...Exploitation of Canadian tar sands How is the oil formed? Conventionally crude oil is extracted by drilling into a petroleum reservoir, but tar sands are mostly mined by opencast mining. The extracted material is then crushed, mixed with water and the bitumen separated out before it can be refined for use. Tar sands are also pumped out. High pressure steam is injected underground to separate the bitumen from the sand. Economic costs: * Producing useable oil from tar sands is expensive; it is only viable when oil costs over $30 a barrel. It costs $15 a barrel to extract bitumen from tar sands, compared with $2 a barrel for conventional crude oil * Producing useable oil from tar sands is also very energy intensive. It takes the equivalent of one barrel of oil to produce three barrels of crude oil from tar sands. Conventional oil production requires much less energy. Economic Benefits: * Oil is vital to the Canadian economy. In 2007, the oil industry accounted for nearly 20% of the total value of Canadian exports. * By 2030, tar sands could meet 16% of North America’s demand for oil. – Providing a secure sizable source of oil for Canada and the USA. * At a local scale, mining, processing and its multipliers generate around 100,00 jobs in Northern Alberta Environmental costs: * The Alberta Energy Research Institute says that processed tar sands are a large source of greenhouse gas emissions due to their energy intensive production * The environmental...
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...Tar sands location and area The tar sands are large deposits of bitumen, which is a form of crude oil. This consists largely of bitumen, sand, and clay. This area covers over 100,000 square kilometers. he tar sands are located in located in specifically, Alberta. Habitants of Fort Chipewyan While the population of Fort Chipewyan is relatively small, a sizable percentage are indigenous people. These individuals often have lower income, which is especially troubling because a large number of these people rely on a traditional diet of local plans and animals to survive. Continuously, I think that we can see a similar situation with people of color having bodies that are less valuable than wealthy, white communities. For instance, with the North Dakota pipeline, Native Americans have been fighting to not have the pipeline go through their reservation in order to maintain sacred land, and protect their water. The pipeline wasn’t originally supposed to even pass through that area, however the white community it was planned to be played through complained about the dangers of possible contamination. Health problems of Habitants...
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...Question 7 The separation of Joey Josh happened when they were in the old barn in Nebraska(Hunt 153). They found this “tar-paper shack” near the railroad track while begging for food. They went to this lady’s house to ask for some food and Josh noticed she looked sick and just started screaming at Joey and Josh because she has kids of her own to feed and was just yelling(Hunt 153-154). After they walked down the street stunned and shocked about what had just happened, the women ran down the street towards the boys apologizing for what just happened(Hunt 154-155). After the lady apologized, Josh and Joey went back to her house to eat. The boys were thankful that the lady was nice enough to let the boys eat the food the lady made. Josh and Joey and all the kids...
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...take 2 weeks time to inform you about the results. Resumes will be analysed by their engineers and final confirmations sent to the college. After getting placed they ask you to take a psychometric test which tests your reaction to different situations. Please take a note this paper is just an indication towards the paper. They might give you a new pattern. Directions for questions 1 to 5: Read the passages below and answer the questions that follow. A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species. In considering possible explanations for this finding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples. They rejected preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated...
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...n January 16 of this year, the North Carolina Tar Heels were 12-5, having just beaten Virginia Tech in a close game in Chapel Hill. The grumbling old men of Franklin Street were grumbling about what they had been grumbling about for the past two years: Larry Drew II, the team's starting point guard, was playing horribly. In the Virginia Tech game, he had picked up more fouls (4) than assists (3), points (3), or rebounds (2). Kendall Marshall, Drew's freshman backup, had played spectacularly. In 24 minutes, Marshall put up the following line: 3-4 from the field, 2 rebounds, 9 points, 9 assists, and zero turnovers. But statistics, even advanced ones, don't really tell us much about point guard play in college. Yes, Marshall thoroughly outproduced Drew. But when you're the point guard at Carolina, production is a secondary concern. You can shoot badly from the floor, turn the ball over, and have teammates botch assists, but as long as you're pushing tempo and finding streaking and cutting teammates, you're doing your job. Marshall set a torrid pace, but he did it in a strange, almost counterintuitive way. Carolina fans were still dizzied from the memories of Raymond Felton and Ty Lawson — two of the fastest players to ever set foot in Chapel Hill. But Felton and Lawson set pace through more traditional means — they got the ball and ran like jackrabbits up the court. Marshall, who runs with his back as straight as a ramrod and keeps his head up at all times, was much, much slower...
