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Teaching of Controversial Issues

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DEALING WITH
CONTROVERSIAL
ISSUES IN
SOCIAL STUDIES

BY: SURBHI MOHINDROO SECTION- A ROLL NO. – 37 GUIDED BY- DR. KUSUM

WHAT ARE CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES Controversial issues are those that have a political, social or personal impact and arouse feeling and/or deal with questions of value or belief. Controversial issues can be local or global, such as bullying, religion, politics, personal lifestyle or values. They are usually complicated with no easy answers and are issues on which people often hold strong views based on different sets of experiences, interests and values. Almost any topic can become controversial if individual groups offer differing explanations about events, what should happen next and how issues should be resolved, or if one side of an issue is presented in a way that raises the emotional response of those who might disagree.

CAUSES OF CONTROVERSIES Following are the causes of controversies in social studies: * Social study is concerned with the development of society. This drags it into the various problems of conflicting, antagonistic and contradicting forces of tension and development. It cannot be neutral. It has immense power of moulding the attitudes and habits of people. * While, controversy is inherent in social studies the teacher’s knowledge is limited. As the source material is not adequate, a difficulty in experienced in weaving a true account, by separating the truth from falsehood

* As the data available has varying terminology and at times is highly confusing interpretations of different social scientists are dissimilar, giving birth to controversies.

NEED OF STUDY OF CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES * Social studies deals with uncertain principles, artificial constructs, and the near to distant past, all which have predictable values and give us a general body of knowledge from other fields of study. * Studying controversies helps in getting a clearer view of past. Many issues get clarified and concepts become clearer.

* Exposing students to controversial issues in their studies enables them to develop following thinking skills:

* Information-processing skills These skills enable pupils to gather, sort, classify, sequence, compare and contrast information, and to make links between pieces of information. * Reasoning skills These enable pupils to justify opinions and actions, to draw inferences and make deductions, to use appropriate language to explain their views, and to use evidence to back up their decisions. * Enquiry skills These skills enable pupils to ask relevant questions, to plan what to do and how to research, to predict outcomes and anticipate responses, to test theories and problems, to test conclusions, and to refine their ideas and opinions.

* Creative thinking skills These skills enable pupils to generate and extend ideas, to suggest possible hypotheses, to use their imagination, and to look for alternative outcomes. * Evaluation skills These skills enable pupils to evaluate what they read, hear and do, to learn to judge the value of their own and others’ work or ideas, not to take all information at face value, and to have confidence in their own judgements.

SOME CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL STUDIES

* Origin of Aryans * Period of Vedas * Aurangzeb’s responsibility for the decline of Mughal empire * The revolt of 1857 * Impact of British rule * Kashmir issue * Responsibility for the partition of India * Establishment of national or central institutions * Nuclear test ban * Role of UN and non-aligned nations in promoting international peace and co-operation * Child Abuse * Domestic violence * Human Rights * Global warming * Health care * Political Corruption * Women’s Right There are many more controversial issues other than those mentioned above. The list is unending.

TYPES OF CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES There are mainly two types of controversial issues in social studies, firstly those concerning facts and secondly, those concerning significance, relevance and interpretation of a set of facts. * Controversies concerning facts- Such issues may arise due to insufficiency of data or doubts regarding the possibility of the available accounts. Here, it is very important for the social studies teacher to make students aware of the different aspects of such controversies. For example: The issue of the origin of Aryans. A number of theories have been given by different historians. The latest findings have shown that the Aryans were not the original inhabitants of India; they migrated to India sometime near about 200 B.C. * Controversies due to interpretation- Sometimes the approach of the social scientist is not scientific: he is biased and views facts through coloured glasses and there are some deep-rooted prejudices. Also, sometimes the event or phenomenon is viewed in isolation. Due to all these factors, interpretation of event is faulty, leading to controversy. For example: Some social scientists hold Aurangzeb responsible for the decline of Mughal Empire. Now, does this interpretation stand the questions-- Can such mighty empire collapse due to failure of a single individual? What were the institutions that developed in the Mughal Empire and did they interact with each other? What were the policies adopted by Aurangzeb towards the Rajputs, Marathas and Sikhs? What is the relevance of these policies to the decline of Mughal Empire? Such questions and the like will broaden the perspective on the issue and help in modifying the earlier stand. WHAT CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES TO BE TAUGHT

* The issues within the competence of group- The teacher should be careful in dealing with young pupils. He should teach issues within the competence of the students. He should not thrust adult concerns upon the young group. At the same time he should not underestimate their interest in controversies or their ability to handle such problems. * Issues of interest and importance to class- Students should be the relevance of these issues so as to create interest in them to study these issues. * Issues that are not to ‘hot’ at the moment- Hot issues are those which are too popular or too much in news at a particular point of time. New and inexperienced teachers should avoid discussing such issues with children as such can be properly handles by experienced teachers only. * Issues for which there is adequate time- Controversial issues require ample time for discussions and thus cannot be handled properly in short time. This is because ending a controversial issue with brief discussion may lead to misconceptions and misunderstandings among students. * Issues for which there is adequate material- All the facts of an issue can be only dealt with only when sufficient material is available. It is rightly said that ‘half knowledge is more dangerous than no knowledge.’

