Free Essay

Swedish vs Canadian Culture

In:

Submitted By BrendonJones94
Words 1873
Pages 8
Introduction
Culture is not static, rather changeable or dynamic, depending on times, people influences etcetera, I would agree with Edward Burnett Tylor that traditions and/or customs are a part of the culture, not necessarily what should be defining the culture (Sir Edward Burnett Tylor, 2004) therefore it would perhaps more correct to look at the countries unique customs.
In this essay I shall analyze what is considered to be the Swedish culture as clearer defined under Identifying and Explaining my Roots culture and get more in depth of the differences or even possible similarities of each nation, Sweden and Canada. I shall also try to show as to why internationally Swedes is associated with brand names such as IKEA and VOLVO and why it is that these household names are a part of the Swedish culture
Throughout the analyze I shall get insight if there are any Swedish holidays I would like to see implemented in Canada, and/or is there any Canadian holidays I felt that I missed throughout my years in Sweden? Is there any group or maybe a special gathering for Swedish immigrants in Toronto? How has the years in Sweden affected my possibility to adapt in Canada? Am I required to assimilate by means of giving up my Swedish identity and culture in order to fit in? What is the lifestyle of, and how are people from Sweden adapting in Canada? What are the stereotypes Swedish people have of Canadians and vice versa, and is it founded? Is it necessary to assimilate or can one live with both diversities side by side and integrated? These are some of the questions I am going to address, sometimes from personal experience but also based on facts.
[Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines]

Born in Canada and migrated to Sweden at the age of six, I have had an opportunity to be a part of a culture with traditions that differ considerably to that of the Canadian due to the fact that the Swedish culture and traditions having considerably more centuries to affect the culture and incorporate strong traditions. As a Canadian born into a multicultural family, mother Swedish and father Canadian it is vital to disclose that my mother is also bi-cultural, part Swedish, part Caribbean. For me it has mainly affected the food customs with all different ethnical heritages, nevertheless, food is a major part of, which may in fact be considered culture and tradition, with that said, my mother who was born in Sweden, raised there with predominately Swedish customs and values it is reasonable to assume that I would be considered to be a Swede, at least by an outsiders view. Although this may be predominant, I have also had a Canadian father by my side. Ironically, also he has a bi/multicultural background with parents from Germany and Holland. His heritage is not unlike many other Canadians. It is thereby well founded to say that culture is changeable, adaptable. I would say that the Swedish culture has centuries of traditions and also they have depicted my values and ways.
As outlined above my background clearly shows that I have a lot of factors to take into consideration trying to outline my own culture. By far my nationality by definition is Canadian, however, my language has been predominantly Swedish due to living there. My race or ethnical background foretells that there is more to me than what one would consider (stereotype) a swede by means of not being blond.

