...for decades. Although majority of scholars on the subject would agree that the origins of these similarities can be traced back to the Neolithic age, perspectives on how these came about vary. There are two major theories defining the Neolithic Age Austronesian movements of people in the Pacific and the subsequent cultural similarities among different groups in the region: Peter Bellwood’s The Austronesian Diffusion Theory, and Island Origins Theory or commonly referred as Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network (NMTCN) by Wilhelm Solheim. SOLHEIM’S NUSANTAO MARITIME TRADING AND COMMUNICATION NETWORK (NMTCN) Wilhelm Solheim’s theory utilizes the archaeological data instead of the historical linguistic evidence used by Bellwood. Solheim proposed a complex network of regional cultural trade network in the Asia Pacific region during the Neolithic Age from 8000 to 500 BCE undertaken by both Austronesian and non-Austronesian speakers. As indicated by the terminology, central to this theory is the concept of the Nusantao. The term derives from the Austronesian root words nusa for "south" and tau/tao for "man" or "people", thus giving it the overall meaning "people of the south islands". Since, the term ‘Austronesian’ first applies to the linguistic domain, he chose to call the ancestors of the...
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...1. Our language, as well as the language of neighboring countries, is said to be of autronesian origins. Taken from the Latin austro, meaning southern, and the Greekneses, meaning islands, austronesian carried out one of humankind's greatest population movements from their reputed homeland in Southeast Asia to the Pacific islands, which is equivalent to one third of the globe. Before 1500, it was said to be the most widespread language. At present, it is spoken by 270 million people, including Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Madagascar. Also spoken by the inhabitants of the Pacific islands (Micro-, Mela-, and Polynesia) and the aborigines in Taiwan, Vietnam and Campuchea, New Guinea, the Mergui Archipelago in Burma, Hainan Island, and South China, it is said to have come from one family, the Proto-Austonesian language, because of the similarities in vocabulary. Studies suggest that speakers used words that related to rice cultivation and boat-making, this prompting them to suggest that the people who spoke this language had a culture in which ancestral homelands, horticulture, animal domestication and boat making were known. This is further supported by botanical studies that reveal that in areas populated by Austronesians, domesticated plants such as yam, taro, sugar cane, banana, breadfruit, and coconut were commonly used by the people. Further proof that the languages spoken by the above mentioned countries are one and the same can be found in the genetic evidences...
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...INTRODUCTION According to Opena (1985), Manobo is a generic term which refers to people who are still in the subsistence level economy and are generally in the mountains and who practice the slash and burn agriculture. Further she qualified that the term Manobo is very derogatory for it connotes to be backward, uncivilized, ignorant, boisterous, unwashed, unkept, rough and lawless. Hence, she opined that the use of the term must be used with discreetness, tact and prudence. The term can also mean a slave (magdul) or a person destined to do all the menial jobs in the house and farm. According to Elkins (1977) the Manobo belongs to the original stock of proto-Philippines or proto-Austronesian people who came from South China thousands of years ago. He later coined the term Manobo to designate the stock of aboriginal non-negeritoid people of Mindanao. They mostly inhabit the hinterlands of Bukidnon specifically on the boundaries of Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao and Misamis Oriental (NCIP,2003). The Western Manobos are in the Southwestern part of Bukidnon in Mulita, Kalilangan and Pangantucan. These people speak a quaint language with Marawi influence which cannot be understood by other ethnic groups in Bukidnon. Marriage is traditionally by parental arrangement, which begins when each of the two families chooses a spokesperson, preferably a datu or bai, who is known for eloquence and knowledge of custom law. Marriage is an alliance system in which reciprocity and mutual...