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...Analysis of Sydney Tar Ponds and Coke Ovens Sites Remediation Project Environmental Assessment of 2005 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction1 2.0 Sydney Tar Ponds Environmental Assessment2 2.1 Critical Discussion4 3.0 Conclusions5 References7 Assignment Checklist9 AppendixI 1.0 Introduction The Sydney Tar Ponds in Nova Scotia are the result of lack of foresight by the Canadian government and the Dominion Iron & Steel Company Ltd. on the effects of the steel mills operations on the social, economic and environmental factors which affected the communities around the tar ponds. The Coke Ovens is a 68 hectare former industrial property bounded by residential and former industrial lands. It contains several watercourses including Coke Ovens Brook. From 1901 to 1988, various coke production plants operating on the site provided carbon and fuel for the nearby steel mill. Other industrial plants on the property used by-products from the coking operations to manufacture various commercial products. An estimated 560,000 tons (280,000 m3) of soil on the Coke Ovens is contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals. An additional 1,300 tons (1,000 m3) of PAH contaminated sediment is present in Coke Ovens Brook and 25,000 (12,500 m3) tons of contaminated soil is present in the in-ground tar cell (Griffiths et al. 2006). The main problem with the Sydney Tar Ponds was how the toxic waste material from the coke ovens (tailings)...
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...FACTS George is an employee of the Charlotte Bobcats, a Charlotte, North Carolina basketball team. George has a valid contract that guarantees his job for 5 more years. His boss, Jerry, want him out now. Jerry begins to take extreme measures to make George so uncomfortable at work that he has no choice but to vacate his position. Allegations include: depriving George of air conditioning in the middle of July, alienating George from his coworkers through coercion by Jerry, and the recording and playing of George’s personal phone calls over the company loudspeaker. George decides to take measures to sue Jerry for intentional infliction of emotional distress for the above allegations. ISSUE Under North Carolina law, do the above allegations fulfill the basis for liability of intentional infliction of emotional distress? RULE Under North Carolina law as iterated in Stanback v. Stanback, 297 N.C. 181, 196 (N.C. 1979), Liability arises under this tort when a defendant’s conduct exceeds all bounds usually tolerated by decent society and the conduct causes mental distress of a very serious kind.” Courts also outline the elements needed for a successful tort in the area of intentional infliction of emotional distress in the case of Holloway v. Wachovia Bank & Trust Co., N.A., 339 N.C. 338 (N.C. 1994), “The essential elements of a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress are 1) extreme and outrageous conduct by the defendant 2) which is intended to and does in...
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...Newer Sources of Fossil Oil in North America (Favoring Production of Oil Sands and Opposing the Production of Tar Sands) Discovery about Tar/ Oil Sands Tar/ Oil sands are very important for determining the energy requirements of any country. Today we highly depend on the energy resources and could not succeed without considerable energy resources available to us to meet our daily production needs. Fossil fuels which are based on coal, natural gas, renewable, nuclear and oil are the main sources of energy in this highly competitive world depending on these energy sources. The major part of the world’s energy needs is met by using fossil fuels which are proved to be the abundant sources of energy necessary for the development of modern world. Tar/ oil sands represent 60% of the world’s accessible oil and different oil producing countries such as Saudi Arabia, Venezuela and Canada. Total oil reserves account for 174 billion barrels but technology evolvement can increase these reserves at larger level up to an estimation of 315 billion barrels. Figure: Cashing in on Tar Sands In favoring new discovery of oil sands, they are much important for the economic growth of any country to give them competitive edge over others with extra energy resources. According to Canadian engineer Joseph Hill, with an access of new technologies and natural resources in environment friendly manner, additional resources of oil sands can be handy for the economic growth. She investigated that refining...
