...Racism in America The question should be how did racism in America begin? I think that it is probably fair to say that racism began with the Middle passage. The Middle Passage was the slave ships that brought African Americans to America from Africa. The slaves were perceived as being less than human fit for labor, bondage and beatings. Their only function was to be brought to America to work in the cotton fields and build America up to the standards that the Caucasian Americans expected. Slaves were usually fed straps from their Masters tables, given ragedy clothes to wear, they worked from sun up until sun down, and they were not paid. They were beaten if they talked backed back to the Master or did not produce the labor that was required by the Master. The Caucasian by all accounts was thought to be superior and better than slaves were because they owned the land, crops, plantations and houses; the poor slave did not own anything. What did the slave ship look like? Slaves were placed at the bottom of the ship; then men, women and children were chained to one another. With very little movement possible, they suffered and many of them died. This was not an easy voyage. The voyages to America from Africa took months and people got very little air in the bottom of these ships. They were fed but they had to eat lying down in chains and they were fed worst than animals. They were allowed on the deck occasionally where they were washed with water that was poured on them. Many...
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...International Security Lecture 1 March 30th, 2015 The politics of security knowledge What is international security? We could start thinking about the security council of the UN But also about the invasion of Afghanistan (chapter 7 UN in order to secure the international security) We can also think about security in terms of the invasion of Iraq in 2003. This was a unilateral act of war, but sure it can also mean other things We can think of the national security agency, the agency in charge of spying all the signals and communications to a certain extent. What’s interesting about the NSA, it is seen as a threat to the security of the privacy. Lately, with the reports of the UN development programme, we start talking about HUMAN security (not military security, but rather the security of individuals, having a livelihood that’s acceptable). Whether security is international or not, it can be a rather confusing word The protection of values we hold dear. We search for it, we pursue it, we achieve it, we deny it to others. * what is to be secured? Is it the security of states? Or individuals? * What is the actual threat that we’re facing? Primarily to be dealing with military threats, or are there other types of threats we are facing. Essentially contested concept A concept that ‘inevitably’ involves endless disputes about their proper uses on the part of their users – Walter Gallie There can be ambiguity (one persons freedom-fighter is the other’s...
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...Les Grecs peuvent être considérés comme les inventeurs de la science politique. Le mot même de "politique" est issu étymologiquement du terme grec polis signifiant "cité". De même, les termes utilisés pour qualifier les régimes politiques (démocratie, aristocratie par exemple) sont d'origine grecque. Les Hellènes ont été les premiers à réfléchir sur le phénomène du pouvoir, sur les rapports entre les groupes sociaux, sur le fonctionnement des institutions. De la sorte, leur influence a été déterminante sur le cours de l'histoire des idées politiques jusqu'à l'ère moderne. Ainsi, les théoriciens du IIIème Reich se vantaient d'avoir réalisé la cité idéale platonicienne exposée dans Les Lois; de même, ils admiraient l'idéologie politique de Sparte. Les cités grecques ont élaboré un type d'Etat impliquant une participation à la vie publique des habitants. I. Le cadre de la réflexion politique: la polis A. Le caractère spécifique de la polis Au début de la période archaïque grecque (du VIIIème au VIème siècle avant J.C.), la polis, c'est à dire la Cité-Etat, va déjà apparaître comme pleinement constituée. Cette polis est une entité géographique de petite dimension constituée d'une agglomération urbaine, ainsi que de la campagne environnante parsemée de villages et bourgades. Sur le sol grec (rassemblant la Grèce continentale, les îles, mais aussi les côtes de l'Asie mineure, l'Italie du Sud et la Sicile), on compte une multitude de ces micro-états. L'invention de...
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...NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLITICS GUIDE TO FOREIGN AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL CITATIONS FIRST EDITION ● 2006 © Copyright 2006 by New York University Contents FORWARD AND GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS................................................................................................. xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................xv COUNTRY CITATION GUIDES ARGENTINA...............................................................................................................................................................1 I. COUNTRY PROFILE ..................................................................................................................................1 II. CITATION GUIDE.......................................................................................................................................2 1.0 CONSTITUTION...................................................................................................................................2 2.0 LEGISLATION......................................................................................................................................2 3.0 JURISPRUDENCE ................................................................................................................................3 4.0 BOOKS .....................................
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