...Terrorism has not just emerged, instead it has evolved over many years and has undergone many and varied cycles in its evolution. The term terrorism is most commonly used to describe actions which are violence based and are used to promote fear in people. (Mannik 2009: 152 – 153) Rapoport (2004) came up with a way of describing the fluctuations over time of terrorism. He was able to separate and describe four distinct periods of time which he referred to as 'waves of terrorism'. (Rapoport 2004 :46 -47) These waves are used as markers through which an understanding can be gleaned of how terrorism goes through changes or cycles. This paper will identify the four waves of terrorism as set out by Rapoport and define the characteristics of each wave. Terrorism has many and varied definitions and yet all are consistent in identifying it as an act of violence used to gain influence for a cause or an ideological belief. (Mannik 2009: 152 - 153) Most acts of violence are deliberate, targeted and serve a purpose for the groups goals.(Kydd & Walters 2006: 49-50) In this sense waves of terrorism, then, can be seen as a type of revolution where there is an uprising against the political state of the time. (Rapoport 2004: 49 -50) Whilst terrorism has existed throughout history and has employed violent methods to achieve their aims and objectives it can also be seen that terrorism follows distinct patterns. These patterns occur in cycles which were identified by Rapoport...
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...SOS-440 Final Paper According to Author Rex A. Hudson, “Terrorists are motivated not only by psychological factors but also very real political, social, religious, and economic factors, among others. These factors vary widely”. Accordingly, the motivations, goals, and ideologies of ethnic separatist, anarchist, social revolutionary, religious fundamentalist, and new religious terrorist groups differ significantly. (Hudson, 1999) Therefore, each terrorist group must be examined within its own cultural, economic, political, and social context in order to better understand the motivations of its individual members and leaders and their particular ideologies. (Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1999, para. 54) I will use Hudson’s assertion as my theoretical framework to analyze if my findings are compatible with a plausible assertion that terrorism is based off social and political views of the people who see their current state as unjust. The National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional or ELN) is a revolutionary guerrilla army; who have fought in the Colombian Civil War since it began in 1964. The ELN advocate a composite Communist ideology of Marxism and Liberation Theology. The ELN was founded by Fabio Vásquez Castaño and other Colombian rebels trained in Communist Cuba; upon the Vásquez Castaño death, the ELN was headed by a series of Roman Catholic priests, exponents of Liberation Theology. (Brittain, 2010) Most notable was the Priest Camilo...
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...Terrorism by the Egyptian Islamic Jihad Brandin P. Lea SCTY 488 – Terrorism and Homeland Security December 26, 2010 Professor Eric Witcher Abstract It has been the case that over the duration that mankind has graced the planet there has been group’s hell bent on enacting their beliefs and values upon the rest of the world. As time has passed there have been many times that these groups have changed the face of the planet permanently. You can look at any organized religious group and see just how they pushed the belief system onto others to spread their ideology. Now, taking into consideration that fundamentalism and militant groups are nothing new, you can see that it still affects society greatly even today. Let us look at the main group I am focusing on in this paper. The Egyptian Islamic Jihad is one of the most influential fundamentalists groups in the Middle East. Similar to other terrorist groups, the religious intensity factor of a particularly violent kind is pointing solely to Islam, even when religious frenzies are spreading remarkably everywhere. A retreat into religion became the way most Islamic communities could be explained, from Saudi Arabia which, with what was supposed to be a peculiarly Islamic logic, refused to ratify the Camp David Accords, all the way to Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Egypt. In this way, researchers underline that the Islamic world is differentiated, in the Western mind generally, in the United States in particular, from regions...
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...elimination of Western influences from the Middle East. The Hezbollah terrorist group can be described as a loosely coupled, highly adaptive networked organization. The ability of the Hezbollah and its affiliates to conduct increasingly larger and more audacious terror operations over years, suggests a well-developed pattern of organizational learning. Hezbollah focus was to create a terrorist organization that promotes the doctrine associated with radicals in the Islamic nation, namely the Shiites . This was all concocted by their fearless leader Ayatollah Khomeini, who departed life in 1989. Hezbollah started as a local group in Lebanon, and today has grown globally into political movement with global capabilities in the sphere of terrorism, a well-developed military apparatus, and destructive weapons that include land-to-land missiles. Hezbollah operates from three major areas, Lebanon, Palestine and on a global arena. This terrorist group relies heavily a network of collaborative recruits. Recruits are mainly from Shiite-Muslim communities worldwide, including the United States and South America. This network is meant to serve a number of purposes: gathering operational intelligence on Israeli / Jewish / Western targets; maintaining “latent cells” that can be activated in time of need and in accordance with the strategic considerations of the organization...