Reflection on my practice on my culture

I do not practice religion, rather born into a denomination. I was, however, Christened in the Norwegian seamen’s church in Toronto. The seamen’s church is a fascinating as there are over 30 churches globally (Norwegian Seamen Churches in the World, u.d.) the majority of Swedish belong to the Lutheran protestant church (Lutheran church in Sweden, u.d.). The churches are more so a way of meeting other Scandinavian fellow men rather than practicing a religion as the Sweden is secular. The Scandinavians are seafarers as we know through the history of the Vikings, but also this profession carried on, hence the need for their churches. Of course the settlements of the new world, the Americas also meant that a lot of Swedish people emigrated in the 1850 due to the poverty in Sweden. A fact is that there are 67,240 swedes in Canada (Swedish Population in Ontario, 2006) even though we clearly are a minority, we have still managed to influence you Torontonians, mostly through the Scandinavian sense of style, fashion and design, but even with our food and small coffee shops. On the following link you can explore some of the Scandinavian culture and shops around Toronto: http://www.blogto.com/city/2012/08/a_scandinavian_guide_to_toronto/
Our traditional holidays stem from Christian traditions, but also Viking pagan. We do not celebrate Thanksgiving, Remembrance Day etc., however Halloween is gradually becoming a part of a culture. Originating from Ireland, Swedes view this as an American thing and Swedes generally follow/look upon the US as “thing to be”. Midsummer Eve is a tradition which I enjoy and will miss. It falls between Friday the 19th and the 25th of June. This is the longest day and the shortest night until the days get shorter. Walpurgis which is a Catholic holiday (30th of April) (Walpurgis night, u.d.) is another major holiday which is Germanic in its origin and carries an interesting story of witches and quite the opposite of Christian beliefs.
After doing some research I found out that you could go to the Swedish church in York Mills, Toronto, to celebrate these holidays, actually the church that I was christened in (Swedish Church in Toronto, u.d.). Midsummer and Walpurgis, these holidays are considered to be days that you get together with friends and family and eat, drink and dance. If there is any holiday I am going to miss it would definitely be midsummer, the gathering of friends and family, combined with all of the great foods and beverage is something that you really can´t miss out on. Also, a lot of people go on their summer vacation around this time of the year, which makes it a perfect start to your summer. I am not a religious person and therefore will not attend the church for religious events, however, if in the future I’d like to attend a Swedish gathering and it was to take place in the Swedish church, I would consider doing that.
Stereotypes
The Swedish influence by means of design is well known by names such as IKEA and also our glass, Kosta Boda. In fact Ikea even had an advertisement globally - Swedish for common sense! That coupled with the safety of which Volvo has built their brand name, summons the stereotypical swede, practical, safety conscious and yet very particular about their clean cut design. This also shows throughout the art, which is also minimalistic. Similarly Canadians are associated in Sweden with ice-hockey and cold weather. Volvo and Ikea two stereotypical, parts of the Swedish culture, true, yet I see the world through a young person’s eyes therefore not necessarily conclusive. Had I remained in Sweden the likelihood of me furnishing my home like 90% of the rest of the population with Ikea would be probable! Actually the homes are very similar, not so personal. Every young person getting their driver’s license gets a Volvo 240 because it’s what we consider cult. The alcohol culture is different. Like Canada we have a dedicated liquor store. Drinking age is twenty. In Sweden most people do not drink throughout the week instead they tend to drink excessively during the weekends. In later years the swedes are adapting a more continental way of social drinking, yet they are not excluding the heavy weekend binging. Swedish youth has a reputation in holiday places such as the Mediterranean for drinking and partying and I would say that this is a reputation that there lies a lot of validity behind.
Canadian Influence Thanksgiving is a celebration that not practiced in Sweden. This is a holiday that I really like and that I have had the chance to be a part of from young age due to my father. The main reason would be the food because we do not eat turkey in Sweden and this is a great opportunity to do so. My family has got together on thanksgiving and we have made our own turkey and feasted, it wasn’t something we did every year, but it was something I as a child appreciated, and still do today. I am very lucky this year, my girlfriend will be coming from Sweden to visit me in Toronto, and we will be celebrating thanksgiving together with my family. Focusing Forward Being born in Toronto and returning to my hometown after 16 years is something that I think can only affect me in a very positive way. I have had a great opportunity to be a part of the Swedish culture and lifestyle, it really is a great country to raise a child in and I do understand my parents for taking me there as a child, but now I think it is time for me to move on, to explore the country I was born in, and exploring it’s culture. As I have been in school for nearly a month now I have had the chance to meet lots of new people and everyone has been very interested in how Sweden is to live in. I haven’t really come across any prejudices except when I was asked once if I ever went to Ikea in Toronto when I felt homesick, ha-ha. As I have been spending my vacation in Toronto for the past 2 years, I have got a firm idea of how things work around here by now. People for example are by far way friendlier than back in Sweden, Canadians in general have a very open personality where you feel welcomed most of the time, this on the other hand is very rare in Sweden. There you kind of live inside your own little square, of course there is exceptions but I am speaking in general. This has affected me a little bit, but it is not something that would affect my career or future here, as I already have adapted to the kindness. People ask if I have any intension of ever moving back to Sweden, as I feel right now I would really like to stay and start a family here in Toronto, I love that it is so multicultural and open to people from all over the world. Personally it feels like I have had my years in Sweden and I find that the Canadian living standards are very similar to the Swedish ones. My sister`s plan is to move here as well and in that case my parents would most likely move here to, then all I have to do is convince my girlfriend to move here, which she already thinking about for next fall, and I will be all set for my future here in Toronto.

