...Health Tips for Back Pain by Pauline Dominique C. Tarrazona, R.N., L.M.T Prevalence of Back Pain The incidence of low back pain is high anywhere in the world. According to the World Health Organization’s Health Statistics and Health Information System’s database, back pain together with neck pain is second to Unipolar Depressive Disorders on the top ten list of diseases and injuries that account for the highest number of disability-adjusted life year (DALYs) worldwide. DALY is a measure of the overall burden of disease expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death. The data showed that, second to Unipolar Depressive Disorders, a lot of people affected have lived with the burden of neck and back pain for more years than any other diseases. In fact, the lifetime prevalence of non-specific low back pain in industrialized countries is 60-70%. This is much higher than in developing countries. But any source you find would tell you that it is a leading cause of disability and thus missed work and other important activities, affecting 8 out of 10 people at some point in their lives. The causes of Back Pain The causes of back pain are rarely specific or singular. Most cases result from a variety of factors and only a minority of the cases of back pain result from physical causes. These are some of the causes of back pain in people: * Poor posture (sitting, standing, sleeping, bending) * Intense exercise without proper warm-up...
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...What are some of the effects of stress for both the individual concerned and for organisations that the individual is part of? To what extent should a manager feel responsible for trying to help reduce this stress? Over the years stress has been defined in many different ways. . Originally it was perceived as pressure from the environment it was conceived of as pressure from the environment, then as strain within the person. The generally accepted definition today is one of interaction between the situation and the individual. It is the psychological and physical state that results when the resources of the individual are not sufficient to cope with the demands and pressures of the situation. Thus, stress is more likely in some situations than others and in some individuals than others. Stress can undermine the achievement of goals, both for individuals and for organisations (box 1). Organizational stress can have a profound effect on production and motivation in the workplace. Worries about job security or the demands of a heavy workload increase stress levels and cause a variety of emotional and physical ailments. When stress factors, or stressors, are coupled with ineffective or uncaring management, stress can become a problem that extends to the entire department or company. Identifying signs of organizational stress is the first step in designing a strategy to address problems(small business) The consequences and symptoms of stress first become visible at the individual...
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...document your findings in the table. Health issue: _Teen Pregnancy__________________________ |Website |Website Information Type |Type of Surveillance: |Data changes over time: |Identify two interventions | | | |survey, self report, |Has the incidence |that affect the issue. | | | |statistics, case report, |increased or decreased? | | | | |and so forth | | | |Example: http://www.cdc.gov/media/h1n1flu/index.htm#FAS |Table of contents, search, |Statistics and |Swine flu incidences have |Vaccine, hand washing, and | | |print, videos, surveillance |self-reporting |decreased. There are now |isolation masks | | |data current and past, | |isolated cases, compared | | | ...
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... 0.8*100%=80% 2. If there are 24 cases of a disease in a population of 10,000, what is the rate per 100,000? (24/10,000)*100,000=240 cases per 100,000. 3. How long does a case of the mumps last if during the 30 days of May 2008, the prevalence rate was 15/1000 and the incidence rate was 3/1000 during the same time? P=I*D 15=3* D So, D=15/3=5 cases during the 30days of May 2008. 4. In 2006, Kansas had 80 cases of tuberculosis (TB) compared with 60 cases during 2005. In 2006, 55 of the TB cases were in males while 25 were in females. In 2005 there were 2,744,687 people living in KS compared to 2,764,075 people in 2006. In both years, there were 50% male and 50% female in the state. What is the incidence of tuberculosis in 2006 and did it increase or decrease from 2005? (per 100,000 people) In 2006: Incidence: (80/2,764,075)*100,000=2.894 cases per 100,000 people In 2005: Incidence: (60/2,744,687)*100,000=2.186 cases per 100,000 people Form 2005, the incidence of TB have increased. 5. In 2006, Kansas had 1768 cases of prostrate cancer. Using the information given in question #4, determine the incidence of prostrate cancer per 100,000 people. In 2006: Male+Femal: (1768/2,764,075)*100,000=63.96 cases per 100,000people in 2006 6. Between 2003 and 2004 Riley County had 325 deaths due to coronary heart disease out of 1354 total patients with heart disease. The population...