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...Public policy is embedded into the day-to-day lives of Canadian citizens. Although some may not be actively aware of the multitude of policies, they do determine every aspect of the Canadian society. There are policies that govern air, water, food, transportation, technology, taxes, health and immigration. But this is not an exclusive list of Canadian public polices. Two domains of public policy are domestic and foreign. Internal rules and regulations that govern within a nations border are known as domestic policies (Gale, 2008). Foreign polices are diametric in that they consist of international relations that take place outside a nation’s border (Elman, XXXX, p. X). When take together on a global scale, they can be described as global public policies. Globalization can be defined by “homogenized culture, a global economy, and a borderless world” (McBride, 2011, p. 10). To fully understand globalization one should consider all aspects such as, social, culture, technology, economic and political. Globalization has mainly impacted foreign policy, but it has also had an effect on domestic policies. Both policies are not only influenced by globalization, there are various other factors that contribute to the formation of public policies. Often times it can prove difficult to separate the effects that impact both forms of public policy because they are intertwined. Need thesis statement – what are you arguing or exploring in this paper. Also, should there be definitions in your intro...
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...The Psychology of Hate: How We Deny Human Beings Their Humanity This world cannot coexist with terrorism. Be it hijackings, bombings, hostage crises or sieges, terrorism has become a dark form of hatred in our decaying world; this petrifying presence of violence is one of the most distinctive challenges that our civilization has yet to solve. All of these violent acts of terrorism stem from manifestations of hatred and intolerance of those who are different from us; it fractures societies at a fundamental level, which results in constant turmoil and upheaval. Innocent lives are being lost and it is inexcusable. The phenomenon of such radical violence must be fully ridden if we wish to create a united world where we can all harmonize with one another. Nevertheless, it all begins with hatred; an emotion of intense hostility and animosity. With adverse consequences, hate is generally attributed to an extreme desire to ultimately remove or destroy the neglected object. Numerous psychologists have speculated complex theories to what they merely call, “the psychology of hate”. Unlike many emotions, hatred is an exclusively learned feeling; human beings are not born to imperatively hate random entities, yet it has become one of the most common reoccurring sensations among our life experience. Feelings of extreme hostility and prejudice are now a common reflex for those who we regard to be different than us; these differences tend to be racial, religious, economical or cultural...
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...terror that led the United States first into an invasion of the Taliban-controlled nation of Afghanistan and then into the "Second Gulf War" with Iraq. While both wars made great progress toward the initial goals, namely the overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and the Hussein dictatorship in Iraq, as the years went by and the war dragged on, seemingly endlessly, the Islamic groups faced by the United States and her Allies seemed to be wearing down the civilian desire to continue to wage war. What American civilians do not seem to understand is that not only does the multitude of groups have very nearly the same goals, but they are also willing to die for their cause and will be almost impossible to defeat unless they are hunted and destroyed. A study of the Islamic terror groups must include historic examples; Islamic extremism is not a recent development, nor has the ideology of the extremist believers changed much since the Islamic Conquests began in the 7th Century. In F.M. Mickolus' work International Terrorism in the 1980's, Mickolus wrote that since 1968 alone two-thirds of the known incidents of terrorism in the world had occurred in the Middle East (F.M.Mickolus, 1989). It would seem that the main focus of Islamic terror groups must be their ideology, and a primary topic of debate amongst scholars is if Islam is fundamentally a religion of peace, violence, or some hybrid of both. The Quran, the book by which Muslims worldwide base their way of life, is overtly...
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...What is terrorism? Encyclopedia Britannica defines it as the “systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective”(Jenkins), but if you ask any American that question and the most common answer you’ll receive is Al-Qaeda, which is an Islamic terrorist group, located primarily in the Middle East. Many join these extremists due to political, economical, cultural, or military Issues coupled with the groups’ ideology of the “global Salafi jihad”(freeman 41). There is no clear solution to Al-Qaeda, but many of the responses to the terrorist group are primarily military actions including the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, along with a plan made for the modern age; cyber planning. Up until 2002 not much was know about the origins of Al-Qaeda when in March of that year the Bosnian authorities seized many documents of Osama Bin Laden’s first initial meeting taking place in his own home located in Peshawar (Bergen and Cruickshank 3). These documents studied by Peter Bergen of the National Security Studies Program and Paul Cruickshank from the Center on Law and...
