...Explain why Soviet control of Hungary caused an uprising in 1956. Explain why Stalin decided to blockade Berlin in 1948. Explain why there was a growing involvement of the USA in Europe from 1945-48 Explain why relations between the USA and USSR changed in the years 1948–53. Explain why relations between the USA and USSR worsened in the years 1947–49. Explain why relations between the USA and USSR worsened in the years 1949–55 Explain why there was an uprising in Hungary in 1956. Explain why Cuba was a flashpoint in the Cold War in the years 1961–62. Explain why Czechoslovakia was a flashpoint in the Cold War in 1968. Explain why relations between the Soviet Union and the USA changed in the years 1961-63 Explain why relations between Cuba and the USA worsened in the years 1959–61 Explain why there was a crisis over Cuba in 1962. Explain why Soviet and Warsaw Pact forces invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968. Explain why Berlin was a Cold War flashpoint in the years 1957–63. Explain why the relationship between Reagan and Gorbachev in the years 1985–88 helped to end the Cold War. Explain why relations between the USA and the Soviet Union changed in the years 1980–84 Explain why the USSR loosened its grip in eastern Europe from 1985-90 Explain why détente collapsed in the years 1979–84 Explain why relations between the USA and Soviet Union changed in the years 1983–87. Explain why relations between the USA and Soviet Union changed in the years 1979–83. Explain...
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...Revolution was an important theme throughout the Cold War. Revolutions begat, molded and then finally brought an end to the Cold War. In 1917, the Bolshevik Revolution forced Vladimir Lenin, the new communist leader, to withdraw from World War I on the side of the Western Allies and to sign a separate peace agreement with Germany. The suspicions that this aroused among the Allies were the seeds of the Cold War. In 1949, the New Democratic Revolution of China ended the Kuomintang (KMT) rule and established a communist government, thus guaranteeing the existence of the Cold War. Throughout its existence, the Cold War appeared to be something that was constantly present and unchanging. However, revolutions in Europe and Asia after 1953 continued to shape the Cold War until revolution inevitably destroyed in 1989. In 1954, after failing to contain communism in Korea, America involved itself in the Vietnam Conflict. At this time, France had just lost control of its colonial holdings in Vietnam. After the French were defeated by a communist contingent lead by Vo Nguyen Giap at Dien Bien Phu, the French decided that they could no longer retain their Indochinese colonies. In the summer of 1954, France and Vietnam signed the Geneva Peace Accords. It was agreed that Vietnam would be temporarily divided along the 17th parallel such that the north would be communist and the south would not be. As a result of this, the United States decided to intervene in the South Vietnamese affairs...
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...During the 1980’s, Eastern Europe experienced a wave of Democracy, dubbed as the “Third Democratic Wave” (Huntington,1). The fast speed and large expansive spread of a Democratic regime influenced one-party governments to transition to a multi-party participant regime. An example of a transition from a single party regime to a democracy was in Poland beginning in 1988, with the start of the demise of the Soviet Union. The Third Wave of Democracy, compromised of similar motives of transition among the countries that were affected. For example, the weakening authoritarian regimes as democratic ideas were strengthening and spreading, an economic growth that were global during the ‘60s, a cultural shift which derived from the transformation in the Catholic...
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...In 1955 the Congress of the People adopted the Freedom Charter, which was declared as a communist document by the National Party government. The Freedom Charter is the backbone of the South African Constitution which is the most progressive constitution in the world. This paper aims to determine whether or not the Freedom Charter is a communist document, by examining the history of the Freedom Charter and why the National Party considered it a communist document, defining communism, finding similarities between communist principles and the Freedom Charter. With these, this paper will aim to show that the Freedom Charter is or is not a communist document. The Freedom Charter was the statement of core principles of the South African Congress Alliance, which consisted of the African National Congress and its allies the South African Indian Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats and the Coloured People's Congress. It is characterized by its opening demand; The People Shall Govern! The initiative for the Freedom Charter came from a multi-racial coalition of organizations, including the African National Congress (ANC), Congress of Democrats, Indian National Congress, and South African Coloured People’s Congress. . The Charter came to represent ANC policies over the next four decades (Willcock, 2005). The document formulated not only basic demands for human and political rights that had been included in previous petitions and deputations, it also spelled out the kind of...