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...The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Alberta’s Tar Sands Student Name: Nas Abubaker Instructor Name: Brenda Lang Course and Section: GNED 1304-009 Date: March 22, 2011 Abstract Alberta is one of the most ecologically rich provinces in Canada, with boreal forests covering most of the northern and eastern parts of the province. The exploration of the Alberta tar sands has a great impact on the environment and the community. The devastation effects can destroy ancient forests, while contaminating food and water, which disrupts local wildlife, leading to greenhouse gas emissions, as well as serious health problems. As the production of oil through tar sands creates intensive challenges, immediate strategies that control the amount of devastation are greatly needed. The Cost-Benefit Analysis of Alberta’s Tar Sands As the world is racing to discover new ways to find replacements for the rapidly diminishing stores of fossil fuels, many have gone into the avenue of looking for the solution via the route of renewable energy. However, the discovery of Canada's greatest buried treasure in Alberta has drawn attention from a multitude of countries around the world, all of them eager to sign contracts with Canadian petroleum suppliers. In a report released by the government in the late 1800's, a report dealing with the region's tar sands called them as the “most extensive petroleum field in America, and even went to the extent that the fields will...
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...Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines are available at http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/EnvironmentalGuidelines Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook WORLD BANK GROUP Effective July 1998 Coke Manufacturing Industry Description and Practices distillation unit. The Claus process is normally used to recover sulfur from coke oven gas. During the coke quenching, handling, and screening operation, coke breeze is produced. It is either reused on site (e.g., in the sinter plant) or sold off site as a by-product. Coke and coke by-products, including coke oven gas, are produced by the pyrolysis (heating in the absence of air) of suitable grades of coal. The process also includes the processing of coke oven gas to remove tar, ammonia (usually recovered as ammonium sulfate), phenol, naphthalene, light oil, and sulfur before the gas is used as fuel for heating the ovens. This document covers the production of metallurgical coke and the associated by-products using intermittent horizontal retorts. In the coke-making process, bituminous coal is fed (usually after processing operations to control the size and quality of the feed) into a series of ovens, which are sealed and heated at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen, typically in cycles lasting 14 to 36 hours. Volatile compounds that are driven off the coal are collected and processed to recover combustible gases and other by-products. The solid carbon remaining in the oven is coke. It is taken to the quench...
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...the government. Governments hold high power as they set out the regulations and need the businesses to do well in order to maintain a strong economy. Consequently, they hold great legitimacy, urgency, and power. The Canadian government are particularly interested in the Athabasca Oil Sand Project because oil sands development not only benefits all Canadians through employment opportunities but also contributes to the highest rate of economic growth in Canada over the last 20 years. “The Tar Sands are now the biggest capital project anywhere on Earth and the biggest energy undertaking anywhere.” The government sees this as an excellent opportunity for a growing economy, thus supporting the project. The government also holds great power, as they are the ones enforcing the laws and regulations upon a business or organization. However, in this case, the government “fails to enforce its own environmental laws; and it is even engaging in cover-up when people blow the whistle on how the Tar Sands have harmed our health and our environment.” The Canadian government gives tax breaks to oil sands companies such as Shell, whom are the worst polluters, and refuses to force the industry to clean up. They have also covered up the situation when the people of Fort Chipewyan tried to appeal the issue of strange illnesses afflicting residents, and further denied any toxic problems....
