...empire together.”1 Held in Nicaea (which is now modern day Turkey), over 300 bishops and non-episcopal Christian thinkers were brought together for the event.2 The council’s major controversy was about determining whether Christ was both human and divine. “The crucial debate centered on the statement that the Son was “of the same substance” (homoousios) with the Father.”3 The predominant idea of Arianism is the unique and superior nature of the singular divine being. At the center of the controversy was a presbyter in Alexandria named Arius. His belief (centered around Proverbs 8:22 which states The Lord brought me forth as the first of his works, before his deeds of old.) was that the Son was not of the same essence as the Father, that the Son was created by the Father. From this line of thought, he argued that there would be more than one God. Therefore, the Son must be deemed a creature that has been given life from nothing and has had a beginning. Moreover, the Son can have no direct knowledge of the Father since the Son has limits and is of a different type of existence. Support for Arius from powerful bishops like Eusebius of Caesarea and Eusebius of Nicomedia further illustrate how Arius' Christology was shared by other Christians in the Empire. With all of this said, one could ask why this is important enough to...
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...Christology Quest For Historical Jesus There have been three modern quests for the historical Jesus influenced by the 27 books of the New Testament, especially the Gospels Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, since the first century C.E. The first quest began with the Enlightenment movement, which began as a result of increased value placed on individual thought and discovery, questioning of the truthfulness of the Bible and other church doctrines, and distinguishing the actual historical Jesus from the interpretations of Jesus that mixed small portions of history with greater amounts of theology. Hermann S. Reimarus was one of the first scholars to identify discrepancies. After his death philosopher Gotthold Lessing published Reimarus’ claim that Jesus was a Jewish reformer that encouraged Israel to replace Rome with the kingdom of God. After Jesus’ death the disciples presented him as a divine Savior, resurrected from death. Reimarus believed the disciples committed fraud; however David Strauss believed their writings to be mythological communication. These myths alone were not valuable, but were valuable in communicating religious truths. The second quest for the historical Jesus was initiated by Ernst Kasemann in 1953, as a reaction to Rudolf Bultmann’s rejection of the original quest. Bultmann dominated debates in the middle decades of the twentieth century. He was a Lutheran and helped move theology into the age of dialectical theology, where God was thought...
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...union (from the Greek: ὑπόστασις hypóstasis, sediment, foundation, substance, or subsistence) is a technical term in Christian theology employed in mainstream Christology to describe the union of Christ's humanity and divinity in one hypostasis.[3] The First Council of Ephesus recognised this doctrine and affirmed its importance, stating that the humanity and divinity of Christ are made one according to nature and hypostasis in the Logos. Contents [hide] * 1 Hypostasis * 2 Through history * 3 See also * 4 References ------------------------------------------------- Hypostasis[edit] Main article: Hypostasis (philosophy) Hypostasis had come into use as a technical term prior to the Christological debates of the late fourth and fifth centuries. Before there were Christians, the word was used in Greek philosophy, primarily in Stoicism.[4][5] Hypostasis had some use in the New Testament that reflect the later, technical understanding of the word; especially Hebrews 1:3. Although it can be rendered literally as "substance" this has been a cause of some confusion[6] so it is now often translated "subsistence". It denotes an actual, concrete existence, in contrast with abstract categories such as Platonic ideals. ------------------------------------------------- Through history[edit] A series of articles on Christology | * Christ * Son of God • God the Son * Logos • Incarnation * Pre-existence of Christ * Person of Christ * Hypostatic union * Love...