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...International Relations NOVEMBER 17 TERRORIST GROUP INTRODUCTION: Terrorism has been one of the hottest topics in the current world affairs. The whole world is threatened by terrorist attacks of different types by different terrorist organizations. The terrorist groups have been using various strategies to pressurize the world to fulfill their demands. Their strategies include bomb blasts, murders, kidnapping and damage to property. Currently Al Qaeda is the most talked about Islamic terrorist organization that has changed the face of the world since September 11, 2001. The group has forced many countries to change their foreign policy. However to think that terrorists are always Muslims is wrong. There are a number of non Muslim terrorist organizations that are using destructive tactics to accomplish their goals. Among the non Islamic groups the most deadly terrorist organization is considered to be November 17 which has its bases in Greece. In this paper I aim to discuss the origins of the November 17 terrorist group. My reason for selecting this group is that it is interesting to know that the group has been declared the most deadly terrorist group in Europe despite the fact that it has a very small strength. I intend to discuss the aims, objectives, strength and strategies of this group. I will try to compare it with other non terrorist organizations in Greece seeking similar goals. I will discuss the reasons which have led to the success or failure of the group...
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...Latin America & Caribbean Studies 16 December 2013 FARC: Terrorist Group or Freedom Fighters? The ever-on going debate regarding whether or not the FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) are terrorist or freedom fighters has not yet been settled, after careful evaluation it is very clear. According to Webster's dictionary, a terrorist is “someone who uses the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear to promote political change.” All terrorists commit violent acts. A freedom fighter is “one who seeks political change for their people and use violence only as a stirrer.” So how can we differentiate the FARC in order to know if they are actually helping or hurting the country of Colombia? Colombia today is in a major crisis. Guerrilla groups, approximately 20,000 guerrillas in arms and only 7,000 to 11,000 paramilitary members, control large areas of the countryside. The government has no legitimate monopoly of force and is extremely weak; it does not and cannot effectively protect its citizens. Colombia has been in tumult with the Marxist-Leninist group called FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) for almost fifty years. The FARC was founded in the 1960s, but its roots are found further back from the Violence. From 1948 to 1958, supporters of the Liberal and Conservative parties fought a civil war that killed some 200,000 people. The horrific violence of the period was only nominally about partisan politics. Mainly rural, Violence was...
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...Friedman Term Paper: International Terrorism (Due Week 10) Professor Smith 5/23/14 CRJ 440 Terrorism, it is a well-known term, every person has all heard of it, but yet do we really know what it is. Terrorism is in the eyes of most, a meaningless hate crime, which has no true reason behind it. The terrorism mindset is people who want to create terror among civilization. They are trained to disturb peace, and to break social harmony. Terrorism is also a horrible threat to the modern world and modern society. It has become a problem around the world, not just in the United States. Many innocent people are killed by terrorist and their acts of terrorism. An individual can see terrorism in multiple forms, but not limited to: Bombing, hijacking, cross border terrorist activities and massacres on a massive scale, in addition to many others not listed. Its consequences are very frightening. Though much effort is put into eliminating terrorism, it is impossible to get rid of it until some strict laws are devised. Whenever and wherever society is victim to brutality, injustice, wrongs and intolerance, terrorism cannot be eradicated. There are many terrorist groups out there, of many different origins and sects. The group that will be discussed is Al Qaeda, which is the most well-known out of the groups listed. The questions and statements that will be answered and debated are: 1.) A brief explanation of Al Qaeda and the summarization of its origins, 2.) Al Qaeda's major motivations...
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...Middle East. ISIS is an acronym standing for the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria; it is also sometimes known as ISIL, because sometimes "Syria" is replaced with the term "the Levant". At a certain level, one gets the impression that ISIS just emerged from nowhere: the organization was not a presence in Iraq when the United States was actually engaged in full-scale military operations there and has only emerged as a strong political power since the American withdrawal from Iraq. Ward has pursued the hypothesis that the origins of ISIS can be traced back to an American prison camp in Iraq called Camp Bucca: "According to a CBS News investigation, at least 12 of the top leaders of ISIS served time in Camp Bucca, including the man who would become the group's leader, Abu Bakr al Baghdadi. CBS News obtained photos of 10 of them in Bucca's yellow prison jumpsuits" (Ward). So, it would seem that a group of prisoners met in Baku and began developing political ideology and strategy; and this was the beginnings of the organization known today as ISIS. The magnitude of the threat presented by ISIS...