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...Statement of the problem How prevalent is underage drinking at St.Catherine Academy and what are it’s causes? Rationale Teenage drinking has become a major problem in our society. This concerns me because underage has many impacts on our children that will affect their future and it can also be linked to academic failure. The objective of this research is to determine its prevalence at St. Catherine Academy and its causes in an attempt to finding ways to addressing this issue. Method of investigation The information will be obtained through the use of a survey. This is convenient because you can compare and contrast the different replies, also it allows all the participants to all answer the same questions and lastly it allows large amounts of information to be collected from a number of people in a short period of time. The disadvantages would include not knowing if the respondent is being truthful and respondents may not be fully aware of their reasons for any given answer because of lack of memory on the subject, or even boredo Confidentiality Note My name is a fourth form student of St. Catherine Academy. I am conducting a research on alcohol abuse in our school. I am kindly asking that you complete the survey below to the best of your knowledge so I can collect the necessary data for this research. Please note that this exercise is entirely confidential so DO NOT WRITE YOUR NAME anywhere on the survey. The information provided is accountable to my moderator...
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...Public Revenues Shifting and Incidences Tax Shifting Tax shifting is quite widely thought of in a literal sense as the transfer of the burden of a tax from the person with the statutory liability for the tax to another person(s). In this view, tax shifting is seen as little more than the efforts by producers or sellers of the taxed product or service to make others pay the tax, either by raising the price of the product or service or by reducing the price paid for the production inputs used to produce it. Tax shifting, however, is not usefully perceived merely as the "passing forward" or "passing backward" of the tax. Shifting is not simply the taxpayer’s raising the price to the buyer of the taxed product or service or cutting the payments to the suppliers of the inputs used to produce the product or service. This is not to say that the taxpayer makes no attempt to pass the tax forward or backwards, in this sense, but that such efforts, whether or not they succeed, involve only a part of the shifting adjustments. Of at least equal importance is how buyers or suppliers respond to any such efforts. These responses, in turn involving adjustments by other persons elsewhere in the economy, are much more complex and extensive than merely the initial changes in prices of outputs or inputs that the taxpayer can affect. Tax shifting is not a one-shot adjustment. Tax shifting is a process consisting of all of the economic adjustments that people make in response to the changes...
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...Abstract Local governments in Bangladesh have several options at hand to finance their activities and pursue their fiscal policy. These options include the imposition of taxes and the generation of non-tax revenues through fees, levies, cost recovery and user charges, property and investment income, domestic and foreign borrowing, the sale of assets and domestic and foreign grants. Urban Local Governments (ULGs) in developing countries are in dire need of resources not only for investment to meet the increasing demand of growing urban population but also for maintenance of the existing services. But the resources of the municipal bodies are inadequate; infrastructures are in poor condition and services maintenance is neither enough nor would cover the new expansions. Inefficient governance of the municipal bodies is partly responsible for this. Holding tax plays an important role in own revenue of Pourashavas. About 35-45% revenue comes from holding tax. But in Bhairab Pourashava it contributes only 18-20%. Every year, its demands and collection are decreasing. Many factors are responsible for this. This study tries to find out the problems of holding tax collection and assessment. Pourashava requires to pay more attention to solve these problems. If the amount of holding tax is increased, this will help Pourashava gradually become self-financed. Introduction With the rapid urban growth all over the world, the demand for various services and facilities are increasing radically...
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...ray [IR) lie on the same side with respect to the surface. b. The incident ray [SI] and the reflected ray [IR) lie on opposite sides with respect to the Normal (NI). c. The angle of incidence (i) is always equal to the angle of reflection (r). R R N N Reflected ray Reflected ray Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) i i r r S S I I Surface Surface Incident ray Incident ray Source of light Source of light 2. Refraction occurs when light traverses from one transparent medium into another transparent medium hence the surface separating the two media should also be transparent. d. When refraction occurs: i. The incident ray [SI] and the refracted ray [IS’) lie on opposite sides with respect to the surface. ii. The incident ray [SI] and the refracted ray [IS’) lie on opposite sides with respect to the Normal (NI). iii. The angle of incidence (i) is either greater or smaller than the angle of refraction (i’) except when the incident ray is perpendicular to the surface where i = i’. Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Transparent Medium 1: Where the incident ray is issued and where reflection occurs Transparent Medium 1: Where the incident ray is issued and where reflection occurs R R N N i ...
