...plaster and rivercane walls with thatched roofs. They are about as strong and warm as log cabins. The men in the Choctaw tribe wore breechcloths. The women wore wrap around skirts made from deerskin or fiber. Shirts weren’t necessary but in the winter and in the cooler weather they wore poncho-style capes. They also wore moccasins on their feet. Later they adapted European cloths like cloth jackets and full skirts. Hunting in the Choctaw nation was done by the men, they hunted deer, wild turkeys, and other small game. Men also caught fish in the rivers, lakes, and sea coasts. Choctaw hunters primarily used bows and arrows. Fishermen generally used fishing spears and nets. The women were farmers they farmed mostly corn, beans, squash, and sunflowers. Most Choctaw people speak English today. Some people, especially elders, also speak their native Choctaw language. Choctaw is a rhythmic language that is nearly identical to Chickasaw. They were a part of a group called the Muskogeans. They believed that along with other tribes they emerged from the earth and through a mound called Nanih Waiya in Mississippi. They believed the mans job in the tribe was to hunt and sometimes go to war to protect their families. The women were farmers and took care of the children and cooked. They have many sories about little people. They weave baskets, they are bead workers dancers, and musicians. Toli a lacrosse like stick and ball game was very popular for boy teenagers and young men. Girls usually...
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...Team: Sahabzada Aunuddin Qadri, Muhammad Saad Khan, Hammad Tajalli | Edible Oil Industry | Managerial Policy | 1. Introduction of Product and Service in the World: Cooking oil consists of edible vegetable oils derived from different plants, amongst which the famous are olives, peanuts, and sunflower. Cooking oil is used to prepare food, fry food and also used for salad dressing. It has been around for thousands and thousands of years. The Chinese and Japanese have been using cooking oil since 2000 BC. Many other civilizations have used cooking oil before and after that. Therefore, to track the exact date of the invention is impossible. The Chinese were fond of Soy Cooking Oil and have been using it for a long time. Vegetable oil, a type of cooking oil, began to be processed by old civilizations, utilizing whatever food they had. Early civilizations learned to use the sun, to heat, oily plant until the plant exuded oil that could be collected. In Mexico and North America, peanuts and sunflower seeds were roasted and beaten into a paste and then boiled in water. The oil that rose to the surface was then skimmed off. Africans also grated and beat palm kernels and coconut meat and then boiled the resulting pulp, taking the hot oil off the water. Due to technological advancements, we now have new types of vegetable oil. Corn oil was extracted first in the 1960s. Cotton oil, grapeseed oil, watermelon seed oil, and many others are now considered as beneficial. Earlier...
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...“Sacred bundles represented some of the powers that could be obtained through participation in ceremonies. In the mid-1800s Father DeSmet, a Catholic priest, made regular visits to Like-a-Fishhook Village where he taught Christianity and baptized children. In 1876, a Congregational missionary established a permanent mission and school that attracted a number of converts. Today, Mandan participate in both Indian and non-Indian religions. The Mandan believed in First Creator who contested with Lone Man to make the region around the Missouri River. Lone Man traveled around, making tobacco and people and precipitating events that resulted in ceremonies. Other people came from above and below bringing other supernatural beings and ceremonies with them. Of these other sacred beings, Old Woman Who Never Dies, the Sun, the Moon, Black Medicine, and Sweet Medicine were...
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...A large amount of the eastern United States is taken up by a tribe called the Cherokee. They would call themselves calaki, which was used as a Lower Cherokee dialect. It was estimated that there was about 30,000 Cherokee members in the year 1540. In the 1800, the Cherokee lived in many town in these states: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. In 1838, most Cherokees were forced to move from their homelands and move to an Indian Territory, this was later known as the Western Cherokee. Some of these people escaped from being forced to leave and survived in North Carolina, which made up the Eastern Cherokee. The Cherokee people took up most of the Piedmont and southern Appalachian Mountains. These lands contained hardwood forests and also rivers and streams. With this mixture of forests and rivers, makes a perfect habitat for many different animals like, bears, deer, turkeys, and also good for fishing. The Cherokees face decent winters and warm, humid summers. It...
