...‘Consumers India’ under “Emblems and Names Act, 1950”. Consumers India has taken up several important campaigns with a view to safeguard interests of large number of consumers. Some of them relate to ‘Unethical Medical Practices’, ‘Misleading Advertising’, ‘Ageing with Dignity’, ‘Access to Affordable Medicines’, ‘End criminalization of Politics', ‘Justice for all…Just Now’, ‘I am a city changer’, ’Right to Information, ‘Junk the junk food’ etc. Catalyzing the energy of youth through Internship Programme and All-India Painting/Slogan/On-line Photography Contests etc. has been a major milestone achieved by Consumers India. In our NGO we were given topics for research work. My topic for research work was – REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ON SURROGACY. We were given a certain format in which we had to do our work and submit our work compiled in a file of about 20 thousand words. I learned a lot of new things like filing RTIs, filing...
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...In Oct 2008, the Supreme Court ruled that "commercial surrogacy is legal and an industry in India", making it a legally protected and viable option for international couples. Named the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Bill, 2013, it seeks to address issues like how many pregnancies can be allowed for a surrogate mother, the age of the mother and due compensation to be paid to her. "The issues addressed in the bill are compensation, informed consent and health of the women involved,” He said that the bill might also provide a punishment framework for violators. The bill will also provide a framework for letting foreigners use Indian surrogate mothers. Surrogacy in India has always been a controversial subject with activists blaming foreigners for exploiting poor women. In 2012, an Australian couple left behind one of the twins born to an Indian surrogate mother because they could not afford to bring up two children back home. The Indian case happened about two years ago and echoes the recent case of baby Gammy, who was born in Thailand to a surrogate mother and whose Australian parents only brought back his twin sister. In the Landmark case Baby Manji Yamada v. Union of India, a Japanese couple, Dr. Ikufumi Yamada and his wife, wished to have a baby and entered into a surrogacy contract with an Indian woman in Anand, a city in the state of Gujarat where this practice was pioneered. The couple went through matrimonial discord but the father still insisted on having...
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...The family in picture one is made up of a small central group comprised of two common law or married parents and their children. This is a family structure is what was considered the basic family structure for many years. The once ideal family was a husband, a wife and their children, values reinforced that we once valued the institution of marriage (Blais & Hayes, 2011, p,37). This picture was chosen as it represents the average Canadian family. According to statistic Canada 87.4 per cent of children in the family belong to both parents and one out of every ten children live a stepfamily situation (Statistics Canada, 2011).. Separation, divorce and subsequent new relationships produce blended families in which the children have multiple parents...
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...Chapter 1: Ethical Theory Meta-ethical positions include: * Ethical non-cognitivism (concept that ethics is a matter of feelings) * Ethical relativism (concept that ethics is relative to a particular point of view) * Ethical objectivism (notion that ethics is objective in nature). Meta-Ethical Positions Ethical Non-cognitivism The basis of ethical non-cognitivism is that ethical disagreement can be a highly emotional affair where no amount of reasoning is likely to convince the other party. * Example: “Let’s just agree to disagree” Ethical Relativism * Ethical relativism says that while ethical statements are cognitively meaningful, they do not hold in any objective sense because they depend on our point of view. * If we accept ethical relativism, then ethical disagreement among people who do not share the same perspective becomes impossible. * It assumes that if people agree on something, then it must be true. * Ethical relativism is suspect for a pragmatic reason: it is fundamentally at variance with our social practice. * Example: “To each his own”, or the belief that what’s right for one group isn’t necessarily right for another Ethical Objectivism * Ethical objectivism holds that right and wrong are objective phenomena. * Example: “I’m right and you’re wrong” What is Ethics? * As a discipline, ethics is a branch of philosophy. * It deals with questions of right and wrong conduct, and with what we ought to do and what...
