...The American Way of Strategy (Ch: 7-9 summaries) The Cold War began in the late 1940s when Joseph Stalin refused to move the Red Army from Eastern Europe, imposed communist regimes on the region, began a massive arms buildup, and sponsored communist revolutions throughout the world. The Cold War began in Europe and ended in Europe. This war, as any other war, was a calculated plan and not just a tragic accident as evidence showed in the memorandum soviet deputy foreign minister Ivan Maisky sent to Josef Stalin. “Maisky suggested that the Soviet government manipulate popular fronts to bring communist satellite regimes to power throughout continental Europe after the war.” So the Cold War resulted from Soviet aspirations to dominate Europe and Asia. However this time, the Soviets preferred methods such as intimidation and subversion to fight this war. As it is discussed in previous chapters of this book, “The purpose of the American way of strategy has always been to defend the American way of life,” which led the United States to prevent the Soviet Union from taking control over Eurasia by conquest, subversion, or military intimidation. However, this time the options to stop Soviets from taking control over the region were limited by the determination of American leaders to avoid militarizing American society. There were options such as the ‘strongpoint defense’ “This was a modified form of isolationism, which would commit the United States to defending only North America...
Words: 1157 - Pages: 5
...hard time “selling” the Treaty - the October coup d’état = “beginning of the Revolution” not end….Bolsheviks in the provinces + the centre had to be decide how to handle local Soviets which asserted authority but happened to be dominated by Mensheviks. - long difficult struggles against anarchy, decentralization + separatist tendencies lay ahead – the future form of gov’t = an “open question” - for Lenin, “Dictatorship of proletariat” was what the revolution needed…now this was a slogan and principle that fit into the circumstances of the winter 1917–1918…but, what did it mean?...it meant: a) crushing counter revolution of the old ruling class – the dictatorship would have to have coercive organs like Tsarist police (i.e. the Bolsheviks would assemble the Cheka) b) that the dictatorship of Bolshevik Party and other political parties was incompatible…and would pose problems c) that giving broad powers to unions + factory committees could in itself be problematic… what if worker ideas differed from Bolsheviks? Problems for the Bolsheviks 1) one underlying problem came in that the Bolsheviks considered themselves to be a part of an international proletarian revolution….and they hoped their success in Russia could helped spark similar success in Germany for example…indeed, many believed they couldn’t survive without them. 2) another issue = that of territorial boundaries of new Soviet Republic….before the WWI Lenin endorsed “nat’l...
Words: 3349 - Pages: 14
...In the same manner as the Russian Revolution and the revolution of Manor Farm, many are rushing to short-sighted solutions and overlooking what really must be done. Americans everywhere should do all that they can to remind the world of the importance of marriage and family to the social structure of countries. It the correct diagnosis and treatment of the disease that will cure the nation. Works Cited ASPE Human Services Policy Staff. "Information on Poverty and Income Statistics: A Summary of 2012 Current Population Survey Data." Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 12 Sept. 2012, aspe.hhs.gov/basic-report/information-poverty-and-income-statistics-summary-2012-current-population-survey-data. Accessed 27 Mar. 2017. Biography.com Editors. "George Orwell Biography." Biography.com, A&E Television Networks, 11 Aug. 2016, www.biography.com/people/george-orwell-9429833. Accessed 25 Mar. 2017. "Challenges to Capitalism; Russian Revolution and the Establishment of the Communist...
Words: 1560 - Pages: 7
...to an entirely new state, and indeed to a new era in the history of mankind, we must recognize in today Soviet Union the old empire of the Russians -- the only empire that survived into the mid 1980's" (Luttwak, 1). In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism in which all class differences would disappear and humankind would live in harmony. Marx and Engels claimed to have discovered a scientific approach to socialism based on the laws of history. They declared that the course of history was determined by the clash of opposing forces rooted in the economic system and the ownership of property. Just as the feudal system had given way to capitalism, so in time capitalism would give way to socialism. The class struggle of the future would be between the bourgeoisie, who were the capitalist employers, and the proletariat, who were the workers. The struggle would end, according to Marx, in the socialist revolution and the attainment of full communism (Groiler's Encyclopedia). Socialism, of which "Marxism-Leninism" is a takeoff, originated in the West. Designed in France and Germany, it was brought into Russia in the middle of the nineteenth century and promptly attracted support among the country's educated, public-minded elite, who at that time were called intelligentsia (Pipes, 21). After Revolution broke out over Europe in 1848 the modern working class appeared on the scene as a major historical force...