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...Culture, Groups and Social Behaviors 1. Concept and characteristics of culture Culture is that complex whole which consists of knowledge, beliefs, ideas, habits, attitudes, skills, abilities, values, norms, art, law, morals, customs, traditions, feelings, and other capabilities of man which are acquired, learned and socially transmitted by man from one generation to another through language and living together as members of the society. * Culture is learned. * Culture is socially transmitted through language. * Culture is a social product. * Culture is a source of gratification. * Culture is adoptive. * Culture is the distinctive way of life of a group of people. * Culture is material and non-material. * Culture has sanctions and control. * Culture is stable yet dynamic. * Culture is an established pattern of behavior. 2. Components of culture * Norms- a rule or standard of behavior expected of each member of a social group. * Folkways the ways of living, thinking, and acting in a human group, built up without conscious design but serving as compelling guides of conduct. * Mores - the essential or characteristic customs and treaties of a community. * Positive mores or duty or the “Thou shall behavior” * Negative mores or taboo or the “Thou shall not behavior” * Laws – formalized norms enacted by people vested with legitimate authority. * Ideas, Beliefs, Values *...
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...around the world. It is crucial to prevent this loss by protecting the endangered languages around the world. Though it is one of the smallest regions of the United States, Hawaii is famous for it’s resort environment and exotic beauty. Dreams of vacation on bright beaches and clear water fill young people’s heads. From the towering volcanoes to the mirroring cities, the very image of Hawaii is paradise. One of the strongest components of this culture is the language, Hawaiian, or “Olelo Hawai’i”. Hawaiian language has an ancient history rooted in Polynesian languages. The number of native Hawaiian speakers has begun dwindling; it has been slowly displaced by English language. Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family. Austronesian is a family of languages spoken throughout the islands of Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and the Pacific. Other Polynesian languages such as Marquesan, Tahitian, Mãori, and Rapa Nui retain strong commonalities with Hawaiian. Lexicostatistics were used to demonstrate the genetic history of Hawaiian and compare different dialects. This approach is done by determining the number of cognates, or...
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...The roosters were crowing before darkness had faded in the riverside Dayak hamlet of Kunsali Patamuan in Kapuas Hulu district, West Kalimantan. Through the cracks of the timber walls in the 122 metre wide long-house, the faint sound of shuffling feet on squeaky floors penetrated to the compartments, as people went back and forth to the kitchens at the back of each living quarter. Not long afterwards, the clattering of tin kettles and stirring of teaspoons could be heard right, left and centre. The long-house was awakening. The village of Malapi is one of the home villages of the Tamans, a sub group of the Iban Dayak. There are about 6000 Tamans in all, their community spread through about a dozen villages in Kapuas Hulu. The village of Malapi is one of them, and consists of a string of four hamlets, one of which is Kunsali Patamuan, and six long-houses. Each long-house lodges between 20 and 40 family units. All are close to the river which runs through the village. Our particular long-house was only recently relocated here as the ever-moving Kapuas river bed had turned its erosive powers right up to the front of the old long-house. The old site had to be abandoned. An increasing rate of riverbank erosion is one of the environmental problems facing this community as a result of upstream logging, both legal and illegal. Every family living in the old long-house builds their own compartment or bilik, and it might take ten years or more before all are completed. The wood used in...
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...EASTER ISLAND Stony sentry’s, carved years ago by Polynesian craftsmen, gaze over one of the most remote places in the world. With their land enlarged by overuse, islanders now draw on a revival of their culture to attract visitors. I intend to tell about this small island off the coast of Chile named Easter Island. Easter Island, submerged volcanic mountain range in the eastern Pacific Ocean, is located 500 miles South of the Tropic of Capricorn, and 2,200 miles West of Chile. This area is located were it is swept by strong trade winds. Because of his, the island remains warm through out the year. As you know, Easter Island is small. To be exact it has an area of 64 square miles about the size of Washington D.C. Easter Island’s population as grown a lot since diseases spread to most of the island in1877. Some of the remaining people left for South America, and the island was left 110 people. The population grew throughout the years in 1955 it was 990, in 1980 it was 1,842 and in 1989 it was 2,095. As many people have traditions, at parties and other celebrations, Easter Island has its own. They paint their bodies, the chant, they dance and the sing songs of their forbears. Each September, flocks of sooty terns come to nest on tiny islets about a mile off the shore. Since ancient times, there have been ceremonies to celebrate the birds’ arrival and to choose the birdman. The birdman competition is where each clan selected a representative to swim to the islets...
