...TCP/IP OSI MODEL TCP/IPMODEL OS MODEL Eric Jones 1/31/2014 TCP/IP MODEL OS MODEL TCP/IP is a set of protocols that allows communication between to different computers. It separates networking functions into different layers. Each layer has a different task that is similar to another layer or functions. The TCP/IP is a short version of the OS Model it has four layers instead of seven. TCP/IP is the language of how computers communicate with other computers through the internet. TCP/IP is not a single network protocols it’s a suite of protocols. The TCP layer handles the message being sent and breaks it down into small units called packets which are transferred over to the network. The IP layer is most concerned about transmission. By using unique IP addresses assign to every active receiver on the network. TCP/IP combines the OSI application and the presentation layers and supports flexibility in hostnames and also handles Dns errors and mapping domain names. The OSI also known as the reference model it provides a method of standards and protocols which can be compared to assist in other connectivity. Most developers today now use a reference model/OSI Model learn how transmissions are framed and created to translate to other systems. I it begins with the physical layer of the transmitting system and travels through the other layers to the application layer. Once the data reaches the application layer it is processed by the receiving system. In some cases, the...
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...ABSTRACT Without TCP/IP, there would be no internet. TCP and IP are two separate data communication and transmission protocols. They are considered the core protocols of TCP/IP network model. The model encompass four layers; application layer, host-to-host transport layer, Internet layer, and network access layer. Each layer process data that it receives and push up and down the model layers according to its intended function. This paper will provide an analysis of the layered protocol structure of TCP/IP networks. Keywords: TCP/IP networks model, application layer, host-to-host transport layer, Internet layer, and network access layer. INTRODUCTION All internet services that we use and rely on in our daily life are based on TCP/IP networks....
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...The following table compares the functions performed at each OSI model layer. Layer | Description and Keywords | Application (Layer 7) | The Application layer integrates network functionality into the host operating system, and enables network services. The Application layer does not include specific applications that provide services, but rather provides the capability for services to operate on the network.Most Application layer protocols operate at multiple layers down to the Session and even Transport layers. However, they are classified as Application layer protocols because they start at the Application layer (the Application layer is the highest layer where they operate). Services typically associated with the Application layer include: * HTTP * Telnet * FTP * TFTP * SNMP | Presentation (Layer 6) | The Presentation layer formats or "presents" data into a compatible form for receipt by the Application layer or the destination system. Specifically, the Presentation layer ensures: * Formatting and translation of data between systems. * Negotiation of data transfer syntax between systems, through converting character sets to the correct format. * Encapsulation of data into message envelopes by encryption and compression. * Restoration of data by decryption and decompression. | Session (Layer 5) | The Session layer's primary function is managing the sessions in which data is transferred. Functions at this layer include: * Management of multiple sessions...
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...Protocols Just like wired and TCP/IP communications, wireless communications has its own set of protocols. These protocols exist to govern wireless communications for mobile phones, pagers, and other wireless devices (Protocols.com). Protocols that exist for wireless communications such as wireless session protocol, wireless transaction protocol, wireless transport layer security, and wireless datagram protocol each covering different aspects of the communications model (Protocols.com). Just like wired and TCP/IP communications, wired communication protocols exist in a wireless communications OSI model (Protocols.com). The wireless communications OSI model is divided into the following layers; application layer, session layer, transaction layer, security layer, transport layer (Protocols.com). Each layer of the wireless communications OSI model has is associated protocols. The necessity for different protocols for wireless communications comes from this “WAP Stack” which is the model for wireless data transfer (Protocols.com). Each layer of the model is governed by different protocols, and are divided as follows. * Application Layer Protocols * WAE or Wireless Application Environment * WTA or Wireless Telephony Application (Protocols.com) * Session Layer Protocols * WSP or Wireless Session Protocol (Protocols.com) * Transaction Layer Protocols * WTP or Wireless Transaction Protocol (Protocols.com) * Security Layer Protocols * WTLS or Wireless Transport Layer Security...