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...Kingdoms and Cultures Toni Romero Grand Canyon University Christian Worldview and Contextualization HTH 655 Professor Robert Prescott-Ezickson October 09, 2013 Kingdoms and Cultures Oscillatory has exercised vast inspiration by what method we abstract the link among Christianity and philosophy. The situation has converted several societies’ circumstances to vision their culture of resistance to foremost characteristics of the common philosophies as rather of which to be humiliated, as well as rather that desires to remain rejected with the intention to convert traditionally liable. Niebuhr debates that Yoder’s forceful analysis of his book has not been offered the extensive revelation it justifies, particularly his reason that Niebuhr's situation is vitiated with a fragile Christology plus an abuse of the policy of the Triad. Niebuhr has initiated vast misperception into the argument by considering the Christ against Culture method as principle imperfect, while the subject remains his personal situation that advances from “Nicene orthodoxy” (Carter, 2003). Culture comprises of the traditions, knowledge, ability, conducts and community relationships that a culture develops. Culture is the contextual in which all individual predictably their daily existence (Atkinson, 1995). The delinquent of “Oscillatory” is generally engaged to define the connection concerning Christians and the fundamental culture in which we reside (GCU, lecture). On the other hand, this disguises...
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...terms, drawn from a longer list (20 pts.). A good identification will answer the questions: who, what, when, where, why (if all of these are relevant). You will see these names or terms for the first time on the exam, but they will not be obscure. You will be able to choose the four that you can best identify from a list of 8-10. Finally, I will ask you to write one of the following essay questions. If you prepare an outline in advance for each of the questions, you will be well prepared for the exam. (40 pts.) 1. In the theological debate inaugurated by the priest, Arius, the interpretation of Proverbs 8:22 ("The Lord created me and before the ages He established me...") plays a key role. Explain how Arius understood this passage and what implications it had for his Christology. What was the response of his theological opponents, and what was the outcome of the debate for Arius, and for the Church? 2. Marcion initiated an important debate that has been held responsible for the impetus in the Church to establish a New Testament canon. Explain Marcion’s view of Christian scriptures. What position did he take concerning the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament? Why? What did his position imply concerning the nature of the Old Testament God, and the relationship between Judaism and Christianity? How did the Church respond? 3. Roman and North African churches were beset by conflict during the third century concerning the Church’s ability to forgive certain egregious sins, which...
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...text and interact with theological and exegetical arguments used to support all sides of the issue, but nevertheless come to conclusions based upon the strength of the arguments being studied. In doing research of this kind, you are encouraged to use primary sources written by proponents of the positions being espoused. Do not exclusively use secondary sources that summarize the content of a position. Instead, be sure to use sources that argue in support of a position. The first Theological Research Paper is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 5. The second one is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Friday of Module/Week 8. Theological Research Paper 1 Choose one of the following topics: 1. The Charismatic Gifts Debate: Are sign gifts for today or have they ceased? What is the purpose of the sign gifts, and if they are being practiced today, are they being practiced in a biblical manner? 2. The Baptism...
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...text and interact with theological and exegetical arguments used to support all sides of the issue, but nevertheless come to conclusions based upon the strength of the arguments being studied. In doing research of this kind, you are encouraged to use primary sources written by proponents of the positions being espoused. Do not exclusively use secondary sources that summarize the content of a position. Instead, be sure to use sources that argue in support of a position. The first Theological Research Paper is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of Module/Week 5. The second one is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Friday of Module/Week 8. Theological Research Paper 1 Choose one of the following topics: 1. The Charismatic Gifts Debate: Are sign gifts for today or have they ceased? What is the purpose of the sign gifts, and if they are being practiced today, are they being practiced in a biblical manner? 2. The Baptism...
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...THEOLOGICAL RESREACH PAPER 1 The Christology Debate Submitted to: Dr. Cox Liberty University Online Lynchburg, VA by Richard M. Shouse November 25, 2013 The Christology Debate: What does it mean that Christ “emptied himself” in the incarnation? Did he lay aside certain attributes of deity in order to become human, or did he retain all attributes of deity while in human flesh? Introduction: In order, to understand what it means that Christ “emptied himself” in the incarnation we have to look at the events that lead up to Paul writing that profound statement. Philip II of Macedon in the Year 356 B.C. Formally established the city of Philippi. (O'Brien, 3) Philippi was governed by the Romans which was modeled after the city, Rome. It had...
