...specific analysis for the OECD economies: 2.6 Tax and subsidy incidence equivalence theories: experimental evidence from competitive markets 2.7 Tax incidence under oligopoly: a comparison of policy approaches 2.8 The incidence of income tax on wages and labour supply 2.9 The incidence of personal income taxation: evidence from the tax reform act of 1986: 2.10 Tax incidence when individuals are time-inconsistent: the case of cigarette excise tax 3. Conclusion References 1. Introduction: Government generally collect taxes to generate revenue and question arise here is that after imposition of taxation, which group will bear the tax burden. After implementation of tax, there would be the division of tax burden between byres and sellers which is known as tax incidence. Tax incidence is linked to the price elasticity of demand and supply. If supply is more elastic than demand then the tax burden falls upon the buyers and when the demand is more elastic than supply then the producers will bear the cost of the tax. Tax incidence is basically the analysis of the effect of taxation on the distribution of economic welfare. Tax incidence expose that which group either consumer or producer is going to pay the price of new tax and it falls mostly on the group that has the inelastic price quantity or respond least to the price. Tax incidence or the tax burden does not depend on that where the revenue is collected but it...
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...1. TAXATION The good professor finds three quantifiable reasons that may explain why taxes in Sweden are high, yet the incentives to be productive remain. The first is third-party verification of taxable income. There is a lot of that in Scandinavia, but even so Sweden remains an outlier. The second one only seems to apply to Denmark: It has a clean and transparent tax system, without many loopholes and deductions. This keeps people from sheltering their income. It also keeps high-income foreigners from coming to or staying in your country. (Native Danes, in contrast, seem to be quite attached to their homeland.) Third, the Scandinavian countries subsidize a lot of things that are complementary to work – such as education, child care, elder care and transportation – thereby compensating for their high taxes. Here again, they are outliers. Other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries reach very similar participation rates with very low levels of such subsidies. Would those policies work in other countries? Perhaps. But perhaps they are all just manifestations of a highly productive public sector that the people like to put to use to do stuff. Furthermore, the high taxation caused a lot of issue. One of the issues is inadequate income, the total outcome of all of the effects listed below is a large tax burden. And only workers feel the brunt of this burden, because only workers create wealth. When all of these effects are combined, the tax burden on the...
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...What are the options? pricing and taxation policy reforms to redress excessive alcohol consumption and related harms in australia natacha Carragher & Jenny Chalmers1 nsW Bureau of Crime statistics and research 1 Natacha Carragher, Research Fellow, ATCL, BSc(Hons), PhD. Jenny Chalmers Senior Research Fellow, BEc(Hons), MEc, PhD. Drug Policy Modelling Program, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales. Address for correspondence: Dr Natacha Carragher, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052. Tel: 02 9385 0249. Fax: 02 9385 0222. Email: n.carragher@unsw.edu.au 2011 Published by the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research Attorney General’s Department Level 8 St James Centre 111 Elizabeth Street Sydney 2000 Australia Phone: +61 (2) 9231 9190 Fax: +61 (2) 9231 9187 Email: bcsr@agd.nsw.gov.au Website: www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au ISBN 978-1-921824-33-3 This report is available in pdf format on our website and may be provided in alternative formats. Please contact the Bureau on 02 9231 9190 or email us at bcsr@agd.nsw.gov.au © State of New South Wales through the Attorney General’s Department of NSW 2011. You may copy, distribute, display, download and otherwise freely deal with this work for any purpose, provided that you attribute the Attorney General’s Department of NSW as the owner. However, you must obtain permission if you wish to (a) charge others for access to the work (other than...