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...Name_________________________ Snell’s Law—PhET Simulation 1. Go to the PhET website. https://phet.colorado.edu/ 2. Choose “play with simulations.” Next, chose >Physics, >Light and Radiation, and choose >Bending Light. 3. Learn how to turn on the laser. Play with moving the angle to change the angle of incidence. Figure out how to use the protractor to measure angle of incidence and angle of refraction. Use the light intensity meter to figure out how to measure the percent of the ray that is refracted and reflected. Play with how a ray looks different than a wave. 4. Use the “Reset All” button. Align the protractor. Set up an angle of incidence of 60°. • What is the angle of refraction? ________ • What is the angle of reflection?_______ • What is the intensity of the refracted ray?________ • What is the intensity of the reflected ray?_______ 5. Change the upper medium to glass. Change the bottom medium to air. • Use the protractor to measure the critical angle._____ (Remember to measure from the normal, not the boundary.) _______ • What is the intensity of the reflected ray? ________ • Now use the shown indexes of refraction with Snell’s Law to check your measured critical angle. Show all work below. 5. Hit the “Reset All” button. 6. Make the top medium glass and the bottom medium water. • Using the protractor, measure the critical angle for light going from glass into water._____ • Use the indexes...
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...refraction are in the reference table ../ If the light moves from medium 1 to medium 2., Snell's law determines the angle of refraction 82: nlsin81 = n2sin82 ../ A lens is a transparent object that refracts light rays such that they converge or diverge to create and image ../ When rays of light pass through a converging lens (thicker at the middle), they are bent inward; when they pass through a diverging lens (thicker at the edge), they are bent outward ../ Farsightedness can be corrected with converging lenses; nearsightedness can be corrected with diverging lenses ../ The total internal reflection is the complete reflection that takes place within a substance when the angle of incidence of light striking the surface boundary is greater than the critical angle ../ The critical angle is the angle of incidence at which the refracted light makes an angle of 90° with the normal ./ Total internal reflection occurs only when the light moves from a medium with higher index of reaction to one medium with lower index of refraction ../ Mirage is produced by the bending of light rays in the atmosphere when there are large temperature difference between the...
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...Questions A. How did the angle of incidence compare with the angle of reflection? B. In trial 5, you aimed the incident ray directly along the normal. Describe the path of the incident and reflected rays for this special case. C. Where might errors occur in this activity? D. How would these errors affect your conclusion? E. Billiards is a game that makes use of reflection (Figure 2). How could the results of this activity help you in such a game? F. What other sports or activities make use of the reflection rule that you discovered in this activity? Answers a. The angle of incidence (the angle between the light emitted from a source and the normal) and the angle of reflection (the angle between the light that bounces from the surface and the normal) have the same angle. This is because a reflection coming from a plane mirror is usually equivalent to the object it is reflecting; this means that the angle in which the incident ray hits the mirror will be the same angle as the reflected ray. b. When the light was directed to the mirror at the same angle as the normal, the incident ray travelled straight along the normal line towards the mirror and as it hit the mirror it made the reflected ray travel straight along the normal line away from the mirror and towards the light source. c. There are places where errors could've occurred in this activity; first, when the light was aimed at the plane mirror the spot in which the incident ray had to hit was the normal...