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...THE COUNCIL OF EPHESUS [431], THE THEOLOGICAL ISSUES ADDRESSED, AND THE KEY FIGURES INVOLVED. Student’s Name Registration Course Date CONTENTS Topic 4 The Introduction…..4 ThesisStatement 5 Nestorius: Author of Heresy………………………………………………………………………6 The Theology of the Council…………………………………………………………………..…12 Findings…………………………………………………....15 Bibliography 16 THE COUNCIL OF EPHESUS [431], THE THEOLOGICAL ISSUES ADDRESSED, AND THE KEY FIGURES INVOLVED. INTRODUCTION This paper presents an inspiring story that focuses on the Christian enthusiasm concerning the faithful during the period of the fifth century. The faithful Christians staged war where they opposed the heresy that could have been the cause of degrading the faith through the incarnation and finally leading to the derogation of the Mother of God's dignity. Following this instance, it is very much possible to imagine that the good reaction or even its absence in the present times ecumenical Liberals leads to the emergence of Nestorius during our time1. However, the Catholics who lived in the fifth century, glory to God, had a close relationship with Martyrs Age. In this regard, it then becomes necessary to find out how these Catholics defended their faith, taking into consideration that for each and every moment that a Catholic follower prays these days, conducts such prayers through the enthusiasm of Ephesus in 431. Indeed, an Ecumenical or the General Council of the Church refers to the sole...
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...Naylor illustrates the resistance of Willie K. Mason and Luther Nedeed’s wife, Willa, of the ideology of Linden Hills develops the rhetoric that they serve as the downfall of the generations of Luther Nedeed. Willie was an anchor that brought people of Linden Hills of their high horse and into the reality of the world. Willie resists the white hegemony and status of the residents of Linden Hills. Some critics believe that Willa served as the messiah for Linden Hills. Willa resists the western aesthetics of patriarchy. With the opposition of Linden Hills’ ideology, Luther Nedeed’s founding values crumble in one season. Willie is a fail Luther’s scheme of life. Willie wants to be successful, but not at the price of selling his soul. Willie’s debates about the world black people live in brings insight to the residents that live by the white hegemony present in Linden Hills. Willie attempts to explain the white hegemony that Xavier and Maxwell live by with the statement “Then I guess it’s just a coincidence—that the majority of black folks in this country are poor, have been poor, and will be poor for a long time to come.” Making an issue about the way Luther sets up the goals and status of life threatens his community. With no knowledge of his influences over the residents of Linden Hills, Willie contributes to diminishing legacy of Luther Nedeed. Naylor appoints significance to Willie witnessing Willa’s return, because it means everything Luther Nedeed stood for would die. Willa becomes...
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...system of psychology <Freudian psychology> <the psychology of Jung> — psy·chol·o·gist noun See psychology defined for English-language learners » See psychology defined for kids » Examples of PSYCHOLOGY She studied psychology in college. the psychology of an athlete the psychology of crowd behavior We need to understand the psychologies of the two people involved in the incident. Origin of PSYCHOLOGY New Latin psychologia, from psych- + -logia -logy First Known Use: 1653 Other Psychology Terms fetish, hypochondria, intelligence, mania, narcissism, neurosis, pathological, psychosis, schadenfreude, subliminal Rhymes with PSYCHOLOGY andrology, anthology, apology, astrology, biology, bryology, cetology, Christology, chronology, conchology, cosmology, cryptology, cytolog... [+]more psy·chol·o·gy noun \-jē\ (Medical Dictionary) plural psy·chol·o·gies Medical Definition of PSYCHOLOGY 1 : the science of mind and behavior 2 a : the mental or behavioral characteristics typical of an individual or group or a particular form of behavior <mob psychology> <the psychology of arson> b : the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity <color psychology> <the psychology of learning> 3 : a treatise on or a school, system, or branch of psychology psychology noun (Concise Encyclopedia) Scientific discipline that studies mental processes and behaviour in humans and other animals...
