...Chapter 17 Atlantic Revolutions and Their Echoes 1750–1914 MARGIN REVIEW QUESTIONS Q. In what ways did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to the Atlantic revolutions? • The Enlightenment promoted the idea that human political and social arrangements could be engineered, and improved, by human action. • New ideas of liberty, equality, free trade, religious tolerance, republicanism, human rationality, popular sovereignty, natural rights, the consent of the governed, and social contracts developed during the Enlightenment, providing the intellectual underpinnings of the Atlantic revolutions. Q. What was revolutionary about the American Revolution, and what was not? • The American Revolution was revolutionary in that it marked a decisive political change. • It was not revolutionary in that it sought to preserve the existing liberties of the colonies rather than to create new ones. Q. How did the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution? • While the American Revolution expressed the tensions of a colonial relationship with a distant imperial power, the French insurrection was driven by sharp conflicts within French society. • The French Revolution, especially during its first five years, was a much more violent, far-reaching, and radical movement than its American counterpart. • The French revolutionaries perceived themselves as starting from scratch in recreating the social order, while the Americans sought...
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...“Wars and warfare changed very little in response to the Atlantic Revolutions and the Industrial Revolution” In response to the Atlantic Revolutions and the Industrial Revolution, wars and warfare have changed significantly. Each revolution changed not only how war and warfare was conducted but had a remarkable impact on the character of war itself. Both of the Atlantic Revolutions and the Industrial Revolutions shaped warfare by instigating the implementation of a sense of nationalism, advanced technology, and tactics. The Napoleonic Wars, American Civil War, and the Crimean War are very good examples of how the Atlantic Revolutions and the Industrial revolutions influenced wars and warfare. Nationalism, an emerging movement, became increasingly noteworthy throughout the Napoleonic Wars, which was derived from the Atlantic Revolutions. The industrialization period prominently impacted on the American Civil War by bringing about vast improvements in technology and transportation, which deemed to have a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the time. Enhanced technology and the evolution from pre modern warfare tactics are evident in Russia’s defeat by the British in the Crimean War. This again shows a direct correlation on how each revolution had a significant impact on how warfare is conducted. Throughout the Napoleonic period there was an immense surge in the numbers that armies were yielding. The growth in armies is parallel to the sense...
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...Atlantic Revolutions, 1600-1825 The revolutions of the eighteenth century have their origins in political and cultural developments of the seventeenth century. Of course, they were also products of all of major developments the European conquest of the Americas, the rise of kingdom states and empires, the tremendous wealth that resulted from the expansion of global trade, and the development of colonial cultures and societies in the Americas. Scholars call these cultures and societies creole societies, because they blended elements of European, native American, and African culture and society. Developments in England, 1641-1688 But revolutions are also inspired by ideas, and ideas that we may take for granted today had much of their start in England. Political conflict in Great Britain was a common theme of the seventeenth century. In 1641, a civil war led to the execution of the king (Charles I), and the establishment of a republic, what was known as the Commonwealth. Politics and religion both played a part in the Civil War, with the English nobility and wealthy commoners (whose interests were represented in Parliament, England’s legislature) wanting a greater say in how royal revenues were raised and spent. This republic quickly became a military dictatorship, and the old king’s son (Charles II) was invited back. But when Charles II died, the next king soon ran into trouble with Parliament, who feared that this king, James II, wanted too much power for himself. So in...
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...I am addressing the issue of the revolutionary voices during the Atlantic Revolutions to show how they contributed to the political and social transformations in Europe and in the Americas and what their limitations were. The 18th and 19th centuries marked the beginning of dramatic social and political change. There were 3 main ideals have made the largest impact today. The first principle is the ideal of equality. It stemmed from Enlightenment thinking, but quickly grew to become believed by more than just the educated elite. One famous example of this is in the Declaration of Independence where it says “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.” Another example is from The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. The first point it makes is that, “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights; social distinctions may be based only upon general usefulness.” The first part of the sentence says that men are considered equal in their rights as people but not necessarily equal in...
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...3. Did the Atlantic Revolutions fulfill or betray the goals of those who made them? Consider this question in both short and long-term perspectives. Although the Atlantic Revolutions helped gain some semblance of independence, it strayed away from the initial goals the regions had wanted. Although North America managed to gain freedom from British rule, its colonies were still constructed the same. Social transformation did not occur, even though many citizens thought that they were creating a “new order for the ages” within the society. This conservative movement achieved the existing liberties of the colonies instead of making new ones. The French Revolution focused their efforts to create a new society of social equality and remove the presence of monarchy. And although the country became a republic and passed universal male suffrage, it was never implemented any further. The gender roles of during the French Revolution were not fully supported by the male population, even though women sought to become more active in the major events of the revolution....