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...INTRODUCTION According to Opena (1985), Manobo is a generic term which refers to people who are still in the subsistence level economy and are generally in the mountains and who practice the slash and burn agriculture. Further she qualified that the term Manobo is very derogatory for it connotes to be backward, uncivilized, ignorant, boisterous, unwashed, unkept, rough and lawless. Hence, she opined that the use of the term must be used with discreetness, tact and prudence. The term can also mean a slave (magdul) or a person destined to do all the menial jobs in the house and farm. According to Elkins (1977) the Manobo belongs to the original stock of proto-Philippines or proto-Austronesian people who came from South China thousands of years ago. He later coined the term Manobo to designate the stock of aboriginal non-negeritoid people of Mindanao. They mostly inhabit the hinterlands of Bukidnon specifically on the boundaries of Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao and Misamis Oriental (NCIP,2003). The Western Manobos are in the Southwestern part of Bukidnon in Mulita, Kalilangan and Pangantucan. These people speak a quaint language with Marawi influence which cannot be understood by other ethnic groups in Bukidnon. Marriage is traditionally by parental arrangement, which begins when each of the two families chooses a spokesperson, preferably a datu or bai, who is known for eloquence and knowledge of custom law. Marriage is an alliance system in which reciprocity and mutual...
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...INTRODUCTION According to Opena (1985), Manobo is a generic term which refers to people who are still in the subsistence level economy and are generally in the mountains and who practice the slash and burn agriculture. Further she qualified that the term Manobo is very derogatory for it connotes to be backward, uncivilized, ignorant, boisterous, unwashed, unkept, rough and lawless. Hence, she opined that the use of the term must be used with discreetness, tact and prudence. The term can also mean a slave (magdul) or a person destined to do all the menial jobs in the house and farm. According to Elkins (1977) the Manobo belongs to the original stock of proto-Philippines or proto-Austronesian people who came from South China thousands of years ago. He later coined the term Manobo to designate the stock of aboriginal non-negeritoid people of Mindanao. They mostly inhabit the hinterlands of Bukidnon specifically on the boundaries of Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao and Misamis Oriental (NCIP,2003). The Western Manobos are in the Southwestern part of Bukidnon in Mulita, Kalilangan and Pangantucan. These people speak a quaint language with Marawi influence which cannot be understood by other ethnic groups in Bukidnon. Marriage is traditionally by parental arrangement, which begins when each of the two families chooses a spokesperson, preferably a datu or bai, who is known for eloquence and knowledge of custom law. Marriage is an alliance system in which reciprocity and mutual...
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...ARCHITECTURE The architecture of the Philippines is a reflection of the history and heritage of the country. The most prominent historic constructions in the archipelago are based on a mix Indian, Japanese, Chinese, Indigenous Austronesian, American and Spanish influences. Cave and rocks was the earliest form of shelter of the Filipinos. Later on the invention of various tools allowed for the fabrication of tent-like shelter and tree houses. The pre-colonial architecture of the Philippines consisted “ Nipa Hut ” made from natural materials. The Bahay-Kubo was one of the common house of the people. The architecture of early Filipinos are also the skills that used at the time of war and battlefield. They built fortresses called “kota” or” moong “to protect their communities during war. During this period thre are three types of houses. These are the lawig or the small houses, the mala-a-walai or the large houses and the torogan or the wooden palace. Houses of the early Filipinos is similar to those found in neighboring countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and other countries of Southeast Asia. Spanish colonization introduced European architecture into the country. The Philippine architecture was dominated by the Spanish influences. During this period the traditional “ Bahay na Bato “ style for the large houses emerged. These were large houses built of stone and wood. Other architecture during this period are the Intramuros the old walled city of Manila, the Fort Santiago...
