...Knowledge Management Nicholas Miller Table of Contents Abstract 3 What is Knowledge Management? 4 Features of Knowledge Management 5 People 5 Processes 5 Technology 5 Knowledge Management Applications 7 Tacit Knowledge 7 Explicit Knowledge 7 Embedded Knowledge 7 Tacit vs. Explicit Knowledge 9 The Importance of Knowledge Management 10 Summary 11 Conclusion 12 References 13 Abstract The principal objective of this research paper is to define Knowledge Management (KM). The research findings in this paper will uncover the features and applications that have derived from the Knowledge Management process. It will also examine Tacit vs. Explicit Knowledge and the importance they have in the Knowledge Management process. This research paper is presented in the form of a report hence comprehensive analysis and conclusion will be drawn from the findings of the research as it relates to the topic “Knowledge Management”. What is Knowledge Management? “Knowledge is power”, as quoted by the English philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626) (Henry, 2002). With the requisite knowledge, an individual or organization can achieve any goal or objective. Now we ask ourselves, “What is Knowledge Management”? To arrive at a possible response to such a question it is imperative to underline the key terms Knowledge and Management. (Cavell, 2002) claimed that Knowledge is the understanding of information and skills acquired through experience or education, which exists mostly in...
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...and its environment and among system components. As-Is and To-Be: want the processes to stay the same or you want them to be completely different or in a different way. Business Strategy: customer, product, WP (how we do it and where we want it to go). Information System Strategy: integration of systems. 7 wastes: overproduction, unnecessary transportation, excess motion, waiting, inappropriate processing, unnecessary inventory, and defects. Analyzing WP: Coordination, Decision making, Communication, Information Processing, Physical Activities. Phases of decision making: Defining the decision problem, gathering information, analyzing the situation, defining alternatives, selecting the alternative, implementing the decision. TQM vs BPR: incremental change vs radical process overhaul. ERP: designed for supporting activities with multi-module application software in a top down approach. ERP driving change: Appropriate-enterprise just starting out, business processes are not source of competitive advantage, enterprise is in crisis (no other choice). Inappropriate- business processes source of competitive advantage, SW features do not fit enterprise need, lack of upper management support. Promise of ERP: to provide seamless integration of info flowing through a company allowing workers to locate info they need, when they need to without much difficulty. ERP failure: don’t reconcile the technological imperatives of the system with the business needs of the enterprise-forces companies toward...
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...claims of reality upon him. Commitment always refers the self away to what is independent of it; hence commitment is objectively, not subjectively, oriented Thus begins my personal exploration of knowledge. Invitation to a Concert Rhythm and Blues (R&B) is a gutsy music genre, so when Marie extended an invitation to attend an Anthony Hamilton concert, I accepted. At first, I was hesitant because I was not familiar with the artist. The empirical knowledge thought process pervaded my mind before I accepted the invitation. Unfamiliar with his music, it was difficult to justify attending. Moser and vander Nat (Moser & Vander Nat, 2002) defines empiricism as “Empirical (a posteriori) knowledge which depends on its evidence or justification on sensory experience.” Since I did not have any experience with Hamilton’s the music, the motivating factor was a nice cultural outing with a friend. Marie, whom I consider a master of understanding R&B, informed me that Hamilton is an outstanding performer of Neo-Soul, which is a derivative of R&B. Since I am a Neo-Soul novice but generally fond of R&B, accepting the invitation seemed like a fun and sociable outing. Becerra-Fernandez et al (Becerra-Fernandez, 2004)explains, “Socialization enables the discovery of tacit knowledge through joint activities between masters...
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...Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning William R. King Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh wking115@yahoo.com For centuries, scientists, philosophers and intelligent laymen have been concerned about creating, acquiring, and communicating knowledge and improving the re-utilization of knowledge. However, it is only in the last 15–20 years or so that a distinct field called “knowledge management” (KM) has emerged. KM is based on the premise that, just as human beings are unable to draw on the full potential of their brains, organizations are generally not able to fully utilize the knowledge that they possess. Through KM, organizations seek to acquire or create potentially useful knowledge and to make it available to those who can use it at a time and place that is appropriate for them to achieve maximum effective usage in order to positively influence organizational performance. It is generally believed that if an organization can increase its effective knowledge utilization by only a small percentage, great benefits will result. Organizational learning (OL) is complementary to KM. An early view of OL was “encoding inferences from history into routines that guide behavior” (Levitt and March, 1988, p. 319). So, OL has to do with embedding what has been learned into the fabric of the organization. 1 The Basics of Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning To understand KM and OL, one must understand knowledge, KM...