TEACHING OF CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES The teaching of controversial issues demands great caution and resourcefulness on the part of the teacher. It is necessary to decide upon certain principles for maintaining decorum, well in advance. The following procedure may be followed: * Ground rules- Before launching into the chosen activity, it is important to establish ground rules which are designed to provide a safe environment for pupils to express their opinions. These can include: * Only one person to talk at a time – no interrupting. * Show respect for the views of others. * Challenge the ideas not the people. * Use appropriate language – no racist or sexist comments. * Allow everyone to express his/her view to ensure that everyone is heard and respected. * Pupils should give reasons why they have a particular view. Depending on the sensitivity of the issue, the teacher might find it appropriate to split the class into smaller groups. This will ensure that greater confidentiality exists and enables less confident pupils to express their opinions in a less-pressured environment. * Introductory Session- An introductory session is quite useful in the teaching of controversial issues. This may include giving opportunities to students to express their views freely before they are challenged to examine or re-examine their points of view. This will help the teacher in knowing what has to be examined and how he/she should proceed with the topic. The teacher should also list out specific points of controversy involved in the topic. * Stating the problem- After the introductory session the teacher should now help the students to recognize the problem and ways to delimit it. The teacher should ensure that all the data and information in the form of books, magazines, periodicals, charts, pictures, sketches and other teaching aids are available to the students. The teacher should help and encourage students to read as much as possible and compare data from different reliable sources and select relevant data to present the argument for and against specific and alternative course of action and finally arrive at the choice between these alternatives.

* Group activities and discussions- Next the teacher should encourage the teacher to take up some group activities such as:

* Collection of opinions of different authorities on the controversy * Collection of extracts from original sources (wherever applicable) * Panel discussion or debate

Taking up these activities will help crystallize pupils thinking. While taking up group activities the teacher should see that all the sides of a question are presented and if not she should encourage students to present the neglected issues. If possible she should herself take left out issues and present them to students. The discussion on a controversial issue should be stopped or postponed if the situation gets out of hand.

* Drawing Conclusion- This is the last step in the process. The teacher should help the students in drawing conclusions based of certain questions such as: * What is the controversy? * What are the conflicting evidences? * Which of the evidences look more reliable? * Has the controversy been solved? These questions posed by the teacher will help the pupils analyse the data collected, sift it and come to their own conclusions.

ROLE OF THE LEARNER The learner plays an important role in the teaching of controversial issues in a classroom. * Firstly he should actively participate in helping the teacher decide what is to be learned or which controversial issue to be taken up in the class. * The learner should feel free and express his/her views on the issue being discussed without any hesitation. * To make the teaching of controversial issue a success it is important for a learner to work hard in collecting data from different sources so as to support his opinion.

* The students should maintain decorum of the class during the discussion and follow the rules laid down by the teacher.

ROLE OF THE TEACHER The role of the teacher in handling controversial issues itself is controversial. Some educators are of the opinion that the teacher should serve as a moderator, chairman or umpire while others feel that the teacher should play a more out-spoken role. Perhaps a combination will suit the best, depending, upon the situation the teacher faces. * Most importantly, the social studies should be adequately equipped with the latest knowledge regarding the issue and should be able to refer to new findings, provide the students with extracts of original sources and encourage them to refer to their own. * The teacher should create such an environment in the class where students feel free to express their own opinions freely and also listen to other’s opinion with full concentration and give a fair thought to that.

* The teacher should help the students to look for information judiciously, evaluate the data correctly, think critically and develop positive views on some emotionally charged issues.

* Last but not the least, the teacher should hold back his own opinion during the discussion and should express his views at the end only if students ask for it. If he does so he should give reasons for his views. But, he must refrain from indoctrinating children with his own opinions or conviction about an issue.

Conclusion

The goals of discussions of controversial issues are for students to have a better understanding of the issue and form a reasoned judgment that is based upon a critical analysis of the facts and arguments and is open to revision as conditions change. A second purpose is to refine students’ higher order thinking skills, including analysis, problem-solving and synthesis, as those described in the academic content standards. REFERENCES * Notes given by Kusum maam * http://ebookbrowse.com * http://www.generalsemantics.org * http://books.google.co.in

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