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...1. nibble, byte, word, double word- define 2. how does the RAM know when its on and off, full and half 3. converting binary’s 4. how are the tracks and setctors separated on a hard drive 5. pg 12 adding binary 6. Read about file systems 7. Video compression and what is it for 8. 9. Internet core 10. How do you define a network (more than one computer) 11. Topologies (bus,ring,star,and mesh) 12. Networking standards 13. Defacto standards vs vendor standards vs vendor group standards 14. Tcp/ip 15. Open networking model and the osi model 16. Ip routing 17. Pg 136 authors note 18. Frame and packet 19. IP addressing 20. IP addressing 21. Physical layer, layer 1 of the OSI model 22. Lab 3.1.1 (wouldn’t be able to communicate) 23. Data link layer 24. LAN vs WAN 25. Different between ac and dc currents 26. Difference between the circitury and node 27. Full duplex vs half duplex 28. Sending data through electricity foucusing on sound waves 29. RJ 45 connectors 30. Fiber optics 31. The wireless standards 32. CSMA CSCA 33. When you have a fiber optic cable and two buildings, which would you use single mode or multi mode? Multi mode 34. Copper cable and standards. (EMI) 35. Two types of utp cable a and b, cross over and straight cable 36. Max distance for UTP cables (100M) 37. FORFIT! 38. What is trouble shooting bottom up and...
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...The network uses standards defined in TCP/IP RFCs, plus other standards. 2. C. Ethernet D. TCP/IP mapping 3. A. It exists as a written document. C. It has been passed through some form of review and approval or certification process. 4. A. De facto standard documents have been reviewed more thoroughly. C. De facto standards typically mean that the standards group has been authorized by many countries to create standards that apply to multiple countries. 5. B. The data link layer sits lower in the model than the transport layer. C. The physical layer sits just below the data link layer. 6. B. IEEE D. ANSI 7. D. To keep intellectual property rights to the technology inside the company 8. B. IP is a network layer protocol. 9. B. TCP/IP 10. B. The lower four layers of TCP/IP define the same kinds of functions as the matching layer numbers from OSI. 11. C. The PCs use two wires to create a circuit to send data from PC1 to PC2. 12. B. Ethernet defines MAC addresses, but when used in a TCP/IP network, it does not use the addresses, instead relying on IP addresses. 13. D. Datagram 14. B. Can be written in DDN format D. Used by routers to make a forwarding decision 15. A. 48 bits in length 16. A. LANs generally connect devices that are nearer to each other, compared to WANs. D. LANs are purchased, and WANs are leased. 17. B. Two TCP/IP data-link protocols are Ethernet and...
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...This Cisco IOS command would display the current status of EIGRP? Show IP eigrp neighbors Two metrics used by default in EIGRP metric calculation? Bandwidth and Delay Dynamic routing protocols is considered an exterior gateway protocol only? BGP Is an encapsulation protocol that can be used on cisco routers when configuring subinterfaces? 802.1Q Is the binary equivalent to the dotted decimal netmask- 255.255.192.0? 1111.1111.11100.0000 This routing protocol is considered to use distance vector logic? Rip Has the lowest Cisco IOS administrative distance? Static route Describe the point-to-point WAN connection protocol provided by Telco? Leased Lines This cisco IOS command copies the current running configuration to a tftp server? Copy running-config tftp The concept of EIGRP Feasible distance is the computed metric of a SUCCESSOR route Is the dotted decimal equivalent to slash notation /25 255.255.255.128 The routing protocol that doesn’t support support VLSM? RIP v1 Is the broadcast address for the ip subnet 8.5.8.232 mask 255.255.0.0 8.5.255.255 Is the slash notation dotted decimal mask of 255.255.255.252 /30 The following mask could create an IP subnet from a class B that contains 500 hosts? 255.255.255.0 Port of STMP? 25 Protocol responsible for resolving mac addresses from IP addresses? ARP Two protocols commonly used in WANS at layer 2 of the OSI model? HDLC and PPP 192.168.254.0 is private up networks, classified by? RFC1918 Bits comprise the network...
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...Building TCP/IP Networks This chapter will allow you to explore the common models of networking from the physical media connection to the application that displays the information, including how these layers interact and how they map to real networking devices. The labs in this chapter are designed to reinforce concepts from Chapter 3 of your Introduction to Networking textbook and allow you to explore some of the more important ideas with greater depth. You will explore the different types of network reference models available and analyze how each one applies to real network technology. You will also use packet capturing to look at real network traffic and explore the data link layer of networking. At the end of this chapter, you should be able to ■ Explain the purpose of network reference models ■ Describe the layers of the OSI reference model and explain what each layer provides ■ Describe the layers of the TCP/IP model and relate it to the OSI model and real networking equipment ■ Capture live packet information on a network and explain the data link layer portion of the packets captured ■ Enable network resources such as shared printers and file sharing on your own PC Lab 3.1: Network Reference Models approximate Lab Time: 10–15 min. Materials Needed: paper/pencil, Textbook, and Internet research This lab reviews the importance of modeling communication on a network. This will include a review of the state of networking before standardized reference models existed...