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...Question 1 Which is TRUE about infertility? Assisted reproductive technology includes all fertility treatments in which both egg and sperm are handled. Question 2 Population statistics reflect two important trends. These are: fertility rate; mortality rate Question 3 The number of children born per 1,000 women aged 15-44 is called the: general fertility rate. Question 4 Developed nations such as the United States, Canada, or in Western Europe tend to have __________fertility rates and __________ mortality rates. low; low Question 5 Sophie just had a baby, and her government ensures that she has 16 weeks of paid maternity leave, with 3 additional years of unpaid leave if she wants it. Her husband also has 11 days of paid leave. What country does Sophie live in? France Question 6 The USDA estimates that it cost __________ in 2009 to raise one child to age 18. $286 000 Question 7 A relationship in which one woman gives birth for another person or couple, who then adopts or takes legal custody of the child, is called: surrogacy. Question 8 Several fundamental changes are occurring with the value associated with having children. Which is NOT one of these changes? People are having larger families after a 20-year decline in family size Question 9 In 1970, the average age at which women had their first child was 21; today it is __________. 25 Question 10 When Thomas was adopted as an infant all birth information about his birth parents remained sealed...
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...Article or Case Law Search In this article we will learn how Canada has sought to regulate assisted reproduction and reproductive medicine at the federal level. We will see how decisions about healthcare made in other countries impacts the United States as well as globally. The U.S. Supreme Court has long been in dispute about whether it is appropriate for the justices to take into account the views of courts in other countries. There are no comparable arguments about the importance of medical conclusions from other countries, because human anatomy and physiology are unanimous. But, law is jurisdictional. (George J. Annas, 2011) However, there are lessons to be can learned from legal controversies in foreign courts. The latest verdict of the Canadian Supreme Court on the regulation of reproductive medicine is a key model, especially because it divided the court in a five-to-four decision, giving both sides the chance to articulate powerfully held points of view. (George J. Annas, 2011) Canada’s bottom line is that reproductive medicine is a part of the practice of medicine, and since regulation of the practice of medicine is a provincial authority, supervision of reproductive medicine is not constitutional when operated by the federal government (unless it involves the prohibition of an activity that is inherently “evil”). When the justices arrived at the conclusion that procedures (and possible procedures) in the area of reproductive medicine could be split into “immoral”...
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...Inter-country Adoption: A Brief Background and Case Study Inter-country adoption (ICA) is a practice that has gained popularity over the years, and there is every reason to believe this trend will continue. For couples (or individuals) whose country of residence has few healthy babies available for adoption, going outside the country for a child is a desirable option. It is also desirable from the perspective of the child, who usually comes from a country with more available children than potential adoptive parents. Right away, these seem to be two very compelling reasons to support the idea of inter-country adoption, and work toward its best model. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of inter-country adoption using India as a case study. The paper will give a brief background of ICA and the main problems it both addresses and raises, then look at the case of India in particular, and, finally, provide some directions for policy and further research. Background on ICA ICA began in earnest as a response by North American countries to the post-WWII devastation. At that point, it was a humanitarian reaction to the needs of the newly-orphaned children in Europe. Since that time, ICA has shifted its focus to become a means for individuals in the developed world to have children. In most Western nations, the number of healthy infants available for adoption has been steadily decreasing, due to a number of social and economic factors including widespread...
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...In Vitro Fertilization September 15, 2014 Class: MA111 In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a process of fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body. It’s a major infertility treatment when other methods of assisted reproductive technology have failed. The process of IVF involves monitoring and stimulating a women’s ovulation process, removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from the women’s ovaries, added the sperm to fertilize the egg or eggs. Once the egg has been fertilized it becomes a zygote and will be cultured for 2-6 days, when will be transferred into a women’s uterus with intention of establishing a successful pregnancy. IVF can be used to overcome female and male infertility. According to NICE guidelines IVF is indicated in unexplained infertility for women who have not conceived after 2 years of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. For IVF to be successful it requires a healthy egg, sperm that can fertilize and a uterus that can maintain a pregnancy. With the large cost of IVF it is generally attempted after less expensive treatments have failed. Some couples use donor eggs or sperm to achieve a pregnancy, but some use IVF with a surrogate where another women carried the pregnancy. With IVF there are some risks like ovarian hyperstimulation which is routinely used with IVF. Ovarian hyperstimulation is where the ovaries are stimulated to develop multiple follicles, two common drugs used are Pergonal and Repronex which are injectable gonadotropins...
