...term paper work, which enabled me to complete my dissertation work successfully. I would also like to offer my heartfelt thanks, gratitude, deep respect and indebtedness to Soma Bhattacharjee, Lecturer of Economics, Jagannath University for his continuous guidance, thoughtful suggestion and inspirations during the entire time of my term paper. I am indebted to the respondents of the study area who provided data and suggestions to complete the work. Contents PAGE i. Abstract ………………………………………………………4 ii. Acronyms & Abbreviations……………………………...……5 (1)Chapter-One 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………..6 1.2 Background………………………………………………………..7 1.3 Literature Review………………………………………………….8 1.4 Statement of the problem…………………………………………8-9 1.5 Objectives of the...
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...Capital Structure Decisions: Which Factors Are Reliably Important? Murray Z. Frank and Vidhan K. Goyal∗ This paper examines the relative importance of many factors in the capital structure decisions of publicly traded American firms from 1950 to 2003. The most reliable factors for explaining market leverage are: median industry leverage (+ effect on leverage), market-to-book assets ratio (−), tangibility (+), profits (−), log of assets (+), and expected inflation (+). In addition, we find that dividend-paying firms tend to have lower leverage. When considering book leverage, somewhat similar effects are found. However, for book leverage, the impact of firm size, the market-to-book ratio, and the effect of inflation are not reliable. The empirical evidence seems reasonably consistent with some versions of the trade-off theory of capital structure. When corporations decide on the use of debt finance, they are reallocating some expected future cash flows away from equity claimants in exchange for cash up front. The factors that drive this decision remain elusive despite a vast theoretical literature and decades of empirical tests. This stems in part from the fact that many of the empirical studies are aimed at providing support for a particular theory. The amount of evidence is large, and so it is often all too easy to provide some empirical support for almost any idea. This is fine for a given paper but more problematic for the overall development of our understanding of capital...
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...1. Ramada Demonstrates Its Personal Best In 1996 the latest D. K. Shifflet survey of customer satisfaction in the hospitality industry showed mid-tier hotels continuing their downward trend in perceived customer service, reflected by more and more respondents giving ratings on customer service in the 7 or lower range on Shifflet’s 10-point scale. While Ramada’s satisfaction rates held steady, “It was only a matter of time before we experienced the problem,” says Tim Pigsley, director of operations for Ramada Franchise Systems (RFS). Shifflet research highlighted three critical areas for study that could influence customer satisfaction: hiring (finding the best people to deliver Ramada’s brand of exceptional service), training (giving employees the tools to deliver exceptional service), and motivation (providing the impetus for Ramada employees to deliver exceptional service). Unlike some of its competitors, RFS is a totally franchised system. In such an environment, not only must headquarters contend with the variable human factor of all service operations, but additionally, RFS must contend with differing “exceptional service” standards among owners of the nearly 900 Ramada properties. “Due to the franchised system of property management, we needed for each management team and each employee to be committed to the change—to buy in to any new program—whatever shape it would take,” explains Pigsley. “We wanted to learn and borrow from the best so we started with Disney. In...
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...Jonathan Heath Lo que indican los indicadores Cómo utilizar la información estadística para entender la realidad económica de México Prólogo de Eduardo Sojo Garza-Aldape Jonathan Heath Lo que indican los indicadores Cómo utilizar la información estadística para entender la realidad económica de México 332.972 Heath, Jonathan. Lo que indican los indicadores : cómo utilizar la información estadística para entender la realidad económica de México / Jonathan Heath ; pról. Eduardo Sojo Garza-Aldape . -- México : INEGI, c2012. xx, 419 p. : il. ISBN 978-607-494-288-0 1 . Desarrollo económico - México. 2. México - Condiciones económicas. I. Garza-Aldape, Eduardo Sojo. DR © 2012, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía Edificio Sede Av. Héroe de Nacozari Sur Núm. 2301 Fracc. Jardines del Parque, CP 20276 Aguascalientes, Ags. www.inegi.org.mx atencion.usuarios@inegi.org.mx Lo que indican los indicadores Cómo utilizar la información estadística para entender la realidad económica de México Impreso en México ISBN 978-607-494-288-0 Advertencia El análisis, puntos de vista, comentarios y opiniones vertidas en este libro son de carácter estrictamente personal y no reflejan, en ningún momento, la posición oficial del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). Lo que indican los indicadores Contenido INEGI. Lo que indican los indicadores. Cómo utilizar la información estadística para entender la realidad...