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...Indonesia. Maranao The Maranao people (Maranao: ['mәranaw]; Filipino: Mëranaw(based on Papanoka Mera)[2]), also spelled Meranao, Maranaw (based on Marapatik) and Mëranaw, is the term used by the Philippine government to refer to the southern tribe who are the "people of the lake" (Ranao in the Iranaon language),[citation needed] a predominantly-Muslim region of the Philippine island of Mindanao. They are known for their artwork, weaving, wood and metal crafts and epic literature, the Darangen. Maguindanaon Maguindanaon is an Austronesian language spoken by majority of the population of Maguindanao Province in the Philippines. It is also spoken by sizable minorities in different parts of Mindanao such as the cities ofZamboanga, Davao, and General Santos, and the provinces of North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, Sarangani, Zamboanga del Sur,Zamboanga Sibugay, as well as Metro Manila. Samal The Sama-Bajau refers to several Austronesian ethnic groups of Maritime Southeast Asia. The name collectively refers to related people who usually call themselves the Sama, Samah, or Samal; or are known by the exonym Bajau(/ˈbɑːdʒaʊ, ˈbæ-/, also spelled Badjao, Bajaw, Badjau, Badjaw, Bajo orBayao). They usually live a seaborne lifestyle, and use small wooden sailing...
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... * Regional and foreign language * Undocumented languages * Greater chance of death * Endangered/no children * Moribund/ few elders * Extinct or dead * How are the languages grouped or classified? * What impact does the number of languages have on most Africans? * What are some notables terms in discussing the mul * Niger-Congo * 1500 languages * 360-400 million speakers * * Kordofoanian: small languages spoken in the Nuba * Khoisan * 35-50 languages – clicks * Nilo-Saharan * 190-250 languages * Afroasiatic * Chadic, Hamito-Semitic * 300-500 languages * Austronesian or Malayo-Polynesian – Malagasy * Majority of Africans are multilingual * Average of about 2 to 3 languages * Reasons * Lingua France Pidgin Creole * Grammar Simple becomes Complex * Lexicon Limited Expanded * Contact Brief Extended/continuous 3 9 Language, culture, extinction * Intro: * Surface culture *...
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...describe that languages also reflect a change in how people think and see. A person who studies any language other than native, that means English differs from many other languages in having fever ending. As we know that Chinese languages are very complicated, and some other Asian languages go even much further with harder than any variety of words at all and are being accomplished by word order. 5. Evidence- 1. Inventories from 504 languages and evaluated all possible geographic origins of language, from Africa to South America, for sing of progressively declining phoneme frequencies as languages got farther away from a given source. Southwestern Africa emerged as the strongest candidate for an area where language got its start. 2. Austronesian, Bantu, Indo-Europian and Uto-Aztecan. These families contain about one-third of the world's roughly 7,000 languages. 3. Global phoneme patterns say nothing about when Africans started talking, but other evidence does, he says. Seanshell necklaces, engraved pigment chunks and other signs of symbolic cultural behavior...
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...time hunting for food. New Guinea had a larger population and was able to support more inventors (311). 21. Diamond explains China’s unity by stating that China was actually quite diverse, in climate, geography, and in genetic differences in the people. The Zhou Dynasty in Northern China had a more organized government. Soon states were being founded and were modeled after the Zhou Dynasty. What finally brought all of China to unity was the Qin Dynasty in 221 B.C. The First Qin emperor had ordered all previous books to be destroyed, which also helped unify the language (332). 22. The impact of the spread of Austronesian farmers were languages with similar words and every Polynesian island capable of supporting a population was colonized (336). What limited the expansion were the Austroasiatic and Tai-Kadai farmers who were already in the Southeast Asia, and Austronesians had no specific advantage over them (353). The unstable dugout canoes also limited the expansion, as they could not be used in the sea (342). 23. Europeans conquered the Americas instead of vice versa because of more advanced technology, ships to travel to different lands, writing, and a stronger political system. Eurasia had a head start on human settlement, food production, less geographical barriers, and more diverse animal and plant species for domestication (370). These factors put the Americas at a disadvantage, because Eurasia was ahead in technology. Given more time, however, the Americas could have developed...
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...close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons, but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world's greatestbiodiversity. At approximately 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi), the Philippines is the 64th-largest country in the world. With a population of at least 99 million people, the Philippines is theseventh-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12 million Filipinos live overseas, comprising one of the world's largest diasporas. Multiple ethnicitiesand cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times,Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Variousnations were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans orLakans. Trade with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic states also occurred. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 marked the beginning of Spanish colonization. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de...
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