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...* Lab Report: Reflection and Refraction Name: Sample Data and Answers DATA PROCEDURE A: Bouncing Light off a Flat Mirror FLAT MIRROR Angle of Incidence | Angle of Reflection | 24° | 23° | 45° | 45° | 63° | 63° | DATA PROCEDURE B: Bouncing Light off a Concave Mirror CONCAVE MIRROR Angle of Incidence | Angle of Reflection | 18° | 18.5° | 45° | 45° | 64° | 66° | DATA PROCEDURE C: Bouncing Light off a Convex Mirror CONVEX MIRROR Angle of Incidence | Angle of Reflection | 33° | 32° | 45° | 44° | 62° | 60° | DATA PROCEDURE D: The Bending of Light by Refraction REFRACTION: Calculated Index of Refraction, 1.33 INTERFACE 1 — From air into acrylic | INTERFACE 2 — From acrylic into air | Incident angle(in air) | Refracted angle(in acrylic) | Incident angle(in acrylic) | Refracted angle(in air) | 21° | 14° | 16° | 21° | 45° | 32° | 32° | 41° | 63° | 40° | 41° | 63° | PROCEDURE D: REFRACTION – Plot of versus from DataStudio, with the Linear Fit. DATA PROCEDURE E: Observing Dispersion DISPERSION At the Dispersion Interface(Light traveling from acrylic into air.) | Index of Refraction of Acrylic | Incident angle | Refracted angle(in air) | | | RED light | BLUE light | For RED light | For BLUE light | 20° | 26.3° | 27.9° | 1.30 | 1.37 | QUESTIONS PROCEDURES A, B, C: Bouncing Light off Mirrors * 1. According to the Law of Reflection, the incident angle and the reflection angle must be...
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...index of refraction of water. Theory: If a ray of light is incident on a flat surface: the angle of incidence a is the angle that the incident ray makes with respect to the normal, which is a line drawn perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence. The angle of reflection r is the angle that the reflected ray makes with the normal. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in the same plane, called the place of incidence, and the angle of reflection r equals the angle of incidence a – the Law of Reflection describes the behavior of the incident and reflected rays: a = r When light strikes the interface between two transparent materials, such as air and water, the light generally divides into two parts. Part of the light is reflected, with the angle of reflection equaling the angle of incidence. The remainder is transmitted across the interface. If the incident ray does not strike the interface at normal incidence, the transmitted ray has a different direction than the incident ray. The ray that enters the second material is said to be refracted. When light travels from a material with refractive index a into a material with refractive index b, the refracted ray, the incident ray, and the normal to the interface between the materials all lie in the same plane. The angle of refraction b is related to the angle of incidence a by: na sina = nb sin b When light passes from a medium of large refractive index into one of small...
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...reflection - the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection when measured from the normal. Equipment Single slit raybox with power supply Paper Ruler Protractor Sharp Pencil Plane mirror Support for mirror (e.g. wooden block with a groove in, or plasticine) Method Draw a line on the paper. Place the mirror on the line and support it so it does not move. Shine the beam from the raybox towards the mirror. Use the pencil to carefully mark two dots in the centre of the incident and reflected rays. Move the mirror to one side and use the ruler to join the dots to show the complete path of the ray. Add arrows so you know which direction the ray travelled. At the point where the ray reflects from the mirror add a line perpendicular to the mirrors surface - this is the normal line. Use the protractor measure the angle between the normal and the incident ray, and the normal and the reflected ray. Note these angles in a table and then repeat the experiment for at least three more different angles. Care should be taken when moving the raybox as those which use an incandescent bulb can get hot to the touch. Results You should find that the results show that the incident angle and reflected angle are equal. Your results may be a little out, due to errors introduced with how carefully you marked the path, the normal and measured the angle. Hypothesis – The angle of reflection will always be the same as the angle of incidence. Apparatus and Materials – ...
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...this experiment, we learned that the angle of incidence θi is the angle that the incident ray makes in regards to the normal one. Also, the angle of reflection θr is the angle that the reflected ray produces from the normal one. Also, we discussed how the law of reflection is used to explain the behavior of the incident and reflected rays. According to Snell’s law, we observed that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal line to the surface, all lie in the same plane and θi=θr. During the experiment we analyzed, the light striking the interface between two transparent materials and part of the light was reflected. The angle of the reflection equaled to the angle of incidence. The rest was passed along the interface and the ray entered that entered the second material was refracted. When light travels from medium #1, with a refractive index being n1, into the medium #2, with refractive index n2, the equation sinθ1= n2sinθ2. Lastly, we did a test that shows that when a light passes from a medium of large refractive index into one of small refractive index, the refracted ray it produces bends away from the normal because of the equation: n1>n2⇒sinθ1<sinθ2⇒ θ1<θ2 . Therefore, as the angle of incidence goes up, the angle of refraction also goes up. When the angle of incidence reaches a certain value, called the critical angle θc, the angle of refraction is 90°. When the angle of incidence is more than the critical angle there is no refracted...
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