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...How candy conquered America by Lauren Tarshis, candy and sugar were very expensive in the early 1800s, so only the very wealthy could afford lots of sugar. But then, in the year 1847, Oliver Chase created an amazing invention. Oliver was a pharmacist in Boston, and he had been tinkering with his lozenge - making machine for four months. Lozenges were tablets filled with remedies or “cures” for sicknesses. They were very hard to make, because lozenges were very hard to make by hand. Finally, Chase’s lozenge-making machine worked, and Chase became very delighted, because now, he could make lozenges with the pull of a lever. But then, Oliver Chase encountered another idea-an idea that would change America forever! Why not use his machine to make only candy? As it turned out, it was a great idea, and Oliver’s candies, which he called “Chase Lozenges”, became a big hit, because now, everyone could afford candy, not just the wealthy people. Oliver Chase’s lozenge-making machine was a critical invention for the candy-making industry, not only because he could mass-produce candy, but...
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...other destinations like Kansas and New York City to put more pressure on other state legislators. Anthony was very particular about who spoke at these conferences. Rachel Foster Avery, the official organizer of the 1898 convention, recommended a male speaker for the next convention. Susan quickly shot the idea down saying he “is not a magnetic speaker, and he will not present a single fact that one of our women has not access to and cannot work up to better advantage”, as well as rejecting another because he did not have “national reputation” (Sherr 82). Usually the conventions were about two to three days long. Delegates would show up each day wearing badges and yellow ribbons. Yellow had become the official suffrage color for the sunflower, symbolizing Kansas, where women first got the right to vote in 1887. The conventions started with singing and the discussion of the memorials of suffrage leaders who had passed away the previous year. After that the women would get down to business. The women of the NWSA pressured the government to give women the same rights and freedom as men, with three main strategies to try and achieve their goal. The first strategy was to pressure the federal government into enfranchising women throughout the nation. The National Women's Suffrage Association campaigned throughout the nation in order to convince state and capital officials that women should be able to become their own person and to be given the right to their own body and their own...
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...| The Cherokee Tribe “The Principal People” | HIST105 | | Christy Price | 2/10/2013 | | The Cherokee Tribe “The Principal People” The word Cherokee, which is pronounced CHAIR-uh-kee, comes from a Muskogee word meaning ‘speakers of another language’. Cherokee Indians, pronounced Tsalagi in their own language, originally called themselves Aniyunwiya, "the principal people," but today they accept the name Cherokee. There are 350,000 Cherokee people that still exist today, mostly living in Oklahoma and North Carolina. Most Cherokee do speak English but there are still 20,000 that also speak their native Cherokee Indian language. The Cherokees were peaceful allies of the Americans and the white settlers called the Cherokee, as well as, the Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole “The Five Civilized Tribes”, probably because these tribes were early converts to Christianity. The five tribes never considered themselves part of an alliance and did not call themselves the Civilized Tribes in their own languages. The Cherokee Indians adopted the customs, laws and religion of the white settlers and many became prosperous merchants, traders, teachers, writers and tribal statesmen. The Cherokees were one of the largest Native American tribes who settled in the American Southeast portion of the country. The Cherokee Tribe “The Principal People” "The Principle People", as they were sometimes called, originated with seven brothers in eastern Asia, from which came the...
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...researchers are amazed to observe various species in different parts of the world, which biologically and physically are not identifying to be heritage to current land. Yuri Sokolov’s article Columbus, the Discovery of America, and Russia states that American ethnic plants are also currently being found around the world. He describes that the post Columbian discovery of America has led Europe to develop the trading relationships with other empires around the world. He states, “Up to about 70 % of the garden plants, cultivated today in Europe, Asia and Africa were brought from America. Potatoes, rice, beans, tomatoes, maize, paprika, pumpkins, ginger, egg-plants, cucumbers, peanuts, cocoa, chemin, tobacco, the caoutchouc tree, cotton, the sunflower-this is the list, far from being complete, of the plants which once grew in the Americas only, and which are now indispensable to people all over the World.” (Sokolov 7) Sokolov describes that 70% of plants being grown presently in Europe, Asia, and Africa were brought from America, which describes that Columbus played a big role in altering the agricultural land around the world. The discovery of a sea route to America became one of the most significant development opportunities to Europe and was able to increase their trading industry. Sokolov states that due to transport of the plants around the world, Columbus’ Exchange has begun a system of artificial evolution. His exchanges of plants have lead people to farm non indigenous crops...