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...Analysis of Wireless Protocols Analysis of Wireless Protocols Just like wired and TCP/IP communications, wireless communications has its own set of protocols. These protocols exist to govern wireless communications for mobile phones, pagers, and other wireless devices (Protocols.com). Protocols that exist for wireless communications such as wireless session protocol, wireless transaction protocol, wireless transport layer security, and wireless datagram protocol each covering different aspects of the communications model (Protocols.com). Just like wired and TCP/IP communications, wired communication protocols exist in a wireless communications OSI model (Protocols.com). The wireless communications OSI model is divided into the following layers; application layer, session layer, transaction layer, security layer, transport layer (Protocols.com). Each layer of the wireless communications OSI model has is associated protocols. The necessity for different protocols for wireless communications comes from this “WAP Stack” which is the model for wireless data transfer (Protocols.com). Each layer of the model is governed by different protocols, and are divided as follows. * Application Layer Protocols * WAE or Wireless Application Environment * WTA or Wireless Telephony Application (Protocols.com) * Session Layer Protocols * WSP or Wireless Session Protocol (Protocols.com) * Transaction Layer Protocols * WTP or Wireless Transaction...
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...Figure 1 is the soil layer. Ground water table is at 5m depth. The thickness of each layer is determined by Case 1 uses H1 = 4m, H2 = 5m, H3 = 7m, and H4 = 2m. Case 2 uses H1 = 2m, H2 = 7m, H3 = 5m, and H4 = 4m. Soil below Layer 4 is considered as a rigid stratum which can control failure mechanism. Case 1 Layer 1: c’ = 3kPa, φ’ = 38°, and γ = 19kN/m3 (γsat = 20.3kN/m3) Layer 2 : cu = 25kPa, c’ = 8kPa, φ’ = 25°, OCR = 2, Cc = 0.8, Cs = 0.16, e = 1.1 and γ = 15kN/m3 (γsat = 16kN/m3) Layer 3: c’ = 0kPa, φ’ = 38°, and γ = 18kN/m3 (γsat = 19.1kN/m3) Layer 4 : cu = 40kPa, φ’ = 28°, OCR = 1, Cc = 0.5, e = 0.9 and γ = 16kN/m3 (γsat = 17kN/m3) Case 2 Layer 1 : cu = 30kPa, c’ = 15kPa, φ’ = 23°, OCR = 3.0, Cc = 0.8, Cs = 0.16, e = 1.1 and γ = 15kN/m3 (γsat = 16.5kN/m3) Layer 2: c’ = 1kPa, φ’ = 35°, and γ = 19kN/m3 (γsat = 20.8kN/m3) Layer 3 : cu = 35kPa, c’ = 5kPa, φ’ = 28°, OCR = 1.5, Cc = 0.5, e = 0.9 and γ = 16kN/m3 (γsat = 17.3kN/m3) Layer 4: c’ = 0kPa, φ’ = 35°, and γ = 18kN/m3 (γsat = 19.1kN/m3) Design the cut slopes for 12m height (Case 1) and for 7m height (Case 2), based on F = 1.3 (short-term), F = 1.5 (long-term) and F = 1.15 (seismic). There are only three options that can be used to increase F for the slope. They are, 1) reduce the slope angle; 2) reduce the slope height; and 3) dewater. The optimum design is the slope cut as less as possible. The water table change will induce the consolidation. The maximum vertical displacement due to dewatering on the slope crest must be...
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...IT 302 LINUX ADMIN PROJECT I chose to do my final project on the Samba server, such as how to set up the server, security, and maintenance. Samba “is an Open Source/Free Software suite that provides seamless file and print services to SMB/CIFS clients. Samba is freely available, unlike other SMB/CIFS implementations, and allows for interoperability between Linux/Unix servers and Windows-based clients.” (source1) The whole purpose of the samba software is to make it possible to operate on many platforms. To install the server you would use the yum command in terminal. You then would enter su for the “super user” to install files as root. Then create a new directory containing three empty files which you'll share. While logged on as root create the new directory “/smbdemo” using this command “mkdir /smbdemo”. Then you would change permissions on the new directory to 770 with the following command “chmod 770 /smbdemo”. Now you navigate to the new directory with “cd /smbdemo” for the command. Add three empty files to the directory with the following command “touch file1 file2 file3”. Next step one would most likely add a user to the server. You do this first by “adding users to the Samba database in order for them to have access to their home directory and other Samba shares.”(source2) Using this command “smbpasswd -a ” you will then be able to add a new samba user. The user must be an existing Linux user or else the command will fail. Then if you “perform the following...