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...Baptists were primarily in regards to issues such as the role of baptism, Christology, and Trinitarian theology. The early Baptist church also was forced to deal with persecution and the lack of religious liberty in the early years following the Protestant reformation. As people such as Roger Williams and John Clarke fled persecution from the Catholic Church, they fled to the colonies. From the life and work of people such as these, the Baptist denomination began to spread through what would eventually become the United States of America. First Baptist Church of Providence, founded in 1639 by Roger Williams, marked the first official Baptist church in the colonies, promoting the spread of the Baptist denomination. Christianity dictated much of the thought and practice of the first colonies in America, as previously noted. On this topic Bruce Douglass stated, “Christianity was once a dominant influence on political theory in the West” (B. Douglass, 25). The implications of Christianity as a “dominant influence” meant it ultimately had a say in all parts of life in the West. People sought to define themselves and their place in the world through the lens of Christianity. Ultimately, Christianity had a say on things such as family life, morals, and work. Out of this thought and practice, though, the Christian Church, and specifically the Baptist church, would be looked at as a source of reason in the midst of the debate over slavery. From the beginning of Baptist life and slavery in America...
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...QUESTION: THE VERBUM INCARNATUM ON THE JERUSALEM STREET IS THE SAME WITH THE LOGOS OF FAITH. DISCUSS? BY JOSEPH ONYENWMADU O. CHIBUOGWU COURSE TITLE: THE QUEST FOR HISTORICAL JESUS. DATE: MAY, 2016 It is worthy of note that the first four centuries of the life of the Church was nearly marred by the Christological heresies. Argument about the person and work of Jesus Christ. Arguments abound concerning the Historicity of the Christian religion, while many has maintained that Jesus had not intended a development of faith from his teachings, the quest to identify the historical Jesus and differentiate between the Jesus of history and the Jesus of faith is going on. One of those devastating heresies called Docetism appeared in the time of John the beloved, propounded by the Marcions and the Gnostics, a teaching that denied the human nature of Jesus Christ claiming that the body is matter and matter is evil, so that the body was just a “Phantom” a body merely given a human appearance in nature but not necessarily human, because they believe that God cannot associate with evil. So John wrote in his first epistle that “every Spirit that confesses not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh is not of God” 1John 4:3. The Jesus of History is the Jesus of the Historical Quests which is by now is on the 3rd stage. The Christ of Faith is the Christ of the Christian belief. To have any sort of separation between the two is like having a separation between the WORD and the CHRIST...
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...The Apostle Paul and John the Baptist Abstract The Apostle Paul and John the Baptist are two men with unique life experiences. They both lived two different lives, but are similar in so many ways. With their tenacity and zeal for the things of God, they both concurred the moment to present the way for us all! The Apostle Paul and John the Baptist The Apostle Paul, of Tarsus, wasn't always known by this name. Paul's name, before his conversion, was Saul. Saul was born in "Tarsus, which is the capital of Cilicia, a Roman province in the southeast of Asia Minor." Saul was a natural born Roman citizen, which was considered to be a privilege during those times. In his youth he picked up a trade as a tent builder. Eventually, he went off to school to further his education, studying Law at a great university. (Schnelle, U. 2005.) As Saul began to study the Law he grew fascinated with it and became a Pharisee. Pharisees believed that the Law should be followed to the letter. This group believed in God, but they did not believe that Jesus was the Messiah. So, they set out to kill anybody who preached the opposite. Saul was zealous about the Law. He approved and witnessed to the murder, stoning, of Stephen, who preached the gospel of Jesus Christ. (Schnelle, U. 2005) After that Saul receives written permission from the High Priest to search in Damascus' synagogues for those...
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...Liberty University THE SYNOPTIC PROBLEM A paper submitted to PROFESSOR MONTE SHANKS In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the course NBST 510 Liberty Theological seminary By Wilbert L. Bracey Lynchburg, Virginia February 1, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 The Synoptic Problem-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 Markan Priority---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Q Hypothesis------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 L and M------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 Two Gospel Hypothesis-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 Conclusion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 Bibliography------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 Introduction There are differences in the area of Synoptic Gospel as well as there are large amounts of similarities that can be proved with all the evidence written as well as physical. The synoptic Gospels are ones that include Matthew, Luke and Mark. The reason they are called synoptic, which means, seen together, is because...
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