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...Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 5(14), pp. 1796-1808, 18 July, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/SRE ISSN 1992-2248 ©2010 Academic Journals Review Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas: A review Wilson Parawira Department of Applied Biology, Kigali Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Avenue de I' Armee, B. P. 3900 Kigali, Rwanda, E-mail: aparawira@yahoo.co.uk. Tel: +250785561670. Accepted 2 July, 2010 Biodiesel has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic fuel alternative to fossil fuels. Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) and from animal fat. Jatropha curcas Linnaeus, a multipurpose plant, contains high amount of oil in its seeds which can be converted to biodiesel. J. curcas is probably the most highly promoted oilseed crop at present in the world. The availability and sustainability of sufficient supplies of less expensive feedstock in the form of vegetable oils, particularly J. curcas and efficient processing technology to biodiesel will be crucial determinants of delivering a competitive biodiesel. Oil contents, physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition of J. curcas reported in literature are provided in this review. The fuel properties of Jatropha biodiesel are comparable to those of fossil diesel and confirm to the American and European standards. The objective of this review is to give an update on the J. curcas...
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...Loss of Centeredness, Native Americans and Europeans American Intercontinental University Topics in Cultural Studies Huma215-1204B-07 By: Angela L. Byus Abstract This paper discusses The Five Civilized Tribes known as the Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw and the Cherokee and how life was for them before the invasion and settlement of the Europeans. The loss of centeredness is described not only for the Native Americans but also for the Europeans who suffered before reaching America. The loss of centeredness is described where any culture who have to immigrate and change their way of life from what they knew. The Native Americans were not the only culture to have suffered through these tragic events as with the Irish during the Potato famine along with Paris, France and London where living conditions were one of destitution and horror which led to the migration to the Americas. Within the body of the paper are in-text citations and following the body of the paper are the references. Native Americans, way before the nineteenth century consisted of many different cultural groups of peoples from the Subarctic inland of Alaska and Canada around over to Northeast Canada’s Atlantic coast and over to North Carolina and inland to Missippi. The southeast and winding around to the north of the Gulf of Mexico and flipping to the south and northeast. Each culture of the indigenous peoples was unique in their own way. Some were expert farmers, some civilized in their...
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...lucrative for them. With the famous Lewis and Clark Expedition, the Hidatsa was able to maintain peaceful relations with the United States in 1804. As stated earlier, the fur trade proved to be economically prosperous to the tribe. This brought about frequent warfare with the intertribal Dakota. They began to suffer significant losses in 1837 due to the infamous smallpox epidemics. These epidemics caused them to relocate once again in 1845 to Fort Berthold, a federal reservation established by the United States government. In 1976, the Three Affiliated Tribes of North Dakota, which the Hidatsa Tribe is a part of, it was reported that they numbered 2,750. The Hidatsa alone was as high as 5,000, but decreased to about 3,000 during the early 1800s. The lowest recorded population was approximately 400 around 1876. The result of this decline was due to the infectious epidemic diseases in which the Europeans contagiously spread. Since they were indigenous to the United States, the Hidatsa and other tribes had little or no immunity to these infectious diseases. Those diseases did not exist until constant contact between the Europeans began. According to the U.S. Census of 2000, the Three Affiliated Tribes number at 3,643. LANGUAGE The language of the Hidatsa Tribe is in danger of being extinct just like many Native American languages. This is true due to the Great Migration inflicted among them by the United States government and also not having enough members of the tribe to pass dialects...
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...Biology 2F03: Lecture 1 Chapter 2: Life on Land • • • • • • • • Labs start on the Sept 17 Why horses and cattle help restore Guanacaste forest of Costa Rica? o This forest was in decline for thousands of years, when Indians colonized central America, it caused its decline. o Its regenerated when the Europeans came with the cattle o The trees only produce a new plant after processes: the fallen fruit has to be eaten by a larger animal (mule, or horse or cow) à it has to pass through the body and ends up in a pile of fertilizer only then it can regenerate and produce a tree o Why did it evolve to be depended to this process? § There must be animals there in the past, in the past it was a camel (llama, alpaca). When the Indians came from asia (50000 years ago) these animals went extinct and the tree lost its major dispersal system What is the most obvious foundation of life on land? o Is landà soil Climate defines biomes, the ‘shapes’ of vegetation o Defines the major types of land on earth o Temperature and precipitation to be specific Soils in turn greatly affect the aspects (roots, water, nutrient) à rentention, root attachment, etc. Soil typically form layers (horizontal) retaining a range of physical and chemical layers: o Classification of soil: O= organic, A, B, C Soil horizons: description o O: organic, litter on top, fine litter deeper (gets broken down, hence fine), pollen, dead organisms o A: mineral soil, some organic matter...