Words: 2424 - Pages: 10
...CORNELL NOTES Chapter 19 | Name: Brian Sitenga | | Date: 9/7/14 | Section: 2 | Period: B-2/3 | Questions/Main Ideas/Vocabulary | Notes/Answers/Definitions/Examples/Sentences | | 1. World War 1 and the Russian Revolution | | The growth of nationalism and imperialism increased the national pride/power of many European countries. | | I. War and Revolution | What is Nationalism, and | a. Nationalism was powerful in Serbia | How did it affect Europe? | b. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia | | c. More destructive weapons were created in light of WWI | | II. Revolution | | a. By 1922, Soviet Union was created | | III. Peace and a “new Europe” | | a. League of Nations-world organization that would maintain peace | | b. Treaty of Versailles was created | | c. 59 nations became a league, while the U.S. refused to join | | | What economic event | 2. The Great Depression and the Rise of Totalitarianism | Marked the starting point of | The loss of life ushered in a new era | The Great Depression? | I. Economic Crisis | | a. The stock market crash marked the beginning of the depression | | b. The U.S. government became involved with reviving the economy | | II. Political Tensions | | a. Both economic and political tensions arose in Europe | | b. Hitler became der Fuhrer of the Third Reich | | c. Joseph Stalin ended the NEP and created the Five-Year Plan | ...
Words: 399 - Pages: 2
...The December 1989 revolution in Romania has been the subject of scholarly discussions, passionate debates, conspiracy theories, and political struggles. In 2004, for instance, an Institute for the study of the Romanian Revolution of December 1989 (IRRD) was founded in Bucharest, headed by then President Ion Iliescu whose term in office was soon to expire. The Institute’s publications have resisted a plurality of interpretations about the revolution as well as the blind peer-review process. Some analysts of the 1989 “events” question whether these constituted a proper revolution since many people who rose to power after Ceauşescu’s fall were not new faces but had been high-ranking communists. The handful of dissident revolutionaries, such as the poets Mircea Dinescu and Ana Blandiana, Reformed pastor Lászlo Tőkés, and professor Doina Cornea, quickly grew suspicious of the National Salvation Front (NSF), resigned their positions in it, and accused the Front of betraying the popular revolution. Some analysts and critics of the NSF claim that the NSF staged a civil war, in which people were shot at and died, in the days after December 22 in order to justify the summary execution of the first couple on December 25, and to permit the new political leaders to appear as true saviors of the nation after a heroic armed struggle. Others have claimed that the KGB, or the CIA, or both were involved in the change of regime in 1989. Debates have also revolved around responsibility for...
Words: 1915 - Pages: 8
...AS Level History Russia 1855 – 1917 Alternative F Revision Guide Contents 1. Alexander II 2. Alexander III 3. Nicholas II 4. Stability of the Tsarist Regime 1905 - 14 5. Political Opposition 6. February / March Revolution 1917 7. October Revolution 1917 Tsar Alexander II To what extent does Tsar Alexander II deserve to be viewed as the Tsar Liberator? Think BALANCE!! Alexander II 1855-81 ▪ Came to the throne during the Crimean War (1855) ▪ Initiated a wide range of reforms (social, economic, administrative and legal) ▪ Earned the title ‘Liberator’ for giving freedom to the peasants BUT did not wish to share political power ▪ Assassinated by the People’s Will in 1881 Answering the key question |Introduction |Use this chart to answer any question on Alex II | | |All questions (whether relating to ‘Liberator’ or not) will require BALANCE | | |Precision of knowledge – “Detail is King!” | | |Yes |No | |Emancipation |Emancipation Committees set up |Redemption Payments...