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...networks together. Network models include many of protocols, such as HTTP, DHCP, IPv4, UDP and ARP, which include the rules and regulations to manage the communication between the network devices, also the limits of communication with each other (Kozierok, 2001-2005). The most commonly used are: 1. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which established by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and managed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), to connect the various Defense Department with each other, and uses the TCP/IP protocol to connect all governmental, educational and business institutions in the world. 2....
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...INTRO TO NETWORKING UNIT3 LAB3.3 The TCP/IP Model Mr. Randy Vogl Gus Perez 19593003 The TCP/IP network model Exercise 3.3.1 What are the distinct differences between OSI and TCP/IP models? TCP refers to Transmission Control Protocol. OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection. Model TCP/IP is developed on points toward a model the internet. TCP/IP has 4 layers. OSI has 7 layers. TCP/IP more reliable than OSI OSI has strict boundaries; TCP/IP does not have very strict boundaries. TCP/IP follow a horizontal approach. OSI follows a vertical approach. In the application layer, TCP/IP uses both session and presentation layer. OSI uses different session and presentation layers. TCP/IP developed protocols then model. OSI developed model then protocol. TCP/IP offers support for connectionless communication within the network layer. In the network layer, OSI supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication. TCP/IP is protocol dependent. OSI is protocol independent. http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/internet/difference-between-osi-and-tcp-ip-model/ Read more: Difference between OSI and TCP IP Model | Difference Between | Difference between OSI vs TCP IP Model http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/internet/difference-between-osi-and-tcp-ip-model/#ixzz3f4nyPzTU TCP/IP model protocols and functions. Exercise 3.3.2 Identify the layer in which each protocol resides according to the TCP/IP model. Using figure 3.4 from the Lab manual...
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...NT1210 Lab 3.3: the TCP/IP Model Exercise 3.3.1 Using your textbook and Internet research, create a mapping between the TCP/IP model and the OSI reference model. What are the distinct differences between them? Applications, Transport, Network, Network Interface this the TCP/IP model. A huge difference is that TCP/IP model uses 4 major layers instead of 7 layers to OSI model. OSI Model is Applications, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link and Physical composed to 7 layers. OSI was developed as theoretical model, while TCP/IP was more practical model. Exercise 3.3.2 Identify the layer in which each protocol resides according to the TCP/IP model Transport layers: The Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). These core protocols support many other protocols, to perform a variety of functions at each of the TCP/IP model layers. Still others enable user applications to function. Exercise 3.3.3 The most common protocols used from this suite are IP, TCP, and UDP. Briefly describe the purpose and function of each of these. Use your textbook and Internet research to support your answer. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) Whereas the IP protocol deals only with packets, TCP enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange streams of data. User Datagram Protocol a connectionless protocol that, like TCP, runs on top of IP networks. Unlike TCP/IP, UDP/IP provides very few error recovery services...
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...your textbook and Internet research, create a mapping between the TCP/IP model and the OSI reference model. What are the distinct differences between them? The four layers of the TCP/IP architecture can be compared to certain levels of the OSI model. It’s important to know what each level of the TCP/IP protocol architecture does, and how these layers map to the OSI model. The Application Layer of the TCP/IP model performs much the same tasks as the Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI model. The Transport layer in the TCP/IP architecture is similar to the Transport layer in the OSI model. This layer can use TCP or UDP as well. The Internetwork layer in the TCP/IP architecture uses IP addresses to determine how packets should be routed. Remember that the OSI model uses IP addresses, or “Layer 3 Addresses”, at the Network layer. The two layers do much the same thing. This layer is also referred to in the TCP/IP model as the Internet layer. The Network Interface layer in the TCP/IP architecture serves to define the protocols and the hardware needed to actually deliver the data across the network. The Network Interface model does the work of both the Data Link and Physical Layers in the OSI model. exercise 3.3.2 : Identify the layer in which each protocol resides according to the TCP/IP model. See the above. exercise 3.3.3 : The most common protocols used from this suite are IP, TCP, and UDP. Briefly describe the purpose and function of each of...
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