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...IMPACT OF MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICES ON AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY: A STUDY IN KARNATAKA R S Deshpande T Raveendra Naika Agricultural Development and Rural Transformation Unit Institute for Social and Economic Change Nagarbhavi, Bangalore-560 072 December 2002 18 CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES LIST OF FIGURES/GRAPHS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 CHAPTER II Introduction Making of the Agricultural Policy Need for Revisiting MSP Objectives Methodology Profile of the Selected Regions Plan of the Study Limitations EFFECTIVENESS OF PRICE POLICY AT THE STATE LEVEL 2.1 Introduction Price Policy at the State Level 2.2 2.3 Analysis of Agricultural Price Trends 2.4 MSP as an Incentive Price 2.5 Impact on Input Use Regional Variation in Prices 2.6 Factors Dictating Failure or Success of MSP 2.7 2.8 Towards a Sustainable Policy Annexure 2.1 & 2.1.1 CHAPTER III ADMINISTRATION OF MSP SCHEME AT THE STATE LEVEL 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Introduction Agricultural Growth and MSP Relevance of MSP for Major Crops of the State Implementation Process of MSP Policy Measures Annexure 3.1 (Govt of Karnataka Order) Annexure 3.2 (Figures) 19 CHAPTER NO. CHAPTER IV TITLE ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF MSP AT THE STATE LEVEL 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Introduction Land Use and Crop Pattern Impact of MSP on Area Allocation Decisions Impact of MSP on Adoption of Technology Cost of Cultivation Disposal and...
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...EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT Directorate L. Economic analysis, perspectives and evaluations L.5. Agricultural trade policy analysis Brussels, July 2008 High prices on agricultural commodity markets: situation and prospects A review of causes of high prices and outlook for world agricultural markets This working document does not necessarily represent the official views of the European Commission High prices on agricultural commodity markets: situation and prospects Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION AND STOCKTAKING................................................................ 4 FACTORS BEHIND INCREASING PRICES ........................................................... 6 TEMPORAL DIMENSION OF FACTORS: TEMPORARY OR STRUCTURAL......................................................................................................... 11 4.1. Changes in agricultural production and trade due to physical characteristics of production ........................................................................... 11 4.2. Economic parameters ...................................................................................... 14 4.2.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.3. 4.2.4. 4.3.1. 4.3.2. 4.3.3. 4.3.4. 4.3.5. Population and income growth.......................................................... 14 Price of crude oil and related costs.......
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...(School of Business Management) | Minimum Support Prices | A Microeconomics Project | | | | This project analyses the Minimum Support Prices (MSP) applied by Government of India. Justification for the MSP applied to wheat is also given. Finally measures to reduce the MSP expenditure are given. | Table of Contents 1 Introduction 4 1.1 What is a Minimum Support Price? 4 1.2 What is the need for MSP? 4 1.3 How Government decides MSP? 4 1.4 List of product that receive MSP 5 2 MSP Policy of Wheat 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 How did MSP policy of wheat come into picture? 6 3 Justification of MSP for Wheat 8 4 MSP Pricing of Wheat – Higher or Lower 10 4.1 High MSP – Increases Inflation 10 4.2 Low MSP – Farmer’s Income Affected 10 5 Critical Analysis of MSP Policy 12 5.1 Consumer Surplus 12 5.2 Producer Surplus 12 5.3 Deadweight Loss 13 5.4 Other Effects 14 5.4 Measures to minimize MSP expenditure 16 Bibliography 18 1. Introduction 1.1 What is Minimum Support Price (MSP)? Minimum Support Price is the price at which government purchases crops from the farmers, whatever may be the competitive equilibrium price for the crops. A price floor, which is also referred to as a minimum price, sets the lowest level possible for a price. Price floors/minimum prices only have an effect if they are set above the actual market clearing price. There are many instances of governments in the real world setting...
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