate sugar from your diet. That may sound like pure torture – especially if sugar is a primary component of your diet. Refined sugar is addictive – you feel that you cannot live without it. The problem is that you may not be able to live a long life if you continue with your addiction. Studies show that it increases your risk for obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. Processed...

Words: 1202 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Sugar...Friend or Foe???

...Ms. E’s Health/Fitness Corner Sugar…….Friend or Foe??? Do you have a sweet tooth? Do you drink soda and other sugar filled liquids? If you answered yes to these questions keep reading. Did you know one can of soda has fourteen teaspoons of sugar in it? If you drink one can of soda a day for a week you are consuming 98 teaspoons of sugar. Even worse….one soda a day for a month equals 392 teaspoons of sugar. The average American eats about one hundred pounds of sugar a year. Sugar is added to prepared foods like soft drinks, cookies, candy, cereal, spaghetti sauce, crackers, and just about anything from a box or can. When you consume processed sugar, your body releases more insulin; this is supposed to balance your blood sugar levels, however, when you eat large amounts of refined sugar your body dumps large amounts of insulin into your bloodstream. Sugar in moderate amounts is not harmful however; excessive amounts can lead to tooth decay, diabetes, obesity, and even cancer. If you are craving something sweet, try reaching for an apple, orange, banana or raisons. Sugar is naturally in fruit and it provides food energy. So why is sugar so bad for you? Sugar is bad for you because it is depleted of its life forces, vitamins, and minerals and you are left with pure refined carbohydrates. Your body can’t utilize refined starch and carbs without the presence of proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Refined sugar can be described as “empty” calories, and it drains essential...

Words: 457 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

21 Day Sugar Research Paper

...Introduction You know you need to cut back on the amount of sugar in your diet. But despite your best efforts, you just can't stay away. That is because your brain reacts to sugar the same way that it does to powerful narcotics like cocaine and heroin. So if you are having a hard time trimming sugar out of your daily routine, give yourself a break. This does not mean that you are a weak-willed person with no self-control. It just means it is going to be difficult. If you practice the following 10 tips to cut sugar out of your diet on a consistent basis, you will begin to crave sugar less (and those extra pounds will start to come off). Get to know the aliases that sugar goes by Not all sugar is called sugar. Even if you are diligently...

Words: 1714 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Nutrition

...NUTRITION PROJECT I think my diet is very interesting and shows both sides of how I can eat. As you can see, three of my entries show how much salt, fat and calories I can consume along with not drinking enough water. There is also an entry I added to show my current eating habit which is optimal. I just purchased an elliptical/treadmill and started working out for at least an hour a day with my heart rate up and sweating. When I start working out, I am conscious of what I eat. I drink more water, lay off processed and refined foods and honestly I feel better mentally and physically. I will begin with the first three entries logged on my fitness pal. My diet is defiantly high in sodium. I should know better because at the age of 25 (and in a high stress/competitive nursing school) I was hypertensive and taking 10 mg of lisinopril a day. I feel poor diet choices, lack of exercise and low water consumption may have added to this. Luckily now, at the age of 31, I am no longer taking any sort of medication for this. The average recommended dietary intake of sodium for adults is 1,500 mg. The human body actually only needs approximately 180-500 mg/day according to the Centers for Disease Control and prevention. Their website also gives information stating the tolerable level of sodium defined: which is "the highest daily level of sodium that poses no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals" is 2,300...

Words: 858 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Sugar Consumption in America

...answers that we seek are concerned with sugars’ role in the development of obesity and the emergence of related diseases. It is important to consider an individual’s genes when determining vulnerability to obesity but what doctors mostly emphasize is on food intake. As the socioeconomic levels of most Americans rise, diets are increasingly having a higher proportion of sugars while work is shifting into a less physical nature. The high proportion of sugars in the American diet has a direct relationship to obesity and other related illnesses. Is sugar related to obesity and medical disorders associated in the American society? In order to become fully aware of the link between sugars and diabetes, we have to look at the features and nature of sugar. Sugar is a generalized name for a crystalline carbohydrate that is simple, edible and has a sweet flavor. The main types of sugar are sucrose, lactose, fructose and glucose. Glucose, also referred to as blood sugar is the one that circulates in the blood. Table sugar and fruits contain sucrose and fructose respectively. During the process of digestion, carbohydrates break down into glucose, which is the only form of sugar that the body absorbs. Sugars are involved in various body processes and intake should be per body requirements. An excess or a shortage of sugars usually leads to manifestation of a disease (Lustig, 2013). In this case, we will investigate the effects of over-consuming sugars and their contribution to obesity and...