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...«IS IT AN ARAB SPRING OR BUSINESS AS USUAL? RECENT CHANGES IN THE ARAB WORLD IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT" By Michael B. Bishku* INTRODUCTION What began in Tunisia in December 2010 and continues most violently in Syria today has been labeled by observers of and experts on the Middle East as the "Arab Spring," but is that the correct term? (It should be noted that Lebanon engaged in the Cedar Revolution in 2005 - following the assassination of Sunni Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri by Hezbollah operativeswhich resulted in the withdrawal of Syrian froops after 30 years.) While Tunisia seems to be emulating Turkey as a historically secular country with mildly Islamist politicians exercising the greatest amount of influence in their country's respective foreign and domestic affairs, Egypt, the birthplace of the Muslim Brotherhood, appears to be at the center of a struggle between the Islamists and the military, which has dominated politics in that country since the early 1950s, while secularists and the minority Copts feel as if they have been sidelined. Majority Shi'a in Bahrain were quashed in their attempt to have a minority Sunni government recognize their rights, while Yemen's longtime leader was replaced by that country's vice president. Libya toppled an erratic dictator, but has no experience with representative government and like in Yemen the population possesses tribal identities. Syria is now engaged in a brutal civil war in which at least 20,000 people have lost their lives by the...
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...Artificial Intelligence Christianie Dor INF103 LaWanda Morant 8/26/2014 Like with most phenomena, our imaginations are far more advanced than our current reality. This is especially true in the case of technology and more specifically artificial intelligence. If the scientific movies were any indication of reality humans should be fearful of any technological advancement in the field of artificial intelligence because it surely means some type of machine uprising. An uprising in which the creator must fear the created. Such an uprising is something that we don’t have to fear for quite some time because unlike how artificial intelligence is portrayed in the movies, science has not gotten that advanced. As research and time has went on in the artificial science field the conclusion that “superhuman artificial intelligence is far from the current state of the art and probably beyond the range of projection for even the most optimistic AI researcher” has been made (Hendler, 1995). It will take many lifetimes to get artificial intelligence to the levels we see it on the silver screens. Technology, knowledge, and implementing the information we know into actual programs is something that will take more time and different approaches. In order for someone to understand the concept of artificial intelligence they must first have an understanding of what intelligence actually is. The subject of intelligence has fascinated researchers and philosophers for years. Humans...
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...ZKD Veröffentlichungsreihe der Forschungsgruppe „Zivilgesellschaft, Citizenship und politische Mobilisierung in Europa“ Schwerpunkt Zivilgesellschaft, Konflikte und Demokratie Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung ZCM Agnes Arndt / Dariusz Gawin Discourses on Civil Society in Poland Agnes Arndt: Premises and Paradoxes in the Development of the Civil Society Concept in Poland Dariusz Gawin: Civil Society Discourse in Poland in the 1970s and 1980s Discussion Paper Nr. SP IV 2008-402 ISSN 1860-4315 Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH Social Science Research Center Berlin Reichpietschufer 50, 10785 Berlin Federal Republic of Germany Telefon: +49/30/25491-0 Telefax: +49/30/25491-684 E-Mail: wzb@wz-berlin.de Internet: http://www.wz-berlin.de Agnes Arndt ist Historikerin. Sie ist Promotionsstipendiatin der Gerda Henkel Stiftung am Berliner Kolleg für Vergleichende Geschichte Europas“ an der Freien Universität Berlin sowie Gastwissenschaftlerin der Forschungsgruppe „Zivilgesellschaft, Citizenship und politische Mobilisierung in Europa“. Agnes Arndt is Historian. She is PhD fellow at the “Berlin School for Comparative European History” at the Free University Berlin and associated research fellow of the research group “Civil Society, Citizenship and Political Mobilization in Europe". Dariusz Gawin ist Direktor am Museum des Warschauer Aufstands in Warschau. Dariusz Gawin is director at the Warsaw Rising Museum, Warsaw. Zitierweise: Agnes...