Words: 7115 - Pages: 29
...finally came down August 13, 1989, reuniting families and symbolizing the end of the cold war was near. The initial plans for Allied occupation of Germany were prepared in 1944 in London by the European Advisory Commission. In this agreement, Germany would be divided into four occupational zones governed by Great Britain, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union. The city of Berlin, which would be in the Soviet occupational zone, would be divided among the four powers as well. By the time of the blockade, there was a major contrast between the East and West Berlin. West Berlin was a thriving democratic, capitalist city, while East Berlin was in drab poverty. Trying to escape the forced collectivization of goods and agriculture, numerous shortages, and a police state, many fled to West Berlin. To maintain the stability of the communist regime, the East German leaders felt that these floods of people had to be stopped. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………..….3 1.1 Summary of the Berlin Wall…………………………………….……..3 1.2 Background………………………………………………………….…3 2. Body…………………………………………………………….……….4 2.1 A Divided Berlin ……………………………………………..………..4 2.2 The Berlin Wall Goes Up ………………………….…………………..5 2.3 The Size and Scope of the Berlin Wall …………..……………………5 3. Conclusion………………………………………………………………6 3.1 The Fall of the Berlin Wall ……………………………………………...
Words: 1554 - Pages: 7
...Summary of post war coalition 1918-1922 The problems of post war reconciliation * Demobilisation * Health facilities * Unemployment * National insurance& pensions * Housing * Set against grim economic circumstances – high inflation and falling demand in British goods. The Anglo Irish question * Legacy of the Easter rising 1916 * IRA VS The Black and Tans * The Anglo Irish treaty * Treaty was major achievement, but essentially a compromise. * Mutual bitterness remained between LG and IRA. * Civil war in the New Ireland. * End of the 1918-22 coalition * It fell because 1) Policy failures – economic (Geddes axe) ,social, foreign affairs, 2) LG corruption ( using power of patronage to sell honours on a commission basis) 3) Conservative had labour doubts. 4) The coalitions decline in reputation. 5) Foreign affairs (chanak) 6) Conservative abandoned LG – (Carlton club meeting, Baldwin described LG as a dynamic force. Summary of the conservative government 1922-24 * A government burdened by debt. * Chamberling’s housing act (1923) was the only major measure * Baldwin fought elections on the protection ticket * 1923 election left labour as the larger opposition party. 1) Decline in liberals. * Split between Asquith and LG during war created a breach within the labour party – never properly healed. * Liberal values such as freedom of individual, been compromised by restrictive Gov. measures...
Words: 1871 - Pages: 8
...argumentation I will give a brief summary of the six day war. The six day war was in 1967. It started with Egypt blocking the port of Eilat, a very important trading route for Israel, and mobilising the army in the Sinai desert. They did this after receiving a false report from the Soviet Union. Israel launched a pre-emptive assault on June 5th against Egypt, destroying their air force almost completely. Both the Syrian and Jordanian air forces encountered the same fate. Around June 8th Israel had overcome Egypt and Jordan forces, taking the Sinai desert and the west bank and east Jerusalem as new territory. Egypt and Jordan were defeated. The next two days Israel conquered the Golan Heights from Syria. On June 10th, Saturday...
Words: 943 - Pages: 4
...The Edexcel International GCSE in History Schemes of work We are happy to provide these new enhanced schemes of work for you to amend and adapt to suit your teaching purposes. We hope you find them useful. Practical support to help you deliver this specification Schemes of work These schemes of work have been produced to help you implement this Edexcel specification. They are offered as examples of possible models that you should feel free to adapt to meet your needs and are not intended to be in any way prescriptive. It is in editable word format to make adaptation as easy as possible. These schemes of work give guidance for: * Content to be covered * Approximate time to spend on different key themes * Ideas for incorporating and developing the assessment skills related to each unit. Suggested teaching time This is based on a two year teaching course of five and a half terms with one and a half hours of history teaching each week. This would be a seventy week course with total teaching time of approximately 100 hours. The schemes suggest the following timescale for the different sections: * Paper 1: 20 hours for each of the two topics: Total 40 hours. * Paper 2 Section A: 20 hours for the topic: Total 20 hours. * Paper 2 Section B: 25 hours for the topic since it covers a longer period in time. Total 25 hours. * Revision: 15 hours. Possible options for those with less teaching time * 20 hours for Section Paper 2 Section B ...
