...thing -1.3% average annual increase from 2000 to 2009 But declined 1.3% in 2010 to 2009 “has the correctional population supervision increased or decreased from 2000 to 2009?” Answer: INCREASED - the majority of people in the corrections system are on PROBATION - Percentage breakdowns for types of offences: 9% Public Disorder (35% federal) DUI, indecent exposure, drunken disorderly, prostitution, etc. 18% Drug Offence (51% federal) 19% Property Offense (less than 10% federal) 53% Violent Offenses (less than 10% federal) - Regions highest to lowest South West Midwest Fed? North East - Top 5 States Federal Texas California Florida New York Notes From Ch. 1 in Textbook- - Penology the study of the use of punishment for criminal acts - Penitentiary typically used to describe older or highly secure prisons; first term used to describe secure facilities to hold criminals - Corrections the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders - Gaols English system of jails - Walnut Street Jail first penitentiary in the united states -Pennsylvania System the “separate and Silent” system...
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... 2 “We fight for our children, that they may enjoy the promise of America. We fight for their innocence and their dreams. It is a fight for our future.”(Schmalleger, 2011, Chapter 15). I read this quote during my reading and it stuck with me throughout this entire section. Most youth in America today struggles with the idea of dreaming a better life. Many juveniles are put in a downward position and expected to pull up with just the strength of them. Some can accomplish this but many fail and enter into the juvenile system, trying to obtain the better life. Growing up for me in a poverty stricken area I seen a lot of crime committed by juveniles. Instead of being in school and enjoying the freedom we had between classes, and taking advantage of being a kid, children were robing other kids for shoes, cell phones, and money. Children were hanging out on street corners selling drug and joining gangs, trying to obtain a sense of belonging and fast money. In my neighborhood the drug dealers and gangbangers were idealized while the police and teachers were hated. Growing up around this only made me want to push for my dream of becoming a defense attorney for juveniles more of a reality. According to Schmalleger (2011), the juvenile justice system is the aggregate of the government agencies that function to investigate, supervise, adjudicate, care for, or confine youthful offenders and other children subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile...
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...when acquiring only a shallow view of scripture. However, when applying a hermeneutical approach, one can see that equality among genders is a common theme. The Bible itself is, without a doubt, patriarchal in nature, but presents evidence of equality. Of note is the theme of religious equality; “that is, equality of the woman as a person before God.” This essay will explore various events in the Bible, beginning in Genesis, to support the claim that the Old Testament, though patriarchal, is not misogynistic and demeaning to women. Equality in Genesis Genesis states, “So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them” (Gen 1:27, NKJV). This verse provides evidence for equality between women and men and that they are both made in the image of God. Taking a look at Genesis 1:26-28 as a whole shows that the words “image” or “likeness” were used four times and implies significance. Men and women are both Godlike according to this passage, supporting that God created them equally. An examination of the second chapter of Genesis echoes the same idea. However, some may oppose this by arguing that woman being made second to man suggests inferiority. The argument may also be made that the word “helper” in Genesis 2:20 connotes the inferiority of...
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...attempt to explain the causation of criminal behavior, in different ways. Classical Theory The classical school of crime causation came about in the eighteenth century as a result of the Enlightenment and emphasized free will and reasonable punishments. Classical thinkers from this time period strongly believed that in order for punishment to be effective, it must outweigh the pleasure that may be derived from crime. There are certain basic assumptions associated with the Classical school. Among them are the individual action of free will, and most human behavior comes from the process of rational thought coupled with the ability to act freely. Another one of these assumptions were that punishment defined as a necessary evil required to deter law violators from repeating their crime as well as to present an example to potential criminals. Cesare Beccaria ( 1738-1794) was one of the first classical thinkers i noted in my studies. His publication of “Essays on crime and punishment” was an immediate success in it’s release in 1764, and stirred up controversy about the treatment of criminals. He believed his propositions to change the law of his day would act to make them more “humanitarian”. He wanted to put an end to physical punishment and the death penalty. Although his ideas of justice did little to change how law is carried out today, his ideas spawned the emergence of many thinkers to challenge his theories in the...
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...this loss simply exacerbated the peoples’ dissatisfaction with Nicholas II. Later, in February, the Russian Revolution began, starting with a revolt in Petrograd, and soon thereafter, Nicholas II abdicated the throne, indicating that there was soon to be a new regime in place. Revolutionary and lay-scholar Vladimir Lenin emerged as a dynamic leader along with the Bolsheviks, who would eventually win the Russian Civil War between himself and the Bolsheviks and the loose, informal group of capitalists and democracy...