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...Reproduced from Federal-State Relations in Sabah, Malaysia: The Berjaya Administration, 1976-85 by Regina Lim (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008). This version was obtained electronically direct from the publisher on condition that copyright is not infringed. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Individual articles are available at < http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg > REFERENCES Abinales, Patricio N. Making Mindanao: Cotabato and Davao in the Formation of the Philippine Nation-state. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2000. Abinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso. State and Society in the Philippines. Lanham, M.D.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. Ahmad Ibrahim. “The Administration of Muslim Law Enactment, Sabah, 1977 (No. 15 of 1977)”. Journal of Malaysian and Comparative Law 5, no. 2 (1978): 359–62. Andaya, Barbara W. “Cash Cropping and Upstream-downstream Tensions: The Case of Jambi in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries”. In Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief, edited by Anthony Reid. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993. Baker, M. H. Sabah: The First Ten Years as a Colony. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia Publishing House, 1965. Black, Ian. “The Ending of Brunei Rule in Sabah, 1878–1902”. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 41, no. 2 (1968): 176–92. ———. A Gambling Style of Government:...
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...Trustees of Princeton University Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989 Author(s): Timur Kuran Source: World Politics, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Oct., 1991), pp. 7-48 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2010422 . Accessed: 26/02/2011 05:24 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cup. . Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Cambridge University Press and Trustees of Princeton University...
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...The (un)Official United States History Cram Packet This is not intended as a substitute for regular study ……. But it is a powerful tool for review. 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas – divides world between Portugal and Spain 1497: John Cabot lands in North America. 1513: Ponce de Leon claims Florida for Spain. 1524: Verrazano explores North American Coast. 1539-1542: Hernando de Soto explores the Mississippi River Valley. 1540-1542: Coronado explores what will be the Southwestern United States. 1565: Spanish found the city of St. Augustine in Florida. 1579: Sir Francis Drake explores the coast of California. 1584 – 1587: Roanoke – the lost colony 1607: British establish Jamestown Colony – bad land, malaria, rich men, no gold - Headright System – land for population – people spread out 1608: French establish colony at Quebec. 1609: United Provinces establish claims in North America. 1614: Tobacco cultivation introduced in Virginia. – by Rolfe 1619: First African slaves brought to British America. 15. Virginia begins representative assembly – House of Burgesses 1620: Plymouth Colony is founded. - Mayflower Compact signed – agreed rule by majority • 1624 – New York founded by Dutch 1629: Mass. Bay founded – “City Upon a Hill” - Gov. Winthrop - Bi-cameral legislature, schools 1630: The Puritan Migration 1632: Maryland – for profit – proprietorship 1634 – Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay Colony 1635:...
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...r Contents This revision guide is intended to guide you to the key essentials necessary for answering questions on Unit 3. You shouldn’t use at it a replacement for your class notes or your own revision notes, but as a way of supplementing them and ensuring you have a firm awareness of major events, individuals and ideas. 1. The seeds of conflict 2. Emergence of Cold War, 1944-53 3. The ‘Thaw’ & ‘Peaceful Co-existence’ 4. The arms impact of the arms race 5. Sin-Soviet relations 6. Détente 7. End of Cold War Reminder of the structure of Unit 3 • Unit 3 = 25% of total marks • Written exam: 2 hours • Answer ONE question from Section A (30 marks), and ONE from Section B (40 marks) - choice of 2 questions in both sections • Section A – discuss an historical issue • Section B – use source material & knowledge to discuss an historical event Section A – themes to explore in your revision: 1. The post-Stalin thaw and the bid for peaceful coexistence in 1950s: a) USSR: Khrushchev b) USA: the responses of Dulles, Eisenhower and Kennedy. • the continuation of the Cold War in the 1950s following the retirement of Truman & death of Stalin, despite the bid for improved relations on the part of the USSR in the form of unilateral cuts in the size of the Red Army and withdrawal from Austria and Finland. • the...