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...Death, dying and other ethical dilemmas Anand Chatoorgoon University of Phoenix Death, dying and other ethical dilemmas are issues that all Intensive Care Units (ICUs) throughout the world have to face and address. In the Current Opinion in Critical Care, Vol 16, No 6, December 2010, p. 640, Dixon-Woods and Bosk, writing on the topic of “Death, dying and other ethical dilemmas” under the journal’s section of ‘Ethical, legal and organizational issues in the ICU’, have stated that “Recent ethnographic work suggests that ethical dilemmas associated with end-of-life care in ICU clearly persist, even if clinicians are now more open about patients’ chances of surviving. An Australian study identified how decisions and actions made outside the ICU—such as proceeding with surgical procedures with very poor prognosis or admitting moribund patients who had sustained severe respiratory or cardiac arrest—led to a higher than expected rate of non-booked admissions. Staff believed these to be the result of futile interventions by staff outside the ICU that then resulted in ICU staff having to manage the patient and family through the dying process. ICU staff believed that this practice was detrimental to families by offering false hope of recovery, and that they were left to ‘clear up the unfinished work of medical staff’. Other studies have also documented the problems faced by staff confronted by patients whose potential for recovery is, at best, marginal, or when patients’...
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...Research Paper Gay Parenting and Assisted Reproductive Techniques: A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Introduction Gay rights have become a prevalent issue within the last decade. In the United States, gay marriage has been legalized in five states. With this has come a flurry of accompanying issues that must be addressed, this includes gay and lesbian fertility rights. Many gay and lesbian couples undergo assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) in order to have children. In the United States, fertility clinics are privatized, this means, among other things, that doctors have the right to pick and choose whom they take on as patients. There is no guarantee for gay couples seeking fertility treatment; many couples trying to have a baby are turned away based on how a doctor feels about same sex families. As it stands, no physician or hospital receiving government funding can discriminate against a patient based on his or her race, color, religion or national origin (Appel, 2006). It goes against the human rights of the potential patient to discriminate against them based on their sexual orientation. How do anti gay legislation further conceptualize the idea the nuclear family? Using a Symbolic Interactionist perspective, this paper looks at how gay and lesbian families use family symbols and rituals as strategies to negotiate family identity in interactions with families of origin, social network members, and community institutions, as well as challenge hetero-normative...
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..........................................................................................................1 A. Inroduction.........................................................................................................................2 B. Definition...........................................................................................................................3 - 4 C. Issues..................................................................................................................................4 - 8 i. LGBT parenting..........................................................................4 ii. Adoption.....................................................................................4 - 5 iii. Surrogacy and fertility treatment................................................5 iv. Organizations..............................................................................5 - 8 v. Health..........................................................................................8 - 9 D. History..............................................................................................................................9 - 11 i. Ancient........................................................................................9 - 11 ii. Modern........................................................................................11 E. 10 Reasons Why Homosexual “Marriage” is Harmful and Must be Opposed.................11 - 17 F. Reasons...