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...World Literature [DUE DATE] The Enlightenment and the Atlantic Revolutions Before the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment movement in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, divine reasoning and superstition were the explanation for unknown events, leadership, and government. Kings and emperors were justified by the gods or God of the people. People were killed due to accusations of witchcraft because there was no other explanation for the peculiar event that took place. Religion was the center of almost everyone’s life, and it explained many unknown elements of the world, such as creation. However, with new ideas and a scientific background, the world went through drastic changes. The Enlightenment, with its new radical ideas, particularly about government and human reason, served as the basis and...
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...American Revolution Section one American Revolution dates back to the early colonial years. During the stat of the year 1650, Great Britain began to control, limit and restrict their American colonists by forcing them to follow and adhere to some of harsh rule such as the Navigation Act. This restriction took effect alongside many more restrictions. Thus between the year 1650 and 1776, a number of the colonists found it difficult to enjoy freedom and finally they opted to unite and rebel against their home country. Among the causes of revolution were high taxation, legacy in political issues and general restriction of civil liberals. All these added up to the strong forces that propelled the colonists to revolve. This section is going to answer the big question whether or not the American Revolution was successful and the major reasons behind the success. To start with, the American Revolution was indeed successful. Several aspects highly contributed to this success. Americans were under what we can describe as the strongest and one of the most stable leadership ever in the region. For instance, they were led by people like General Washington George who were extremely skilled and mastered the entire terrain of the country. The Britain forces came from across the Atlantic Ocean and they had no prior knowledge and experience of the American revolutionaries combat. In addition, the British had a general problem of transporting and supplying their equipment across the large Atlantic...
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...Paquette Section 001 2/13/15 Essay 1 Prompt 1 The French and Haitian Revolutions took place 4,553 miles apart. With so many miles and not much but the vast Atlantic Ocean separating the two countries people may ask what they have in common. In a course entitled Europe and the World…” one may believe that a small colony in the new world, in the late 18th century, would have no relevance to a great kingdom like France at the time. While covering the French Revolution in lecture and simultaneously reading the book, describing the events of the Haitian Revolution, Avengers of the New World you can see many similarities between the two revolutions and how one may have affected the other. Not only does what happened in the book Avengers of the...
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...the 16th-century context for the development of absolutism in France as well as the development of absolutism from Henry IV through the reign of Louis XIII. In many ways, absolutism began under Louis XIII and reached its peak under Louis XIV, particularly the personalization of power around Louis XIV himself. Explain. In answering, be sure to outline the general history of Louis XIV’s reign as discussed in class. Be sure to include a discussion of the reading titled “A Royal Tongue Lashing.” In particular, what political claims did the document make? What was the Copernican Revolution and why was it so important? What was the initial reception to the Copernican System, and how did Copernicanism ultimately become accepted throughout the European scientific community and European culture more broadly? In answering, be sure to outline the general history of the Scientific Revolution as we discussed in class. What were the cultural and social implications of the new science? In particular, how did Francis Bacon rethink science as a social process? And how did Robert Boyle rethink the culture of the new science, particularly considering the political context of his time? Be sure to include a discussion of Bacon’s New Atlantis, in particular the way it reflected Bacon’s conception of science and society. Seventeenth-century England was a time of seemingly endless contestation. What were some of the sources of these divisions in English society and politics...
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...Atlantic Slave Trade In the mid-1400s, Portuguese ships sailed down to West African coast to avoid the Islamic North Africa that has monopolized the trade of sub-Saharan gold, spices, and other commodities that Europeans wanted. During these voyages there were many maritime discoveries that were unknown to European’s traditional limit of navigation, south of Cape Bojador, which with time will make it easier for them to navigate the Atlantic. At the beginning, Portuguese were only in the search of gold and other commodities, but with time their interest also went to the African people. Lancarote de Lagos, a Portuguese navigator, sailed in the Senegal River and captured a group of Africans and carried them off into slavery. During this period, race was not a major factor to be carried into slavery. Slaves were composed of many individuals of different ethnicities who were captured after a war, had a debt, and other situations. The Atlantic slave trade was set in motion mostly for the production of sugar. Nowadays, the production of such a benign thing such as sugar to have caused a massive slave trade is really hard to understand. However in those days sugar was not taken for granted. European’s ever-growing sweet tooth was the driving force for the development of the Atlantic world. Because the work of growing sugar was so burdensome, free workers would not do it willingly and that is why the industry came to depend upon slave labor. Starting in 1492 when Christopher Columbus...