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...What are the similarities and differences in the ways in which this week’s articles explain performance differences among firms? From the articles describing various theories of a firm’s performance, there are a few common themes and a few minor differences focusing on definitions. In viewing the articles, we find that all of the authors state that the primary difference in performance of firms is the management of internal resources. The management of resources includes the development, acquisition, integration and implementation of these resources. While the resource perspective varies among the different articles, the unifying themes are: the optimum utilization of resources drives above normal performance, utilization of resources would adapt to changing environments, and a unified strategy must exist to manage the resources. According to the resource based school, Barney articulates his vision of resources as comprising of the financial, physical, human, and organizational attributes of the firm. Similar to the other articles, Barney states that above normal performance could be derived from competitive advantages resulting from one or more of a firm’s resources and capabilities. In contrast to the other articles, Barney states that in order for a firm’s resource to lead to competitive advantages, it must add value, be rare, be non-imitable, and be implemented in a well-organized fashion. Barney does not elaborate on the process of acquisition and development of...
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...Definition of Knowledge Management 2.1. Contribution of KM to organizations 2.2. KM creates Learning Organization 2.3. KM as Communities of Practise 2.4. KM as Information Technologies like KMS 2.5. KM as HR issue 2.6. KM as combination of all of the above 2.7. KM provides competitive advantage 2. KM as an IT fad 3.8. Failures of KM 3.9. Promises of KM vs what it has delivered Conclusion References Introduction With the changing trends in the field of business management one can see Knowledge management emerging as one of the major areas of importance. Many organizations have learnt the importance of implementing the KM initiatives to gain competitive advantage over their rivals and reaped the benefits while some other companies have gained bitter fruits. When few companies gained competitive advantage, how is it that the others had bitter experiences? This question has led to many people voicing their opinions against the KM initiatives. The aim of this paper is to clarify this question, without any prejudice, by providing both the pros and cons of KM initiatives. 1. Definition of Knowledge Management Srikantaiah & Koenig (2000) defined knowledge management as a ‘discipline that promotes an integrated approach to identifying, capturing, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing all of an enterprise’s information assets.’ Successful organizations are realizing the importance of knowledge management. Coulson...
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...What It Means To Be a Knowledge Worker: Actions, Roles and Productivity Simon K. Caines University of Maryland University College Abstract This paper discusses the concept of the knowledge worker. It seeks to describe the evolution of the knowledge worker from the point at which the term itself was coined by Peter Drucker; who they are and the type of work in which they are engaged. The paper will address the value of knowledge workers to organization, challenges associated with measuring their productivity in the workplace and the future outlook for this class of employees. What this paper does not attempt to provide are answers to many of the vexing questions surrounding knowledge work and the people who perform it. The paper will draw from current and past literature on the subject. What It Means To Be a Knowledge Worker: Actions, Roles and Productivity The Knowledge Worker In 1959 renowned management writer and thinker Peter Drucker coined the term ‘knowledge worker’. Drucker recognized that 20th century American corporate society had begun an evolution from the manual laborers of the industrial economy to one where the bulk of workers used their heads more than their hands (Drucker, 1999). According to Drucker, knowledge workers are “…high level employees who apply theoretical and analytical knowledge, acquired through formal education, to develop new products or services” (Drucker, 1994, p. 63). While the definition has evolved over the years by other...
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...This article was downloaded by: [Hong Kong Polytechnic University] On: 3 June 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 738313287] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 3741 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713735234 Knowledge and knowledge sharing in retail internationalization: IKEA's entry into Russia Anna Jonssona; Ulf Elga a Department of Business Administration, School of Economics and Management, Lund University, Sweden To cite this Article Jonsson, Anna and Elg, Ulf(2006) 'Knowledge and knowledge sharing in retail internationalization: IKEA's entry into Russia', The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 16: 2, 239 — 256 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/09593960600572316 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593960600572316 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does...