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Lowe's

...Lowe’s By You April 21st, 2014 University of Phoenix ECO-365 Introduction In the United States there are two major players in the home improvement industry. The biggest in The Home Depot. The other, while smaller having 502 less stores, is still a giant of the industry (Cramer, 2013). Through the recession Lowe’s stood while well The Home Depot fumbled. Lowe’s faces competition from opponents other than just The Home Depot as it expands beyond America. As Lowe’s seeks to enter the Canadian and Australian markets it will encounter more diversity than it has experiences so far. The complexities of doing business abroad and opening stores afar will become even more apparent as their international tactics change. Despite the challenges Lowe’s should expand further to become an even bigger player both nationally and globally. Global Competition’s Impact on Lowes In 2009, Lowes had 1,710 stores found throughout Canada and United States, 16 of these found outside the United States, with three stores in Mexico that opened in 2010, allowing for their exposure to bring them to a new level of sales internationally. (“Lowes Companies”, 2012) After much research it is found five competitors could impact Lowes, the #2 home improvement dealer in the world (Racine, 2012), but on different levels. The first competition is the main competition of Lowes, Home Depot, #1 in the world since 2005, (“Lowes Companies”, 2012) is expanding its sales by bringing in more Hispanics...

Words: 3472 - Pages: 14

Premium Essay

Impact of Globalization on Education

...Culture and Globalization Table of Contents PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 GLOBALIZATION VS. LOCAL CULTURES .................................................................................................................................... 3 THE INFLUENCE OF U.S. CORPORATIONS ON LOCAL MORES ................................................................................................... 3 THE DOMINANCE OF THE AMERICAN MARKET .......................................................................................................................... 4 THE INTEGRATION OF CULTURES ............................................................................................................................................ 6 REAFFIRMATION OF LOCAL CULTURE ...................................................................................................................................... 6 A CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS?.................................................................................................................................................. 7 CULTURAL IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ....................................................

Words: 17261 - Pages: 70

Premium Essay

Cross-Cultural Management

...TU-53.1360 Cross-Cultural Management Assignment 1.12 Mister Y Mister X Mister Z Mister W Mister Q Table  of  Contents   1.   Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1   2.   Group  Members  and  Dynamics  of  Team............................................................................... 2   2.1.  Mister  Y ...................................................................................................................................................... 2   2.2.  Mister  X ...................................................................................................................................................... 2   2.3.  Mister  Z ...................................................................................................................................................... 2   2.4.  Mister  W ..................................................................................................................................................... 3   2.5.  Mister  Q ...................................................................................................................................................... 3   2.6.  Dynamics  of  the  team .................................................................................................................