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...What are the options? pricing and taxation policy reforms to redress excessive alcohol consumption and related harms in australia natacha Carragher & Jenny Chalmers1 nsW Bureau of Crime statistics and research 1 Natacha Carragher, Research Fellow, ATCL, BSc(Hons), PhD. Jenny Chalmers Senior Research Fellow, BEc(Hons), MEc, PhD. Drug Policy Modelling Program, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales. Address for correspondence: Dr Natacha Carragher, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052. Tel: 02 9385 0249. Fax: 02 9385 0222. Email: n.carragher@unsw.edu.au 2011 Published by the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research Attorney General’s Department Level 8 St James Centre 111 Elizabeth Street Sydney 2000 Australia Phone: +61 (2) 9231 9190 Fax: +61 (2) 9231 9187 Email: bcsr@agd.nsw.gov.au Website: www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au ISBN 978-1-921824-33-3 This report is available in pdf format on our website and may be provided in alternative formats. Please contact the Bureau on 02 9231 9190 or email us at bcsr@agd.nsw.gov.au © State of New South Wales through the Attorney General’s Department of NSW 2011. You may copy, distribute, display, download and otherwise freely deal with this work for any purpose, provided that you attribute the Attorney General’s Department of NSW as the owner. However, you must obtain permission if you wish to (a) charge others for access to the work (other than...
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...This essay will focus on the various factors required when creating equitable pay and benefits packages for a British expatriate managers and engineers, who will be setting up production facilities in Denmark and Spain. Dowling and Welch (2004) defines an expatriate as ‘an employee who is working and temporarily residing in a foreign country’. This definition is also confirmed according to Harzing (2004) and Hollinshead (2010) they describe an expatriate as “a parent country national (PCN) working in foreign subsidiaries of the MNC for a predefined period, usually of 2-5 years”. (CEO Campbell Soup, quoted in Hollinshead 2010) “Too much emphasis on executives’ technical abilities - too little on cultural skills and family situation”. Baruch (2004) explains expatriates are prone to failure and it is a very risky approach; ‘The use of expatriate employees by organizations in their foreign subsidiaries represents a substantial investment with costs of expatriate failure reaching exorbitant levels ’. When focusing on the theory Trompennaar and Hall both indicate some culture issues that an expatriate may face. There are many reasons as to why an expatriate may not be successful and may return to their home country early this called repatriation, reasons for expats living early could be due to family concerns or the managers or engineers have accepted new position in the company, cultural adjustment challenges, security concerns and also career concerns. There are also number phases...
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...following headline: In the spring of 2012, Toms took a significant step forward by acquiring the German chocolate company Hanseatische Chocolade GmbH. Overnight, Toms added sales of 360 million Danish kroner. However, the management team agreed that this was only the first step in Toms’ path. As Møller and the management team watched the day’s first truckload of cocoa beans approach the factory loading dock, they began reflecting on the past, present and future of Toms as a chocolate confectionery company. How should Toms profitably grow its chocolate confectionery business? Toms’ ambition was to find focused growth as a strong niche player. Until 2012, the Danish market had accounted for almost 60 percent of Toms’ revenues. But Denmark is a mature, price-competitive market with heavy excise taxes on confectionery products. Møller and his team feared that the Danish market would become increasingly...
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...Taxation in low income countries A vital issue Ashok Shumshere JBR 2009-11-02 1:01 PM The topic of taxation has experienced a comprehensive change of structure since last many years. With the beginning of supply side taxation, role of taxation has become more significant. Taxation is not only an effective instrument for resource mobilization — a “boot strap operation for financing economic development-but also a ‘tool kit’ for revenue collection to sustain growth and maintain equity and stability in the economy. If blood circulation is essential to keep the human body alive so is taxation to keep the economy alive. Developing countries suffer from dearth of revenue because of low taxable capacity as the majority of people live below the poverty line with hardly any capacity to pay taxes to the government. On top, legal base of taxation is condensed with unrestricted tax shelters and tax administration is short of modern mechanism to spot new tax payers and bring them into the orbit of tax- net. According to the theory of structural change of taxes during the developmental process, the contribution of direct taxes will grow with the rise in per capita income, in turn the contribution of indirect taxes will comparatively slow down. Direct taxes have tactical importance and its preference over indirect taxes is claimed on the ground of neutrality, welfare and excess burden. With time, it has been established that direct taxation gives the best accountability...