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...“Do you agree to legalize the same-sex marriage here in the Philippines?” “Marriage is about LOVE, not GENDER”, this is what the gays and lesbians wanted to say. Nowadays, this issue, the same-sex marriage is viral in the whole world. But, what is same-sex marriage? It is defined as a union between two people who are of the same gender or biological sex. Since 2001, ten nations and other jurisdictions have made this type of union legal. Whether or not to recognize such marriages remains a source of debate as far as civil rights, political and social issues go. Introduction of same-sex marriage laws has varied by jurisdiction, being variously accomplished through legislative change to marriage laws, a court ruling based on constitutional guarantees of equality, or by direct popular vote (via ballot initiative or referendum). The recognition of same-sex marriage is a political and social issue, and also a religious issue in many countries and debates continue to arise over whether people in same-sex relationships should be allowed marriage or some similar status (a civil union). Same-sex marriage can provide those in same-sex relationships who pay their taxes with government services and make financial demands on them comparable to those afforded to and required of those in opposite-sex marriages. Same-sex marriage also gives them legal protections such as inheritance and hospital visitation rights. Various faith communities around the world support allowing those of the...
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...Bisht et al. Globalization and Health 2012, 8:32 http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/8/1/32 REVIEW Open Access Understanding India, globalisation and health care systems: a mapping of research in the social sciences Ramila Bisht1*, Emma Pitchforth2 and Susan F Murray3 Abstract National and transnational health care systems are rapidly evolving with current processes of globalisation. What is the contribution of the social sciences to an understanding of this field? A structured scoping exercise was conducted to identify relevant literature using the lens of India – a ‘rising power’ with a rapidly expanding healthcare economy. A five step search and analysis method was employed in order to capture as wide a range of material as possible. Documents published in English that met criteria for a social science contribution were included for review. Via electronic bibliographic databases, websites and hand searches conducted in India, 113 relevant articles, books and reports were identified. These were classified according to topic area, publication date, disciplinary perspective, genre, and theoretical and methodological approaches. Topic areas were identified initially through an inductive approach, then rationalised into seven broad themes. Transnational consumption of health services; the transnational healthcare workforce; the production, consumption and trade in specific health-related commodities, and transnational diffusion of ideas and knowledge...
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...1. Several fundamental changes are occurring with the value associated with having children. Which is NOT one of these changes? A. Parents are older than in the past. B. More people are choosing to forgo parenthood. C People are having larger families after a 20-year decline in family size. D. Education and job opportunities for women continue to expand. 2. Developed nations such as the United States, Canada, or in Western Europe tend to have __________fertility rates and __________ mortality rates. A. high; low B. low; low C. steady; high D. low; steadyhigh; high. 3. Every time you and your spouse go to see your Grandma, she starts up again with “When are you two going to have children? What are you waiting for? Don’t you know how great it is to be parents?” This is an example of: A. fecundity. B. the medicalization of children. C. pronatalism. D. the parental movement 4. The USDA estimates that it cost __________ in 2009 to raise one child to age 18. A. $121,000 B. $158,000 C. $197,000 D. $286,000 5. With respect to couples who are voluntarily childfree: A. childfree couples usually experience their decision as a process that is revisited several times. B. men are more likely to have firm opinions about not having children than are women. C. older childfree couples have higher rates of depression than do couples with...
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...Why the Current FMLA Policy is not Enough? Annette Fininen Prof. Davenport ENG 215 May 26, 2013 Why the Current FMLA policy is not Enough? The dynamics of the American family have changed. No longer is a working father, stay at home mother, and kids considered the norm. Even the definition of “family” has changed dramatically. Changes in the American “norm” raise an important question, “Should the Family and Medical Leave Act be changed?” to meet our communities evolving needs. In the United States, the current Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) only provides up to twelve weeks of unpaid leave, but compared to other counties with similar policies the act does not have enough coverage to protect the average worker and should be changed. A woman walks into her human resources office crying, asking to speak to someone. She is currently on FMLA leave to care for her sick child who has been diagnosed with leukemia. She is a single parent with two other children at home to care for as well. Even with insurance coverage, the bills are mounting because FMLA is unpaid and she has exhausted all of her personal time off (PTO). With her steady income cut-off, she is concerned how she will pay her bills. She has no close family to turn to for support and does not qualify for government assistance. Her story is just one example. According to the United State Census, in 2010 single parent households comprised about 9.6 percent of the total...
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