Words: 14700 - Pages: 59

Premium Essay

Best Business Research Papers

...Bachelor of Commerce Best Business Research Papers | September 2008 | Volume 1 Faculty of Business University of Victoria, BSS Office, Room 283 PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada Phone (250) 472-4728 Fax (250) 721-7066 | www.business.uvic.ca Seeing new horizons. September 2008 | Volume 1 Bachelor of Commerce Best Business Research Papers Bachelor of Commerce Best Business Research Papers Volume 1, September 2008 Table of Contents NOTE FROM THE EDITOR Anthony Goerzen 1 THE DUTCH BUSINESS SYSTEM IN TRANSITION: AN APPLICATION OF WHITLEY’S BUSINESS SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR THE USE OF EXECUTIVES, MANAGERS, AND POLICY MAKERS Eric Brewis 2 SWENSEN’S MUST ENGAGE IN MARKET PENETRATION AND DIVERSIFICATION TO RETAIN ITS LEADING POSITION IN THE THAILAND MARKET Kailee Douglas 13 DISNEYLAND PARIS: EUROPEANIZING A RESORT Amanda Louie 22 IKEA: A STRATEGY FOR SUCCESS Garret Luu 31 COMPULSORY LICENSING IN THAILAND Simran Mann 38 CHANGING POVERTY AND INEQUITY THROUGH BUSINESS Matthew R. Tanner 47 SWEDEN IS A NESTING GROUND FOR YOUNG START-UP ENTREPRENEURS James Whyte 56 Note from the Editor In business today, “globalization” is a key concept with the firms across nations intertwined as never before. With overseas customers, suppliers, operations, and competitors, today’s managers need an international outlook. Therefore, the mission of the University of Victoria’s Bachelor of Commerce program is to...

Words: 31372 - Pages: 126

Premium Essay

Spotify International Expansion

...Benedictine University International Marketing INTB 350 A Proposal For Spotify To Open a Fully-Owned Subsidiary in Canada By Michael T. OSTROWSKI Vincent PETRINI-POLI December 9, 2013 Senior Lecturer Table of Contents Introduction 2 About the Author 3 Spotify 4 The Spotify Service 8 Target Markets 11 Comparison Matrix 15 Entry Strategies 20 Market Responsiveness vs. Cost Responsiveness 22 Financial Aspects 24 Conclusion and Recommendations 26 Exhibits Ex. 1 – Resume 27 Ex. 2 – Company Information 30 Ex. 3 – Service Information 31 Ex. 4 – Country Information from Cia.gov Canada 34 Russia 35 Japan 36 Ex. 5 – Cultural Aspects 37 Ex. 6 – Country Selection Matrix 37 Ex. 7 – Political/Economic Risks Diagram 38 Ex. 8 –Entry Strategies 39 Ex. 9 – Cost Responsiveness vs. Market Responsiveness 39 Ex. 10 – Financial Aspects 40 Ex. 11 – Internet/Media Excerpts 41 Ex. 12 – Power Point Presentation 43 Bibliography 44 Introduction As the world population continues to grow, technology continues to progress, and innovation starts to reach new heights, the need for globalization increases every day. Thanks to advances in modern communication, production is now a global process and aims to reach new consumers across...

Words: 7692 - Pages: 31

Premium Essay

International Business

...International Business ( Semester 2, 2014) * Topic 1: Context * Globalization: There is no agreed or consistent definition for globalization but the key features including: * Everything and everyone equal * Intensive and rapid flows cross border flows (eg product, finance) * Not just economic but social, culture also. * Implication for nation states (countries)- a loss on power for the countries on politically as well as economically. * “ Globalization is about growing mobility across frontiers- mobility of goods and commodities, mobility of information and communications products and services, and mobility of people” ( Robins 2000). * Globalization has become a leading concept in doing business during last few decades, there are various aspects of globalization that influencing in doing business such as Competition, exchange of technology, knowledge/information transfer. * Competition: there is increase in competition. It can relate to product, service cost, price, target market, technological adaptation, quick response, quick production by companies. Company needs to focus on production with less cost to sell cheaper in order to increase its market share. On the other hand, customers also have a large multitude of choices in the markets and it affects their behavior: they want to acquire goods and services quickly and in more efficient way than before with high expectation in quality and low prices. * Exchange of...