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...most equitable and egalitarian countries with high income parity, minor poverty levels, free education and healthcare, rights and social freedoms and traditional custom of humanitarianism the Danish can be seen as a very liberal people. However, Denmark is tough on immigration and those who do it. This is seen in the Danish attitudes towards Muslim immigrants and refugees (less than 5% of pop.). The general Danish attitude is that Muslims are at a “lower stage of civilisation” and are a threat which has lead to some controversial policies such as drastically reducing benefits to refugees, refusing to take the 1000 refugees assigned to them, not allowing asylum seekers to live anywhere but refugee centres, laws introduced to strip search refugees and take any valuable items or cash, and heightening the difficulty to gain permanent residence. This makes it hard to people new to Denmark who often do not easily learn Danish or join the workforce, relying only on welfare and end up in “ghettos” which are shut off from the rest of Danish society. This is evidence of the “harsh” side of Danish society. this contrast between ‘outsiders’ and ‘nationals’ allows the Danish system to help some and make it very difficult for others, making Denmark both the most racist and most...
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...Rev. DAVID A. PALMER BA (Financial Control) FCA CTA MCIPD David is an experienced financial professional who has devoted his skills to management training in practical understanding and utilisation of financial information. A Graduate, Chartered Accountant, and Associate of the Institute of Taxation, he is also a Member of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development and has been an Ordained as a Deacon in the Catholic Church. He has worked as a Financial Controller and Company Secretary in the Finance industry and as a Director of Finance and Administration in the Computer Services industry. Since 1990 he has conducted management development programmes for over forty major organisations including Arla Foods, Blue Circle, BP, CSC Computer Sciences, Conoco, Ernst & Young, Lloyds Bowmaker, Royal Mail, Unilever and Zeneca. He also runs programmes for the Leadership Foundation and the management teams at a number of Universities. International training experience includes work in Belgium and Holland for CSC, in Denmark, Kenya and the Czech Republic for Unilever, in Holland and the US for Zeneca, in Dubai for Al Atheer, in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia for Cable & Wireless. He specialises in programmes in financial management for both tactical and strategic decision making. In addition he has run courses in acquisition evaluation (The Economist, Eversheds, Blue Circle and Hays Chemicals) and in post-acquisition management (Unilever). All training is specifically...
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...members:_____________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ____________________________ | | Project no.: 1 Class and group number: Table of Contents Introduction 2 INTRODUCING 7-ELEVEN 3 Marketing mix 3 Product 3 Place 4 Price & Promotion 4 People 4 Process 4 Physical environment 4 Mission 5 Vision 5 Values 5 Objectives 6 Macro environment – PESTLE analysis 6 Political 7 Economical 7 Socio cultural 7 Technological 7 Environmental 8 Legal 8 Porters five forces analysis 8 Competitive analysis 11 Conclusion 12 List of sources: 13 Introduction The retail industry in Denmark had a very good performance in 2012, after continued stagnation over the review period. In general, the retail industry is sensitive to any economic fluctuations and therefore it was very much affected by the financial crisis which occurred 3 years ago. The crisis “shattered consumer confidence dragging out through 2009-2010.” Last year, in 2012, the reduction in unemployment, growth in incomes and prospects of economic recovery all “contributed to growing value sales in the majority of retail channels. “ Despite the growth in incomes and the stabilization of economy, consumers did not really came back to their old habits, remaining rather “ price-sensitive” and cautious in terms of their spending. The report below provides an insight...
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...Tartalom Introduction 2 Methodology 2 Steeple Analysis 3 Porter 5 forces 4 Attractiveness of the industry sector 4 Performance driver of critical Success Factor 5 Conclusion 5 Paper outline 5 Bibliography 6 Introduction Danish cheese manufacturing originates from 500-1100 when Viking started producing Rennet cheese, which they have “exported” and shared the know-how of producing around their territories, in late 1800 the first diary cooperative was found and trough 1900 the cheese engineering and producing developed to the today’s applicable high industry level (Yiva Ardo). In 1999 the Arla foods diary company was founded (Yiva Ardo), which today is the largest diary company in the Europe (William Reed) ‘and it commands 51% value share’ (Euro Monitor) of Danish cheese market the rest of market share is saturated with thirty smaller diary companies (Danish Agriculture & Food Council). The Danish cheese market is marketed by domestic diary production, imported cheese and dairy products measures approximately 25% of domestic consumption, on the other hand the value of the dairy export totals to EUR 1.8 billion annually (Danish Agriculture & Food Council). As the EU cheese market including Danish market stepped in a mature life cycle, the activities became more competitive and volatile; the main task of current players should be to consolidate current market positions (The Diary Site), on the other hand the maturity of the cheese market and high volume...