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...NAXALISM AND TERRORISM OBJECTIVE: * To explore the origin of naxalites and terrorist. * To compare both of them. HYPOTHESIS: ARE NAXALITES TERRORIST? INTODUCTION: Our country INDIA has battled and is battling with so many ‘isms’ such as NAXALISM, TERRORISM, COMMUNALISM, CASTEISM, REGIONALISM. Such ‘isms’ has marked a place in the minds of people. But when the people hear about the terrorism and naxalism they are taken aback. We the people of India feel very much proud about our ‘unity in diversity’. It is quite true that India is only the country with such diversified caste population. And still we look forward to communal harmony and national integration. Since independence in 1947, India have fought dozens of campaigns against the insurgency, i.e. the terrorists and the Maoists. LITERATURE REVIEW “How did they dress?” “How they look?” “What they eat?” These are the questions that comes in the mind of a child when he hear about the word terrorism and naxalism and it it quite obvious to have these thoughts as no one really knows about terrorists or the Maoists. Definition of terrorism: Terrorism is a global phenomenon. It is quite easy to recognize terrorism but very difficult to define it. Terrorism appears in the Bible's Old Testament. Many scholars had defined terrorism in their own ways. Some of them are texted below: ...
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...Defeating the Islamic State: Both Short-term and Long-term Counter Strategies for the Proto-State and its Ideologies Christopher J. Minchin Norwich University FIRST DRAFT SOCI 401A Culture and Anthropology February 16, 2016 Tracey Poirier Source: The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) and the Critical Threats Project (CTP).), Jan, 2016. “If you know the enemy and know yourself you need not fear the results of a hundred battles“ –– Sun Tzu, Chinese philosopher and military strategist, around 500 BC. “Our terrorism against America is blessed terrorism.” –– Osama bin Laden (on video) “The acme of this religion is jihad.” — Osama bin Laden (Bergen, 2001, p. 41) Many have asked, “what can we do to defeat the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS)? ” There have been a variety of suggestions from airstrikes, isolation , establishing a national unity government in Iraq to the feasibility of a counter-offensive using 'local' militia's and only as a last resort U.S. Boots on the ground. These are all worthy ideas; however, it is imperative to get a fundamental understanding of what has caused this problem because ISIS is growing and becoming stronger (even though current air strikes and counter-offensives have been successful). Before a decision can be made a rigorous analysis is necessary, a sociological analysis, so that the United States and the rest of the world can determine what must be done regarding ISIS and why. (Thesis):...
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...What were the causes of Israel-Palestine war? TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT AANALYSIS THE CAUSES OF ISRAEL/PALESTINE CONFLICT: THE FIRST INTIFADA 1987-93 DIVIDING THE MAP THE 1948 WAR ZIONISM 1967/OCCUPATION THE ARABS, TERRORISM & SECURITY: “NO SOLUTION” THE WALL/FENCE/BARRIER DELEGITIMIZING THE STATEHOOD DECLARATION BY PALESTINE THE IMPACT OF SCARCE WATER RESOURCES ON THE ARAB-ISRAEL CONFLICT CAMP DAVID FAILURE THE ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT IS CENTRAL TO THE MILITANTS’ CAUSE Abstract The notion of this research essay is to discuss the causes of the Israel-Palestine war. The first priority of the paper is to address the war in detail by describing the war. Another perspective that the essay will take in answering the causes of the Israel-Palestine war is to address the period of the war and how it emerged. The Israel-Palestine war is also denounced as the primary consequence that has formed the Israel-Arab war. The nature of the war is somehow a contagious form of war as it is fundamental in the creation of the upheaval of the Arab states conflict. The essay will also discuss the causes in the different sequence. This will be done by stating which cause took place before the following cause emerged. The principal ideology of the essay is to come to a founding cause that resulted to the war preceding other causes. Therefore the research paper will discuss the causes of the Israel conflict with the aim of establishing the causes that formed the Israel-Palestine...
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