Words: 12315 - Pages: 50

Premium Essay

Universal Adult Suffrage

...The campaign for suffrage - a historical background Today, all British citizens over the age of eighteen share a fundamental human right: the right to vote and to have a voice in the democratic process. But this right is only the result of a hard fought battle. The suffrage campaigners of the nineteenth and early twentieth century struggled against opposition from both parliament and the general public to eventually gain the vote for the entire British population in 1928. ------------------------------------------------- Who took part in the campaign? The first women's suffrage bill came before parliament in 1870. Soon after its defeat, in 1897, various local and national suffrage organisations came together under the banner of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) specifically to campaign for the vote for women on the same terms 'it is or may be granted to men'. The NUWSS was constitutional in its approach, preferring to lobby parliament with petitions and hold public meetings. In contrast, the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), formed in 1903, took a more militant view. Almost immediately, it characterised its campaign with violent and disruptive actions and events. Together, these two organisations dominated the campaign for women's suffrage and were run by key figures such as the Pankhurstsand Millicent Fawcett. However, there were other organisations prominent in the campaign, including the Women's Freedom League (WFL). These groups were often...

Words: 16345 - Pages: 66

Premium Essay

Business

...Intellectual capital disclosure and intangible value drivers: an empirical study Philip Vergauwen Faculty of Applied Economic Sciences, Universiteit Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium ICDs and intangible value drivers 1163 Received February 2007 Revised May 2007 Accepted May 2007 Laury Bollen Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Accounting and Information Management, Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands, and Els Oirbans PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Abstract Purpose – This paper aims to study the relationship between intellectual capital disclosures (ICDs) and the relative importance of intangible assets as company value drivers. Design/methodology/approach – Annual reports of Swedish, British and Danish firms are analysed to measure the extent of ICD. The level of intellectual capital (IC) in firms, measured with proxies for the categories of human, structural and relational capital. Findings – As to the components of IC, the empirical results indicate that there is a strong significant positive relationship between (the level of) structural capital possession of a firm and the firm’s ICD. Practical implications – This suggests that firms with a relatively high level of structural capital, disclose more information on IC in the annual report. The study found no such significant association between human and relational capital in firms and ICD regarding these items. Firms might have a transparency drawback in addressing these...

Words: 8529 - Pages: 35

Free Essay

Cool Beans

...The Local Food Movement Benefits Farms, Food Production, Environment The Local Food Movement, 2010 Pallavi Gogoi is a writer for BusinessWeek Online. She frequently writes on retailing. Just as small family-run, sustainable farms were losing their ability to compete in the food marketplace, the local food movement stepped in with a growing consumer demand for locally grown, organic, fresh produce. In addition to supermarket giants following the trend toward locally grown food and devoting shelf space to such items, local foods are also finding their way into schools, office cafeterias, and even prisons. Although the trend toward organic foods has not waned, consumers are increasingly aware of the environmental impact caused when organic foods must travel to find their way to the local grocery store shelf. For this and other reasons, consumers are opting instead for locally grown counterparts, choosing to eat what is available in each season in their areas rather than purchasing food that must be shipped from other regions. Drive through the rolling foothills of the Appalachian range in southwestern Virginia and you'll come across Abingdon, one of the oldest towns west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. If it happens to be a Saturday morning, you might think there's a party going on—every week between 7 a.m. and noon, more than 1,000 people gather in the parking lot on Main Street, next to the police station. This is Abingdon's farmers' market. "For folks here, this is part of the Saturday...