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...using the tar utility. 9.3: Maintain effective logs by using the log rotate utility. Readings A Practical Guide to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Chapter 11, pp. 407-425 * Chapter 16 In-Class Assessment * Week 9 Quiz: Homework The following homework is designed to cover the course objectives for this unit. Assignment 9.1: Complete the following exercise in your textbook: * Chapter 16: Question 1-5 on page 643 Submit your written answer to your instructor at the start of Unit 10. Labs Instructor Notes: Assign students the following lab which can be printed from Appendix D. Lab 9.1: Using tar to Back Up Files What is the purpose? This lab exercise lets you perform basic file backup on your Linux system. What are the steps? Task 1: Backing up with tar Procedure 1. Open a terminal window as a regular user. 2. Create a directory named backup in your home directory. 3. Copy some files from your home directory into your new directory. 4. Create a backup of your new directory by using tar and compress the file with bzip2. Make sure that the backup file is not placed in the directory you are backing up. You will need to: a. Create permission. b. Choose verbose mode option. c. Choose the bzip2 file format. d. Specify the path for the file to be backed up. e. Set permissions. f. Set file flags for tar. Make sure you put a “.tar.bz2” extension on the tar file. Task 2: Restoring from a tar backup ...
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...Environmental Defense stated that, “the proposed pipeline would create just 50 permanent jobs, but threatens $9.7 billion in Gross Domestic Product and 98,000 jobs supported by the B.C. coastline. Kinder Morgan and tar sands producers would collect most of the revenue while B.C. would receive less than 2 percent of the revenue.”, (DeRochie, 2016). Two percent in revenue does not equal to the $9.7 billion loss of GDP. According to Coastal First Nations, “the marine economy is essential to coastal communities, generating thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in revenue in including: $386.5 million from Marine sectors, $134.9 million from Commercial fishing, $88.1 million from Seafood processing, $104.3 million from Marine tourism, $90.5 million from Recreational fishing, and lastly $18.6 million from Marine Transportation.” (Coastal First Nations, 2017). Therefore, the loss of revenue will negatively drop revenue consequently affecting British Columbia’s...
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...Eng 111 April/9/2015 In P. Lorillard Company. v. The harmful effects of cigarettes was brought out by the FTC (Federal Trade Commission), most of the companies were big name cigarette companies. A research laboratory stated that no exact name brand of cigarettes was markedly more damaging and in other cases harmful to many others. Statistics show the comparison and the factor of how much nicotine and tar are in big cigarette companies. . Lorillard stated that his brand had for a fact the lowest amount of nicotine and tar in their cigarettes. In a 1950 a decision the change the rule of law, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, upholding the commission's cease-and-desist order, it made them declared that Lorillard's advertising violated the FTC Act and its rule of law because, by printing small parts of the article, it created an entirely false and misleading impression giving people false information and false belief....
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...My Home-Made Biomass Gasifier Making your own gasifier is easy I've built a lot of alternative energy projects over the years. See my home-built solar panel and wind turbine pages. I've always wanted to build a wood or biomass gasifier too. Why? Well, the internal combustion engine is really an important part of our society and the basis of a lot of our transportation and portable power technology. It isn't going to be going away any time soon. I've mastered making my own electricity from the sun and wind, but that doesn't help my truck go down the road, power the lawn mower, or run my generator on cloudy, windless days. Those all have internal combustion engines, and they all need fuel to run. I finally decided it was time to master making my own fuel. Why pay the Arabs for it if I can make a working substitute myself? So what is A biomass gasifier? Basically is a chemical reactor that converts wood, or other biomass substances, into a combustible gas that can be burned for heating, cooking, or for running an internal combustion engine. This is achieved by partially combusting the biomass in the reactor, and using the heat generated to pyrolyse or thermally break down the rest of the material into volatile gasses. A well built reactor will also convert combustion byproducts like CO2 and water vapor into flammable CO and H2 by passing them over a bed of hot charcoal where they will get reduced. Thus the gasifier converts most of the mass of the wood (or other...
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