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...near the Atlantic replaced those of Italy as the commercial centers of Europe. Rich merchants began to rival the nobles in wealth and power. A growing abundance of money permitted kings to hire officials and soldiers, gradually removing the need for feudal relationships. World known by Europeans in the 14th century This map shows how much of the world's lands and seas were known to Europeans by the A.D. 1300's. Areas that Europeans knew about included northern Africa, far northeastern North America, much of Asia, the Mediterranean Sea, and parts of the North Atlantic and Indian oceans. The 16th century brought the Reformation, when many Christians rejected the authority of the pope and the Protestant movement was begun. The 17th and 18th centuries formed a period of savage wars by which the various European monarchs sought to increase their territories. England became a limited monarchy and aspirations for political freedom appeared in other parts of Europe. Low Countries in the 16th century. The Low Countries, including most of present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, came under Spanish rule in the 1500's. The north won independence in 1648. The Industrial Revolution, a term applied to the results of the factory system for producing goods with machinery, began in England in the 18th century. This economic change played a major role in shaping the development of modern Europe. It brought with it a new economic system—capitalism. The Industrial Revolution...
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...An economic revival is here according to an article in The Atlantic titled “America’s Coming Manufacturing Revolution”. In the author’s own words, “The combination of lower energy prices, innovative information technologies, and advances in robotics and materials science are powering a manufacturing revolution that will reinvigorate the U.S. economy,” (Naím, Apr. 21, 2014). Bold words considering the recent financial crisis and drama in the geopolitical arena, but is there enough evidence to back his claims of this so called “manufacturing revolution”? Several news outlets are reporting gains in manufacturing operations such as increases in labor and use of factory space. Using this information, I hope to describe the elements used to determine manufacturing output and their overall effect on the manufacturing sector from the viewpoint of an accountant. In cost accounting for manufacturing companies, direct labor, direct materials, and manufacturing overhead are typically on the top of the spreadsheet and correlate with the amount of goods being produced. In regards to labor, the ADP research institute reported an additional 28,000 workers hired by US manufacturers in March of this year. (Woellert, Apr. 2, 2014) Although the ratio of direct laborers to indirect laborers is not stated, variable costs in US manufacturing certainly have risen, which is almost always associated with a rise in activity levels. Unfortunately, the ADP’s assessment did not include information...
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...Netherlands, but ultimately decided to start fresh in the new world. In 1620 they set sail, but their ship, the mayflower, went off course and they landed in modern-day Massachusetts. Because winter was approaching, they deiced to settle where they had landed. This settlement was called Plymouth, while on boards travelers called the “Pilgrims” signed an agreement establishing a “body politic” and basic legal system for the colony. That agreement, the Mayflower compact, is important not only because it asserted that the government’s power derives from the consent of the governed and not from God, as some monarchists known as Absolutists believed. Haitian Revolution The Haitian Revolution was a slave uprising that ended in ending slavery in Haiti and the emergence of the Republic of Haiti. At about the same time as the French Revolution in 1789, the colony of St. Domingue, now known as Haiti that was equipped with two-thirds of France’s overseas trade and had thousands of ships. The colony was the France’s richest colony and the envy of every other European nation. The plantation system on the island had a pivotal role in the French economy, was also one of the biggest individual market for the African slave trade. Conflict and anger filled the island of San Domingo, slave resistance began to take an organized form. The revolt on the island of San Domingo came from the mass of enslaved blacks in the French sugar plantation colony. They risked everything to pursue freedom. The successful...
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...History Notes January 17, 2013 Industrial Revolution in the USA * Growing population by the mid-1800s, the population of Europe and North America was on a rise. * The rapidly growing cities of the industrial world attracted people of different/every social class. Also the growing demand for textiles and other mass produced goods. The effects of the American Industrial Revolution ranged from positive, in the form of growing cities, individual wealth, and philanthropy, negative, in the form of child labour, abusive working conditions, and unsanitary living conditions. Positive and Negative impacts of the American Industrial Revolution on the United States Positive * Improve people’s daily lives by diversifying the number and quality of the kinds of products factories could provide, also ordinary Americans learned better, lived better and had more time on their hands as conveniences and efficiencies defined the Industrial Revolution. * Transportation and technology in terms of the expansion of business including the expansion of our transportation network out of necessity and brought US canals, highways and turnpikes. It better connected us together as a society. There was technological innovation such as interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney) and the textile mill (Samuel Slater) which revolutionized Americans lifestyle. * Jobs as factories in the major cities created hundreds of thousands of jobs, expanded the cities...
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...SPICE Summaries Social During the maritime revolution, there were many conquerors and explorers that played a huge role in society. Zheng He was a Muslim eunuch who was sent out to voyage by the Ming emperor, Yongle. In the Atlantic Ocean the greatest mariners were the vikings. Arawak were Amerindians who settled in greater Antilles of the Caribbean. Henry the Navigator was the prince of Portugal who promoted navigation and led voyages across the African coast. Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama were Portuguese explorers who led expeditions through the oceans. Christopher Colombus was the leader of the Spanish mission that took place overseas. Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese navigator who led Spanish expeditions. Conquistadors were Spanish conquerors. Hernan Cortes was one of them and he led the Aztec Mexicans conquest for Spain. Moctezuma II was an Aztec emperor who was in custody of Cortes. Atahualpa was an...
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