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...published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being “GNU General Public License” and “Free Software Needs Free Documentation”, the Front-Cover text being “A GNU Manual”, and with the Back-Cover Text being (a) (see below). A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. (a) The Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual.” Printed copies of this manual can be purchased from Network Theory Ltd at http://www.network-theory.co.uk/gsl/manual/. The money raised from sales of the manual helps support the development of GSL. i Table of Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Routines available in GSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GSL is Free Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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...Demography of Germany Concepts, Data, and Methods G. Rohwer U. P¨tter o Version 3 October 2003 Fakult¨t f¨r Sozialwissenschaft a u Ruhr-Universit¨t Bochum, GB 1 a 44780 Bochum goetz.rohwer@ruhr-uni-bochum.de ulrich.poetter@ruhr-uni-bochum.de Preface This text is an introduction to concepts and methods of demographic description and analysis. The substantial focus is on the demographic development of Germany, all data refer to this country. The main reason for this focus on a single country is that we want to show how the tools of demography can actually be used for the analysis of demographic problems. The text consists of two parts. Part I introduces the conceptual framework and explains basic statistical notions. This part also includes a short chapter that explains how we speak of “models” and why we do not make a sharp distinction between “describing” and “modeling” demographic processes. Then follows Part II that deals with data and methods. In the present version of the text, we almost exclusively discuss mortality and fertility data; migration is only mentioned in Chapter 6 and briefly considered in the context of a Leslie model at the end of the text. In addition to providing a general introduction to concepts of demography, the text also intends to show how to practically work with demographic data. We therefore extensively document all the data used and explain the statistical calculations in detail. In fact, most of these calculations are quite simple;...
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...Doing Business in Vietnam: 2011 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT, U.S. & FOREIGN COMMERCIAL SERVICE AND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2011. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES. • • • • • • • • • • Chapter 1: Doing Business in Vietnam Chapter 2: Political and Economic Environment Chapter 3: Selling U.S. Products and Services Chapter 4: Leading Sectors for U.S. Export and Investment Chapter 5: Trade Regulations, Customs and Standards Chapter 6: Investment Climate Chapter 7: Trade and Project Financing Chapter 8: Business Travel Chapter 9: Contacts, Market Research and Trade Events Chapter 10: Guide to Our Services Return to table of contents Chapter 1: Doing Business in Vietnam • • • • Market Overview Market Challenges Market Opportunities Market Entry Strategy Return to top Market Overview • Vietnam is a true emerging market, offering ground floor and growing opportunities for U.S. exporters and investors. Vietnam’s economic growth rate has been among the highest in the world in recent years, expanding at an average about 7.2 percent per year during the period 2001-2010, while industrial production grew at an average of about 12 percent per year during the same period. Vietnam registered GDP growth rate of 6.7 percent in 2010 and was one of only a handful of countries around the world to experience such levels of economic growth. Moving forward, inflation remains a main risk to Vietnam’s economy, which the Government...
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...Doing Business in Vietnam: 2009 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT, U.S. & FOREIGN COMMERCIAL SERVICE AND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2008. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES. • • • • • • • • • • Chapter 1: Doing Business In Vietnam Chapter 2: Political and Economic Environment Chapter 3: Selling U.S. Products and Services Chapter 4: Leading Sectors for U.S. Export and Investment Chapter 5: Trade Regulations and Standards Chapter 6: Investment Climate Chapter 7: Trade and Project Financing Chapter 8: Business Travel Chapter 9: Contacts, Market Research and Trade Events Chapter 10: Guide to Our Services 3/3/2009 Return to table of contents Chapter 1: Doing Business in Vietnam • • • • Market Overview Market Challenges Market Opportunities Market Entry Strategy Market Overview Return to top • Vietnam is a true emerging market, offering ground floor and growing opportunities for U.S. exporters and investors. Vietnam’s economic growth rate has been among the highest in the world in recent years, expanding annually at 7-8.5 percent, while industrial production has been growing at around 14-15 percent per year. Vietnam’s macroeconomic challenges and the global financial crisis dampened this growth in 2008 and will continue to do so in 2009. • In response to significant macroeconomic challenges, including high inflation and a large and growing current account deficit, the...
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