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...of Thought q The Imperial Era r r r r r r First Imperial Period Era of Disunity Restoration of Empire Mongolian Interlude Chinese Regain Power Rise of the Manchus q Emergence Of Modern China r r r r r r Western Powers Arrive First Modern Period Opium War, 1839-42 Era of Disunity Taiping Rebellion, 1851-64 Self-Strengthening Movement Hundred Days' Reform and Aftermath Republican Revolution of 1911 q Republican China r r r Nationalism and Communism s Opposing the Warlords s Consolidation under the Guomindang s Rise of the Communists Anti-Japanese War Return to Civil War q People's Republic Of China r r Transition to Socialism, 1953-57 Great Leap Forward, 1958-60 r r r r r Readjustment and Recovery, 1961-65 Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76 s Militant Phase, 1966-68 s Ninth National Party Congress to the Demise of Lin Biao, 1969-71 s End of the Era of Mao Zedong, 1972-76 Post-Mao Period, 1976-78 China and the Four Modernizations, 1979-82 Reforms, 1980-88 q References for History of China [ History of China ] [ Timeline ] Historical Setting The History Of China, as documented in ancient writings, dates back some 3,300 years. Modern archaeological studies provide evidence of still more ancient origins in a culture that flourished between 2500 and 2000 B.C. in what is now central China and the lower Huang He ( orYellow River) Valley of north China. Centuries of migration, amalgamation, and development brought about...
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...team.[9] The name Nintendo can be roughly translated from Japanese to English as "leave luck to heaven".[10] As of October 18, 2010, Nintendo has sold over 565 million hardware units and 3.4 billion software units.[11] Contents * 1 History o 1.1 As a card company (1889–1956) o 1.2 New ventures (1956–1974) o 1.3 Electronic era (since 1974) + 1.3.1 Handheld console history * 2 Infrastructure o 2.1 Key Executives o 2.2 Offices and locations * 3 Software development studios o 3.1 First-party studios o 3.2 Second-party studios o 3.3 Former affiliates * 4 Policy o 4.1 Emulation o 4.2 Content guidelines o 4.3 License guidelines o 4.4 Seal of Quality + 4.4.1 NTSC regions + 4.4.2 PAL regions o 4.5 Environmental record * 5 See also * 6 Notes * 7 References * 8 Further reading * 9 External links [edit] History Main article: History of Nintendo Former headquarters plate, from when Nintendo was solely a playing card company [edit] As a card company (1889–1956) Nintendo was founded as a card company in late 1889, originally...
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...autonomy and even independence. Analyze the socio-ethnic mosaic of India with a view to determine the causes of ethnic sub-nationalism/ conflicts and ascertain the future of these fissiparous tendencies and their impact on the national integration of India. SUB THEME – SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS IN INDIA India has a host of separatist movements fermenting on its outer fringes; from the freedom struggle of Kashmiris in the North West to the Naxal, Naga, Mizoram and Manipur Movements in the North and North eastern parts particularly the ‘Siliguri Corridor’. From the 1980’s onwards, virtually the entire North has been plagued by such activities with a large proportion of religious and ethnic groups in the region forming movements of their own. Analyze the various implications of these separatist movements and fissiparous tendencies on India’s national integration and security. ABSTRACT Latest since the 1980s India has been shaken by various insurgencies and separatist movements. This did not only endanger India’s stability but also gave hope to some of her surrounding countries which lived in unfriendly...
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...Identification. Christopher Columbus landed in Puerto Rico in 1493, during his second voyage, naming it San Juan Bautista. The Taínos, the indigenous people, called the island Boriquén Tierra del alto señor ("Land of the Noble Lord"). In 1508, the Spanish granted settlement rights to Juan Ponce de León, who established a settlement at Caparra and became the first governor. In 1519 Caparra had to be relocated to a nearby coastal islet with a healthier environment; it was renamed Puerto Rico ("Rich Port") for its harbor, among the world's best natural bays. The two names were switched over the centuries: the island became Puerto Rico and its capital San Juan. The United States anglicized the name to "Porto Rico" when it occupied the island in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. This spelling was discontinued in 1932. Puerto Ricans are a Caribbean people who regard themselves as citizens of a distinctive island nation in spite of their colonial condition and U.S. citizenship. This sense of uniqueness also shapes their migrant experience and relationship with other ethnoracial groups in the United States. However, this cultural nationalism coexists with a desire for association with the United States as a state or in the current semiautonomous commonwealth status. Location and Geography. Puerto Rico is the easternmost and smallest of the Greater Antilles, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the Caribbean Basin to the south. Puerto Rico is a crucial hemispheric access...
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