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...government does not screen any foreign investment projects with the exception of those in the defence and banking sectors. As an OECD member the Czech Republic is committed not to discriminate against foreign investors in privatisation sales, with the same exception as that mentioned above. INVESTMENT PROTECTION The Czech Republic is a member of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), an international organization for protection of investments, which is part of the World Bank-IMF group. The country has signed a number of bilateral treaties which support and protect foreign investments, for example with the United States, Germany, the UK, France, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Finland, Norway, Denmark and...
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...the same regardless of where you are situated on the economic scale. They also put emphasis on how political figures use poverty and equality as standpoints for campaign but rarely follow through with such strategies and campaign models. They also illustrate ways how to shorten of the gap. Through Wilkinson’s TED Talk paired with Kate Picket and his chapter on equality, have displayed important matters as previously outlined on how to shorten the gap. One of the important matters I have learned from them is that taxation is not the only way in which equality in the economy can be obtained. Although it is efficient, as seen with their explanation on how Denmark utilizes higher taxes for those with higher income to equalize society. Decreasing the economic gap may also be done for example, by giving workers their voice in companies. Another way in which equality may be obtained is for example, when looking at Japan, they have a smaller gap in earnings prior to taxation. ...
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...SETTING UP A NEW MANUFACTURING BUSINESS UNIT IN BRAZIL. Hofstede defined national culture as the set of collaborative beliefs and values that differentiate people of one nationality from those of another. (Vance and Paik, 2006). This essay is going to state the cultural differences between Denmark and Brazil that will need to be taken into consideration before setting up a new business unit and also assess the possible management models that may be suitable in the context. DANISH CULTURE. * The welfare system in Denmark is immense and is financed by one of the highest taxation levels in the world. * Denmark has also started to pay increasing attention to corporate social r responsibility (CSR) and in doing so is following the example set by other European countries. * Danes take punctuality for business meetings very seriously and expect that you will do likewise. * Business structures tend to be very flat in Denmark. * Informality is typical in business. * There are no strict hierarchies between employees and management BRAZILIAN CULTURE. * When greeting in Brazil the use of First names is common, but titles are also important. * The conservative European dressing code is the norm for all meetings in the big cities. * Punctuality may be an issue in Brazil, but you should not take lateness as a sign of rudeness or laziness. * Relationships in Brazil are important. * Clear and distinct hierarchical structures...
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...A tax is an involuntary fee levied on producers and consumers by the government that is used to finance government activities. A land value tax is a tax that is paid by landowners to the government based on the value of the land, disregarding property and any improvements made to the land. The most efficient tax would result in the least distortion of economic decision making thereby interfering the least with the market’s efficient allocation of resources and reducing the “excess burden” on society. In this essay, we shall be first examining the economic effect of a land tax, and discuss how land tax is economically efficient. Then I will discuss how land value tax may not be the most efficient tax due to the supply elasticity of land created by government land use regulations and the existence of alternative potentially efficient tax bases. Refer to figure 1. As land is immobile and the amount of land available at any point in time is fixed, we assume the supply of land (S) is perfectly price inelastic. Demand for land use is represented by D. The rent paid by the land user to the landowner is OR, and the rental revenue earned by the owner is ORAQ on figure 1. Changes in the economic rent of land do not affect the quantity of land supplied. With the implementation of a land value tax of OT, based on the value of the land, the total rental revenue received by the landowner is reduced from ORAQ to TRAB, and the tax revenue earned by the government is OTBQ. As the supply...
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