Words: 6965 - Pages: 28

Free Essay

Literature Review

...A LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF EARLY YEARS PROVISION ON YOUNG CHILDREN, WITH EMPHASIS GIVEN TO CHILDREN FROM DISADVANTAGED BACKGROUNDS Edward C. Melhuish Institute for the Study of Children, Families & Social Issues Birkbeck, University of London Prepared for the National Audit Office The views expressed in this paper are not necessarily those of the National Audit Office. Address of author Institute for the Study of Children, Families & Social Issues 7 Bedford Square London WC1B 3RA Email: e.melhuish@bbk.ac.uk Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 1.1. The context of childcare research 1.2 Types of childcare and pre-school provision 1.3 Evidence on developmental effects 1.4 Structure of report 7 7 8 10 10 2. Childcare as intervention 2.1 Research methodology 2.2 Randomised Control Trials (RCTs) 2.2.1 Ypsilanti/High Scope/Perry Pre-school Study 2.2.2 Abecedarian Project 2.2.3 Project CARE 2.2.4 Milwaukee Project 2.2.5 Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP) 2.2.6 Early Head Start (EHS) 2.2.7 Hackney study Table 1: Summary of Randomised Control Trials of Interventions 2.3 Quasi-experimental Studies 2.3.1 Head Start 2.3.2 Chicago Child – Parent Center Program 2.3.3 Syracuse Study 2.3.4 Brookline Early Education Project 2.3.5 Diverse State-based programmes in the US 2.3.6 Meta-analyses and reviews Table 2: Summary of Quasi-experimental Evaluations of Interventions 2.3.7 Summary...

Words: 25865 - Pages: 104

Premium Essay

Electronic Cig

...International Journal of Drug Policy 23 (2012) 242–247 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect International Journal of Drug Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/drugpo Research paper Nicotine control: E-cigarettes, smoking and addiction Kirsten Bell a,∗ , Helen Keane b a b Department of Anthropology, 6303 NW Marine Drive, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada School of Sociology, Building 22, Hayden Allen Building, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Background: Over the past year or so, electronic cigarettes, more commonly known as ‘e-cigarettes’, have achieved widespread visibility and growing popularity. These products, which deliver nicotine via an inhaled mist, have caused no small amount of controversy in public health circles, and their rise has been accompanied by energetic debate about their potential harms and benefits. Methods: Interspersed with an analysis of current media coverage on e-cigarettes and the response of mainstream tobacco control and public health to these devices, this article examines the emergence of nicotine as both as an ‘addiction’ and a treatment for addiction. Results: We argue that by delivering nicotine in way that resembles the visual spectacle and bodily pleasures of smoking, but without the harms of combustible tobacco, e-cigarettes highlight the complex status of nicotine as both a poison and remedy in...

Words: 6966 - Pages: 28

Premium Essay

Bibliography

...Bibliography for Social Network Sites related thesis Aaltonen, S,, Kakderi, C,, Hausmann, V, and Heinze, A. (2013). Social media in Europe: Lessons from an online survey. In proceedings of the 18th UKAIS Annual Conference: Social Information Systems. (pp. Availalable online). USIR. , and 2013, , in: , 19-20 March 2013, Worcester College, Oxford, UK. (conference paper) Acquisti, Alessandro, and Gross, Ralph. (2006). Imagined Communities: Awareness, Information Sharing, and Privacy on the Facebook.In Golle, P. and Danezis, G. (Eds.), Proceedings of 6th Workshop on Privacy Enhancing Technologies. (pp. 36--58).Cambridge, U.K. Robinson College. June 28-30. (conference paper) Acquisti, Alessandro, and Gross, Ralph. (2009). Predicting Social Security numbers from public data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (27), 10975-10980. (journal article) Adamic, Lada, Buyukkokten,Orkut, and Eytan Adar. (2003). A social network caught in the Web. First Monday, 8 (6). (journal article) Adrien Guille, Hakim Hacid, Cécile Favre, and Djamel A. Zighed. (2013). Information diffusion in online social networks: a survey. SIGMOD Record, 42 (2). (journal article) Agarwal, S., and Mital, M.. (2009). Focus on Business Practices: An Exploratory Study of Indian University Students' Use of Social Networking Web Sites: Implications for the Workplace. Business Communication Quarterly. (journal article) Ahmed OH, Sullivan SJ, Schneiders AG, and McCrory P. (2010). iSupport:...