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...Treatment versus Punishment - That is the Question! CRJ301: Juvenile Justice (BLI1518A) Treatment versus Punishment - That is the Question! For someone who committed a serious crime, prison may be a revelation, but for our youth that commit such crimes, the results could be daunting, even detrimental to the development of the youth. In most instances, the youth does not even realize the consequences to their actions. The juvenile justice system began with the concept parens patriae, meaning when a parent is no longer fit to provide for the welfare of a child, the state must step in and embody that role and provide protection for the wayward or troubled child” (St. Mary’s Law Journal, 2013). The juvenile justice system’s core concept is rehabilitation or change of our youth to the right path. The goal of punishment is not one of revenge, but prevention that the crime will not happen again. Putting our youth in adult prisons, making them face the penalties of such crimes, but if we do this, are we just giving up on our youth, believing that they cannot be rehabilitated? We, the people, need protection for the child that does not know better than to join a gang, the troubled child that comes from a broken home, where both parents are absent or abusive. The people of this community need to make a change for these children so that they will have an opportunity to live a morally healthy life instead of a life of crime. Many questions come up with regard to prosecuting...
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...jurisprudence in abolishing the capital punishment. This is to counter the plenary provisions of Article 5 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 and its protocol in 1989 where the State parties believed that abolition of death penalty should be in the scale of enhancement of human dignity and progressive development of human rights and recalling Article 3 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted on 10th December, 1948 as well as Article 21 of our Constitution.1 It can be judicially said “I don’t punish you for killing the man but so that the other cannot be killed.” That is, the chief aim of capital punishment is to make deterrent to others for same crime . Now this concept is having a new direction. The Supreme Court and High Courts in India interpret the cases before giving the death sentence as rarest of rare cases. The Court moves its eye also for other aspects of society. The landmark cases where death sentences were awarded in India are Ranga Billa case2, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi Assassination case, Laxman Nayak case 3 and the lastly, it was awarded to Dhananjoy Chatterjee on 14th August, 2004 in connection with Hetal Parikh case of West Bengal after the Supreme Court affirmed the death sentence awarded by lower courts and President also refused to grant him pardon. In the year 2003, Government laid a bill in the Parliament which proposed to add a provision of the punishment, like death sentence in the Drugs and...
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...didn't change the attitude of workers against the Tsarist regime, because people still wanted more liberal social system and a new government which Nicholas was not intend to change. This unhappiness caused by the lack of changes or reforms led to the strike in Saint Petersburg by factory workers who were led by Father Gapon in 1905. The strike finished really dramatically, because a lot demonstrators were killed by Cossaks, when the demonstration moved to close to the Winter Palace. This event was named “Bloody Sunday” or 1905 Revolution, and after this event more people went on strike and Nicholas 2 was loosing control over the Russian people. These violent and outrageous demonstrations left the Tsar without no choice but only to change his attitude towards reformation. In October 17th 1905 by the...
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...Past……...……………………………………………………………………2 Roman Catholic View………..…………………………………………………………………3 Lutheran View…….…………………………………………………………………………….4 Reformed View………………………………………………………………………………….5 Biblical Perspective……...……………………………………………………..……………….8 A Special Application of Atonement...………………………………………………………….9 A Modern Look………………………………………………………………………………..10 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….10 Thesis Statement It is the intent of this paper to show that children who die in infancy, regardless of the beliefs of their parents, are given salvation and therefore spend eternity in heaven. Original sin is still present, but God, being free and independent of us, freely chooses to save infants who are not capable of making a choice to commit their lives to Christ. Introduction Infant salvation is a complex issue, sometimes controversial and a topic of much debate within Christendom. The issue of infant salvation first arose with the institution of infant baptism, done so that infants who died would be baptized, and thus saved in case of death. Though that debate has subsided in recent years, it is not due to a consensus conclusion of the arguments among theologians and denominational leaders, but instead, it has subsided due to more pressing issues facing Christianity and theology. As infant salvation is explored, it must be done through a historical viewing of the topic as well as an emphasis on scripture. It is simply not enough to look at opinions of historical...
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...the Provinces of Madras (1920), Bengal (1922) and Bombay (1924) till the passing of the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986,1 the advances have been dynamic. These changes were partly due to litigation by public interest groups contesting the status of juveniles in Indian jails, Supreme Court rulings, and the adoption of UN General Assembly of the Beijing Rules in 1985. Even after a decade of passing the JJA, most of the states had failed to establish separate juvenile courts, welfare boards or special homes for delinquents. These measures haven’t successfully crossed the realms of justice into welfare. The reformation and rehabilitation measures by the government and contribution made by social organisations are being discussed in the following pages. 1.2. Scope This project is aimed to find out the lacunae in the Juvenile justice system of our country and the inadequacies in the reformation and rehabilitation of delinquent. To find out the practical realities of the juvenile justice system in India, we circulated a questionnaire among managerial students. This exercise enabled us to...