Words: 2095 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Danger Of Sugar Research Paper

...Dangers of Sugar What is sweet, delicious, found in almost everything, unbelievably addicting yet known as the silent killer? Sugar. All forms of sugar have many tragic and devastating effects on our health and well-being. As a society, we hold our health above many other aspects of our lives, so then, why are we constantly feeding our body horrible foods that contain these awful substances? Surely we must keep our eyes out for the unhealthy foods that contain forms of sugar, harmful effects on overall growth and development due to sugar, and long term negative outcomes that result in the overconsumption of this addictive, yet deadly substance. Contrary to typical belief, sugar is not just the white powder that you put in your baking....

Words: 752 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Food and Drug

...The Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Ajinomoto Co., Inc; Filing of the Food and Additive Petition; Amendment Is amending the filling for the use of non-nutritive sweetener and flavor enhancer in foods generally, except meat and poultry, it is proposed to provide safer use as a non-nutritive sweetener in tabletop applications and powdered beverage mixes. This proposed regulation does affect me and my family because it will regulate the use of non-nutritive sweetener in our food. I think that this should be a concern of everyone in the public, we as a public don’t really pay attention to such proposed regulations but they do plan a major role in our lives and what we consume in our foods. The proposal is to regulate the use of non-nutritive sweetener in our foods except meats and poultry. It would regulate the use for Human Consumption in foods and beverages. Public Comment This regulation would be a benefit to the public, we should regulate the use of non-nutritive sweeteners use and make it safer for human consumption. As a public we should be concerned what is being put into our foods as a whole especially stuff that has no nutritional value to us. I think the companies who produce these foods should be more responsible and concerned what they are putting into our foods. We should be concerned about artificial sweeteners and the unhealthy effects they have on our bodies. Deadline for Comments Oct 22, 2012 Promulgation...

Words: 305 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Death Penalty

...• 1 1/2 cups medium grain or pearl rice • 1/2 cup granulated sugar • 1/2 stick unsalted butter or margarine • peel of 1/2 lemon • 1 cinnamon stick • 1-2 tsp ground cinnamon Preparation: Pour approximately 3 cups of water in a large pot and bring to a boil. When it begins to boil, add the rice. Reduce heat a bit and simmer for about 10 minutes. Turn off burner and allow rice to sit in pot of water. Pour milk into another large pot and add sugar. Turn burner on low to medium heat. Stir until sugar is completely dissolved. Bring milk to a boil over medium heat, being careful that it does not boil over. While you are waiting for the milk to boil, drain the water from the rice. Once the milk boils, add drained rice, butter, cinnamon stick and lemon peel. Allow to gently boil for about 15-20 minutes, until rice is soft. Remove cinnamon stick and lemon peel. Remove from heat and pour rice pudding into a serving dish. Sprinkle the top with ground cinnamon. Allow to cool for 15 minutes before serving because the mixture retains the heat. Arroz con leche can be served warm or cold. If you want to serve it cold, allow the rice mixture to cool down in the serving dish for 20 minutes, then refrigerate at least 1 hour. In the region of Asturias in Northern Spain, this dish is served with a crust of caramelized sugar on top. The traditional method for forming the crust is to liberally sprinkle sugar on top, then place a very hot iron on top of the rice to caramelize...

Words: 325 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Obesity in the Us

...the United States has paralleled the increasing use of HFCS. Current soft drinks and many other foods are sweetened with this product because it is inexpensive and has useful manufacturing properties. All of these reasons directly benefits the food companies, but are causing body damage and metabolic diseases for the consumers. Even though the corn lobby is trying to prove that HFCS is nearly similar to regular sugar, this is not true. HFCS is high in fructose (55%-72% fructose and 45%-28% glucose) citation needed for these statistics. that is bad for our health. It is so ubiquitous in processed foods and so over-consumed by the average American that many experts believe our nation faces the prospect of an epidemic of metabolic disease in the future, related in significant degree to excess consumption of high-fructose corn syrup. The fact that HFCS is a highly and overly processed unhealthy sugar that is also linked to obesity and other cardiovascular diseases should cause great alarm in all American consumers. First of all, HFCS is very different from regular table sugar. It is a highly processed sweetener that is bad for our health. If you ever tasted cornstarch, you know that it is not sweet. It has a dry and powdery taste. Turning corn into a sweetener involves a long complicated process. It is first processed into glucose using a series of enzymes. The glucose is then converted into a high concentration of fructose using another treatment with enzymes. However, sucrose has...

Words: 1358 - Pages: 6