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...Ir. Dr. John D. Gilleard, MHKIE, IFMA Fellow The Sloane Partnership, Hong Kong Former Associate Dean, FCLU and Head Dept. Building Services Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University FM Futures Facilities Management Workshop: 6th June 2008 Facilities Management Services in Hong Kong 1 ◦ IFMA: “Facility management is a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to ensure functionality of the built environment by integrating people, place, process and technology.” ◦ European Committee for Standardization: “FM is the integration of processes within an organization to maintain and develop the agreed services which support and improve the effectiveness of its primary activities.” /CEN/TC 348 ◦ Prof. Bev Nutt: “The primary function of FM is resource management, at a strategic and operational level of support1.” 1: “Four Competing Futures for FM” (2000) by Prof. Bev Nut, Facilities, Volume 18, Number 3-4, pp 124 - 132 ”Defence” mode ◦ Preserve ◦ Maintain ◦ Reduce risks ◦ Cut costs ”Attack” mode ◦ Proactive ◦ Create opportunities ◦ Add value ◦ Be flexible Hardy Nilsson – Swedish national coach has two strategies in ice hockey: 1. ”Never lose” – excell at defense, benefit from mistakes by the ’enemy’ 2. ”Always win”- be proactive & creative Current practice ◦ Property consolidation ◦ Downsizing ◦ Cost cutting ◦ Disinvesting ◦ Disposal Short term advantages for investors and shareholders Balance sheet improvements Potential to damage...
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...2010 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PBSA 823 Chicken Run Group Assignment Lecturer: Mr. J. C. Coetzee 9/18/2010 Nestlé struggles with Enterprise Systems CRITERIA FOR MARKING MBA-ASSIGNMENTS 1 | Meeting the objectives of the assignmentThe extent to which: | 60 | | *1.1 | the assignment was understood and answered comprehensively | 10 | | *1.2 | independent (own) thought is reflected | 10 | | 1.3 | insight in the topic was demonstrated | 10 | | 1.4 | logical, systematic thought and reasoning is demonstrated | 10 | | 1.5 | quality research (literature study and / or empirical work) was done | 10 | | 1.6 | conclusions are logic, meaningful and substantiated | 10 | | 2 | Presentation and technical aspectsThe extent to which: | 30 | | 2.1 | the content shows a logical andintegrateddevelopment and forms a balancedholisticwhole | 15 | | 2.2 | the executivesummary reflects the content comprehensively and meaningfully | 5 | | 2.3 | the table of contents, references and list of sources are noted correctly | 5 | | 2.4 | the style and language (grammar) meet the requirements | 5 | | 3 | General quality rating | 10 | | | Evaluator’s general evaluation mark of the assignment’s quality - taking into consideration the above and other factors | | | | TOTAL | 100 | | Assignment Word Count: Chicken Run Group Members “There is nothing more determined than poultry with a plan…” Bezuidenhout, P.J. 1224 6093 Botha...
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...CultuLessons Learned in Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing Reid G. Smith March 16, 2006 © 2006 R.G. Smith & Associates Presented at American University Intercultural Management Institute Annual Conference – Best Practices and New Directions in Intercultural Relations: A Forum for Business, Education, and Training Professionals. Washington, DC, 16 March, 2006. http://www.imi.american.edu/conf2006.htm In the fast-paced world of today, organizations must take full advantage of the collective knowledge of their people. This demands the creation of a new work environment in which communities of practice can share knowledge and work together to solve problems, to learn, to invent new methods, and overcome physical barriers of time and distance. In this session, we first discuss our experiences with transnational organizations, where cultural diversity leads not only to more difficult knowledge-sharing challenges, but also to greater opportunities for success. This is followed by an interactive workshop where the participants consider how to apply the lessons learned to their own business, non-profit, multilateral institution, and government settings. Culture: the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group; the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes a company or corporation; the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization. For purposes of this session...