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...Introduction Juvenile Delinquency is a terrible problem in the unequal management system of society of the modern world. Juvenile Delinquency is increasing for the fast and speedy development of Industrialization and Urbanization. Industrialization and Urbanization make changes the Family structure which increases the propensity of Juvenile Delinquency. A large scale of people has been shifted to City town from rural area and keeps staying in the abdomen. This also increases Juvenile Delinquency. Now Juvenile Delinquency has emerged as a matter of concern in Bangladesh in recent times with the number of children and young people involved in "criminal activities" rising at an alarming rate. In most of the cases this is not a deliberate choice for the children. Numerous social factors coupled with poor parenting, family troubles and above all extreme poverty are pushing these children to this anti-social position. A child is born innocent and if nourished with tender care and attention, he or she will be blossom with faculties physical, mental, moral and spiritual into a person of stature and excellence. On the other hand, noxious surroundings, neglect of basic needs, bad company and other abuses and temptations would spoil the child and likely to turn him a delinquent. Therefore, expressing his concern for Child care, the noted Nobel Laureate Gabrial Mistral Long ago observed: We are guilty of many errors and many faults, but our worst crime is abandoning the children...
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...“Independent Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree BA (Hons) History, in the Department of History and Economic History, Manchester Metropolitan University”, 29 March 2014 Cultural Changes and the Growth of Christianity in Medieval and Early Modern England By Janine Scambler I certify that, apart from the guidance provided by my supervisor and the references cited in the text and bibliography, this dissertation is the sole work of Janine Scambler and has not been previously submitted as part of the assessment requirements for any academic reward. Signed: Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Chapter 1: Visual Culture 8 Chapter 2: Ancient Practices 21 Chapter 3: Beliefs and Superstition 30 Conclusion 41 Bibliography 43 Appendix 56 Abstract This dissertation will demonstrate cultural changes in England through the period c.700-1660. The changes studied will focus on visual sources, or visual culture; ancient practices, or festivals and the cult of saints; and superstition and belief. It will show how changes occurred around political and religious change, and that different areas were affected by different factors. Introduction This dissertation will assess the extent to which ancient beliefs and practices survived the introduction of Christianity and their subsequent development in England. This will be achieved through the study of visual culture; the survival of ancient practices; and an investigation...
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...Political Philosophy Revision Notes Brief Definitions Autonomy - A group or individual who has the ability to govern themselves, make decisions and act upon those decisions. Self-Government. Democracy – A government ruled by the people, and consisting of ‘the people’. Direct Democracy – Electors (the people) vote on every Government Issue. Representative – Electors vote in a person to represent ‘the people’. Ideology – A set of rules, morals and political views that governments base their ideals on. Usually includes a view of human nature. Social Contract – The mutual agreement between the people and the government on issues that affect the country and the people within, such as rights and duties. Theocracy – Government, which subscribes to the ideals of religion. Rule by god. Tyranny – Government by one unelected individual who imposes his will upon the population. Note: Some Tyrannies may be elected into power through deception. Eg, Hitler’s German Nazi Party Capitalism – A society in which everybody works for their own gain, and/or financial development. Can lead to massive growth in middle classes. Political Philosophy is aimed at analysing how a society works and how they are governed by a ruling power. It seeks to evaluate the different ethical and political standpoints in different political parties, and analyse how they affect the citizens of the country/state. Some key ideologies include; Conservatism Tradition and custom is more important than change...
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...Through a social conflict’s point of view, deviant behavior is only a symptom of a disease. The position advocates a system blame approach. Theorists believe that in this particular approach, the solution to the problem is a total remodification of society. A supporter of social conflict theory may argue that the reason people become deviant individuals is that there must be something wrong with the system in its’ entirety. An inequality exists and a reformation must [it] take place in order to solve and eradicate an individual’s deviant mindset. In October the Obama administration stationed approximately 100 advisors, most of which were part of the U.S. Special Forces to assist in finding Kony and the LRA. Early this past April, President Obama stated that the U.S. advisors will continue to contribute to the efforts in seeking the capture of Kony and eradicating the LRA by freeing the trapped...
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...AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY DIPLOMA IN SOCIAL WORK AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES COURSE CODE: SWD112 COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY QUESTION PICK ANY SOCIOLOGY FOUNDING FATHER, WRITE HIS OR HER CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY BY HEZEKIAH KELLY .M.O. D12SG0016 DATE: JUNE 2013 EMILE DAVID DURKHEIM (1858 – 1917) BRIEF HISTORY AND EARLY LIFE STAGES OF DURKHEIM Durkheim was born in the eastern Pascoag providence of Lorraine, which at that time was part of Germany, on April 15th 1858. He came from a long line of conservative French Jews but, he decided early in his life he would not follow in his family’s footsteps. He led a completely secular lifestyle. he never completely detached himself from his family or the Jewish community. Many of his colleagues and students were either from the Jewish community or of blood relation. In 1879 Durkheim entered École Normale Supérieure, as a very promising student. That year’s class was one of the most brilliant in the nineteenth century. Many of his classmates, such as Jean Jaurès and Henri Bergson, went on to become very influential to France’s history. Very early in his career, Durkheim became interested in the scientific approach to society by reading works by social scientists, Herbert Spencer and Auguste Comte, and studying with Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges. Thus, he found many problems with the French...
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