Words: 19278 - Pages: 78
...SOC 100 Week 5 Part 1: Introduction to Sociology – Social Stratification | Slide # | Slide Title | Slide Narration | Slide 1 | Introduction | Welcome to Introduction to Sociology. In this lesson we will introduce and discuss Social Stratification.Next slide. | Slide 2 | Topics | The following topics will be covered in this lesson:What Is Social Stratification?;Caste and Class Systems;The Functions of Social Stratification;Stratification and Conflict; andSocial Stratification: Facts and Values.Next slide. | Slide 3 | What Is Social Stratification? | Social stratification is a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. The study of social stratification across cultures shows that it has four basic principles.First, Social stratification is a trait of society. While personal ability and achievement play an important role in a person’s position in the stratification hierarchy, it is also a function of the social organization one operates under. As an example, children who are born into a wealthy family are more likely to enjoy good health, do well in school, succeed in a career, and live a long life.Second, Social Stratification persists over generations. We can see that stratification influences society by observing how parents pass along their social position to their children. Social mobility, a change in one’s position in the social hierarchy, is a product of a high-income society, but it is constrained by the social stratification processes...
Words: 4206 - Pages: 17
...situation that required U.S diplomatic efforts during the president’s time in office. The patronizing presidency for Jimmy Carter obligated a one-term governor of a southern state with no coast-to-coast or global involvement. His individual foreign policy goals were understood in the statute of law as well as global matters and in the belief of independence for all people. Furthermore, he required the United States to yield the main indorsing surrounding widespread human rights. Mr. Carter said that the American power must be trained sparingly and that the United States would avoid military involvements as much as possible. Through my research Carter opinions were to help the American families, during the eras of the Soviet Union and to undergo recovery of two state financially control settlements that would relax Cold War strains. Carter's supporters requested his desired of the govern in a diverse way, he wanted not to appoint the Washington insiders to top overseas program locations. After the election Carter accepted the needs of professionals nearby him to deportment for his foreign policy. Carter was impressed with professor Zbigniew Brzezinski of Columbia University, asked him to be his national security adviser and former Defense Department. During the Johnson government political troubleshooter Cyrus Vance the secretary of state play a unite part during this time. Excitedly, Brzezinski and Vance together were knowledgeable regarding foreign...
Words: 1702 - Pages: 7
...The Relationship between the Crimean Crisis and Globalization Introduction Beginning in late November, the Ukraine crisis has become a worldwide headline that has encompassed a complex number of both intranational and international issues. The catalyzing event that led to the crisis was the decision by former Ukrainian President, Viktor Yanukovych, to negate trade talks with the European Union and instead pursue closer ties with Russia. This spurred protests from thousands of people, and as the conflict escalated it forced Yanukovych to escape the Ukraine and secede from his position as the Ukrainian President. In a move that can be seen as blatantly opportunistic, Russia effectively used the civil calamity in the Ukraine to annex the Republic of Crimea, a move regarded as highly illegal by the majority of the international community. On the surface, Russia has claimed that the move itself has been carried out to ensure the continued safety of ethnic Russians living within the Republic. However, after careful analyzation of the economic ties that bind Russia and the Ukraine, one can conclude that the annexation of Crimea is part of a larger plan to ensure that the Ukraine continues to comply with Russia economically. When applying this theory through the context of a realist perspective, it becomes obvious that Russia is acting in their own self-interest as a power maximizer in order to ward off the influence of western globalization. In response to increasing Russian aggression...
Words: 2141 - Pages: 9
...world at the time who engaged in one of most important wars on the Korean Peninsula. In the Korean War almost led to eruption of a third world war. This is the only war that brought together the military forces of the United States, the Soviet Union, the People’s Republic of China and the Korean forces in a combat (Malkasian, 2009). The Korean War involved two major issues; that is, political control of Korea and power struggle between the East Asia versus the rest of the world. The war changed affected and consequently changed how the East and the west interacted with one another (Malkasian, 2009). After Korea was liberated from Japanese colonial rule following the end of the Second World War, it got divided and occupied by the Soviet Union and the United States of America. The two countries were the major superpowers at the time. They occupied the north and the south respectively (Jang, 2010). The two great nations had conspicuously differing ideologies and this factor led to formation of two different governments in Korea in the year 1948. The south formed the government of the Republic of Korea (ROK), with the support of the United States under the leadership of Syngman Rhee. The northern side on the other hand was supported by the Soviet Union to form the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) which was headed by Kim Il-sung (Jang, 2010). One thing which was common amongst the two leaders is that both envisioned seeing a unified Korea. However, their major differences...
Words: 2162 - Pages: 9