Words: 18938 - Pages: 76

Premium Essay

Starbucks

...Question no. 1 - Discuss the challenges facing Starbucks in 2010 Motives of Starbucks’ internationalization Exploring internationalization motives of Starbucks represented by a number of factors, including proactive and reactive factors, provides a better understanding of the reasons for the company’s decision to expand to foreign markets. Proactive motives are related to the firm’s motivation to take advantage of new market opportunities. While reactive motives represent that the firm responds to environmental changes and pressures in its domestic market or in foreign markets and adjusts the activities over time. (Hollensen 2011; Czinkota et al. 2009) Seeking growth and exploring new market opportunities are major proactive motives of Starbucks’ internationalization. Moreover, decision-makers are likely to explore first those overseas market opportunities perceived as having some similarity with the opportunities in their home market. At a later stage of internationalization Starbucks strived to make use of economies of scale which enabled the company to rise more rapidly on the learning curve and reduce production costs. (ibid) Major reactive motive for initial stage of Starbucks’ internationalization is represented by physical and psychological closeness to Canada that was the first foreign market for the company. Another reactive motive of Starbucks’ international expansion is saturation of the domestic market. The case study mentions...

Words: 7138 - Pages: 29

Free Essay

Rewanda

...ICTR's Akayesu Verdict SYNOPSIS The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) heard Jean-Paul Akayesu accused of vicious gang rapes and genocide that took the lives of 2,000 Tutsis.  The trial court chamber of three judges, two men and one woman, had an unprecedented opportunity to clarify whether rape during internal armed conflict constitutes genocide as well as a crime against humanity. Nongovernmental organizations worked to "engender" the Tribunal while holding accountable the Hutu leaders who orchestrated genocide.  The critical 1998 verdict influenced states negotiating improved standards for the prosecution of sexual violence and the creation of a permanent International Criminal Court.  "Rape and Genocide in Rwanda" addresses current issues of international law, human rights, women in politics, African Studies, judicial procedure, legal and moral reasoning.  RAPE and Genocide IN RWANDA: The ICTR’s Akayesu Verdict   CASE OUTLINE I. An Unprecedented Opportunity Glossary and Map   II. Prior Responses to Sexual Violence in War A. From “Time Immemorial” to 1948 B. From the 1949 Geneva Conventions to an International Criminal Court   III. Genocide In Rwanda A. A Colonial Legacy of Ethnic Division B. Mass Killing, Rape and the 1994 U.N. Withdrawal   IV. The U.N. Creates a Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda   V. The Trial of Jean-Paul Akayesu Trial Chronology and Key Individuals   VI. Issues for Judgment ...

Words: 10828 - Pages: 44

Premium Essay

Fraternity

...POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION: LITERATURE REVIEW OF RISK FACTORS AND INTERVENTIONS Donna E. Stewart, MD, FRCPC E. Robertson, M.Phil, PhD Cindy-Lee Dennis, RN, PhD Sherry L. Grace, MA, PhD Tamara Wallington, MA, MD, FRCPC ©University Health Network Women’s Health Program 2003 Prepared for: Toronto Public Health October 2003 Women’s Health Program Financial assistance by Health Canada Toronto Public Health Advisory Committee: Jan Fordham, Manager, Planning & Policy – Family Health Juanita Hogg-Devine, Family Health Manager Tobie Mathew, Health Promotion Consultant – Early Child Development Project Karen Wade, Clinical Nurse Specialist, Planning & Policy – Family Health Mary Lou Walker, Family Health Manager Karen Whitworth, Mental Health Manager Copyright: Copyright of this document is owned by University Health Network Women’s Health Program. The document has been reproduced for purposes of disseminating information to health and social service providers, as well as for teaching purposes. Citation: The following citation should be used when referring to the entire document. Specific chapter citations are noted at the beginning of each chapter. Stewart, D.E., Robertson, E., Dennis, C-L., Grace, S.L., & Wallington, T. (2003). Postpartum depression: Literature review of risk factors and interventions. POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION: LITERATURE REVIEW OF RISK FACTORS AND INTERVENTIONS Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 OVERALL METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 5 CHAPTER 1: RISK FACTORS FOR...

Words: 108533 - Pages: 435