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...Chapter 1 Competitive advantage: is an advantage over competitors gained by offering consumers greater value, either by means of lower prices or by providing greater benefits and service that justifies higher prices. Sources of competitive advantage: 1.Structural Perspective “Higher profits result from better positioning” –Rivalry restraint, structural barriers to competition. 2.Resource/Capability Perspective “Higher profits result from unique resources and superior capability” –Resource/competence-based competition, rare, valuable, inimitable, non-substitutable .3.Information Perspective “Higher profits result from superior information”–Information asymmetry, adverse selection, moral hazard 4.Commitment Perspective “Higher profits result from specificity and timing” –Asset-specificity (correct governance), first mover advantage (correct strategy) 5.Connectivity Perspective “Higher profits result from network structure and corporate ties between businesses”–Alliances, dense network, structural holes Strategic Management Process •Strategic Analysis–Goals and objectives, external environment, internal environment, intellectual capital •Strategic Formulation–Business-level strategy, corporate-level strategy, international strategy, new economy •Strategic Formulation–Strategic control, corporate governance, organizational design Chapter 2 SWOT Analysis: •Strength •Weaknesses •Opportunities •Threats Porter’s Five Forces Model of Industry Competition: 1.Threat of new entrants:...
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...IFS Individual assignment: Web 2.0 | | | | | | | | | | Marc Cobb IFS 131 Albertina Introduction: Since the internet was introduced it has made life very easy for the average person to accomplish tasks that before has posed as a problem. It also has many advantages such as being able to talk to people anywhere in the world at a cost of next to nothing, and purchasing of goods that is delivered straight to your doorstep.to name a few. In this essay we will be looking at Web 2.0, Social networks, and Collective intelligence, knowledge management and personal knowledge management. Web 2.0 Web 2.0 is a concept that was started in early 1999,it’s the term used to describe web sites that uses next generation technology. It is the way end users and software developers use the web. Web 2.0 can be linked to the 2004 O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 conference. Web 2.0 sites allows the user to connect and interact with other users(social networking).Web 2.0 doesn’t limit the user to only viewing of content but content that’s generated in a virtual community. Forms of Web 2.0 are Blogs, Rss, Wikis, Podcasting and social networking. Advantages: Web 2.0 has made so much more possible for companies and individuals all around the world. Focusing specifically on the business environment web 2.0 has created an online marketing industry. Companies make use of the web as advertisement medium, its cheap and gets global exposure. Anybody, anywhere can access company info...
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...Principles of Knowledge Engineering and Management (ISE531) Managing Knowledge Processes Prof. Benny Cheung Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering 1 Principles of Knowledge Engineering and Management (ISE531) Learning Objectives •To familiarize with knowledge processes such as knowledge creation, knowledge acquisition, knowledge transfer, sharing and retention •Knowledge transfer methods and how to support effective knowledge sharing •To understand how to develop culture for knowledge transfer •Various techniques for knowledge retention such as after action review, etc. •To understand knowledge validation process •Metrics for measuring the outcome of knowledge processes 2 Benny Cheung Principles of Knowledge Engineering and Management (ISE531) The Knowledge Processes •Knowledge consists of patterns of information in form of rules, applicable to explain or predict phenomenon (e.g. apple drops due to gravity). •Knowledge processes are what individual and collective use to produce, transmit, acquire, store and use knowledge. •Knowledge management deals with knowledge processes and a knowledge environment. •There are a number of primary knowledge processes which are: •knowledge production (or creation or generation) •knowledge acquisition •knowledge sharing •knowledge retention •knowledge validation •knowledge transfer (or diffusion). Benny Cheung 3 Principles of Knowledge Engineering and Management (ISE531) Knowledge Production •Knowledge production...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Knowledge Management is a process where organization gathers shared knowledge from available resources like databases, paper and human minds and contributes it to places that help in generating large reimburses. In this assignment, our objective is not only to understand how Knowledge Management functions in the company but also to analyze the challenges and current strategies that the company is facing. We have studied the Knowledge Management system of company named – FACTIVA, USA. Factiva is one of the top companies in US, formed in 1999. Factiva in past was popularly known as Dow Jones Reuters Business Interactive. In late 2006 Dow Jones bought out Reuter’s stake in Factiva for $160 million. Factiva’s aim is to help its customers with straight facts and figures. Factiva is a leading provider of News Articles and Business Information. Mr. Clare Hart, the President, presently heads Factiva. Factiva’s web – based service provides a collection of information from 14000 Sources such as The Financial Times, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and Yomiuri Shimbun and Etc. it also contains 400 Newswire Services (Dow Jones Factiva, 2010). In this assignment we have discussed and analyzed Knowledge Management, its current position and functioning and its challenges with ways given to improve the drawbacks of the company. The structure of the assignment begins with the introduction followed by the questions and answers about the Knowledge Management System in...
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