...If you are invited into somebodys home they are essentially consenting for you to see them in a context which would have been private and secluded from you. In the TV show Big Brother, contestants consented to being monitored round the clock for up to three months (Macnish n.d). This does not appear to be problematic from the perspective of the surveillance (Macnish n.d). As noted above, we do not feel an imposition has occurred if we choose to take up a retail stores offer of a loyalty card and the convenience that it brings (Macnish n.d). Although is might be objected strongly if it transpires that the store has been monitoring the spending of individuals without such cards by recording their credit card usage and correlating this with itemised receipts (Macnish n.d). While consent can justify surveillance, the lack of consent does not automatically invalidate it (Macnish n.d). Law enforcement does not need to seek the consent of the criminals it wishes to monitor to accumulate evidence against them, nor does the state need to gain consent of those who are genuine threats to its security (Macnish n.d). As such, when is there justifiable causes for non-consensual surveillance (Macnish n.d). One justification often given for large-scale surveillance is the appeal to the greater good...
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...Have you ever thought about how harmful and damaging the influence of our justice system can be across the United States? How damaging is it to a community when someone is wrongfully convicted? In society, the system and law enforcement choose the incarcerees who are at risk of being punished if the incarcerees meet the requirements of being punished. This is done by the US’s justice system, called the retributive system. This system punishes and imprisons people without learning the whole story. In the book Just Mercy, Bryan Stevenson talks about how the retributive justice system attempts to portray that it is fair for all, yet we are far from having a fair system as the current legal work is short of being fair. To begin, the criminal justice...
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...crime didn’t have a lasting effect on the crime rate because they were just seen as public service figures, but when seen talking with people in the neighborhoods often or doing foot patrols it gave the impression that the neighborhood had a firm stance on crime. My own community is too secluded and small to utilize community policing but there are areas within my town which have a community watch program which is a good example of how this system is used today. 2. Q: What are the four main functions of the local police? Describe each function has to what the police do and how it helps the citizens. The four functions are: Law enforcement- Law enforcement is the most commonly thought of aspect when asked what an officer does. These duties include testifying in court, investigating a crime, routine traffic stops and many other duties. This function serves to protect people in a community and punish criminals. Order maintenance and peacekeeping - Order maintenance and peacekeeping includes duties such as breaking up a fight, stopping a domestic dispute before it goes too far or even patrolling a local community street festival. This function is very important because it serves to stop a crime before it happens. Service - Service duties may include taking a senior citizen who is unable to drive to a doctor’s appointment or possibly killing a snake on someone’s property. In my opinion these duties serve to form a bond between a citizen and a police officer by assuring they are not...
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...exposure to death than does those in the law enforcement field. The effect of such exposure on individual law enforcement officers, and upon the subculture as a whole, is both damaging and functional. “Themes, images, and symbols of death pervade the folklore of the police subculture” (Henry). This is something that all the members of the law enforcement community have to deal with on a daily basis, but at what cost? A subculture is defined as, “a cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture” (Merriam Webster). These beliefs and interests can include things like language, ideological values, gender roles, social conventions, religion, or artistic expression through things like paintings, books or films. Any group that shares interests can be a subculture such as school groups, church groups, civic organizations, sports teams, or people in a particular profession. The police subculture is a feeling of brotherhood, or tremendous group loyalty that exists among law enforcement officers. An unwritten creed, it can lead officers to support their law enforcement brethren at the expense of all else. Responding immediately, and in strength to an ‘officer in distress’ call would be a positive result of this belonging. However, the strong emotions involved can also lead to a deadly over-reaction during that same call. It can cause officers to believe that only fellow officers are able to understand them, sometimes...
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...do not only effect an individual, these choices might add too decisions and actions that a number of other people must decide as well. Mostly all decisions have a moral perspective that every individual has to deal with to determine if it’s a choice that they are prepared to decide. Every choice must include the most significant matters at hand, how and who it may have an impact on, including any potential future problems from the choices made. Not long ago the Phoenix Police department of Phoenix Arizona has encountered a number of moral dilemmas that has frightened their appearance. Although several police officer have attempted to charge for work that has not been accomplished, this is known as stealing and contains a number of moral repercussions that may come about as a result. During 2007 the Metropolitan Property Management Company in Phoenix and the Cotton Center homeowners association made a protest with the Professional Standards Bureau that allegedly stated that a number of Phoenix police officers were responsible for theft and fraud (2010, Holland). Ultimately, the Attorney General’s office of Arizona prosecuted four general officers and laid off 30 additional officers in November, once authorities stated that they stole thousands in cash, in a security scam while not on the clock. Sgt. Benjamin, officers Steven Peck, Aaron Lentz, and the primary leader of the rip- off, ex patrolman George Contreras was the alleged officer, according to...
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...The Panopticon was design to be a prison which comprised of a circular building with all the cells to be adjacent to the outside walls (Macnish n.d, Moran 2015). In the centre of this was a tower in which a prison guard would live and monitor the prisoners (Macnish n.d, Moran 2015). There were large external windows and smaller internal windows which allowed the guard to continually monitor the activities of the prisoners, while a system of louvers in the central tower prevented the prisoners being able to see the guard (Macnish n.d, Moran 2015). A basic form of a loudspeaker would enable the guard to communicate with the prisoners (Macnish n.d, Moran 2015). The idea was because the prisoners did not know when they were being monitored, that they would come to assume that they were always being monitored, therefore, this would encourage them to be self-disciplined and well-behaved during their time in the Panopticon (Macnish n.d, Moran 2015). The idea of living this way would also serve as a deterrent to those who visited the prison from wanting to commit crimes (Macnish n.d, Moran...
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...PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT OF PEACE OFFICERS MODEL POLICY MN STAT 626.8457 I. “POLICY It is the policy of the __________________________________________________ (law enforcement agency) to investigate circumstances that suggest an officer has engaged in unbecoming conduct, and impose disciplinary action when appropriate. II. PROCEDURE This policy applies to all officers of this agency engaged in official duties whether within or outside of the territorial jurisdiction of this agency. Unless otherwise noted this policy also applies to off duty conduct. Conduct not mentioned under a specific rule but that violates a general principle is prohibited. A. PRINCIPLE ONE Peace officers shall conduct themselves, whether on or off duty, in accordance with the Constitution of the United States, the Minnesota Constitution, and all applicable laws, ordinances and rules enacted or established pursuant to legal authority. 1. Rationale: Peace officers conduct their duties pursuant to a grant of limited authority from the community. Therefore, officers must understand the laws defining the scope of their enforcement powers. Peace officers may only act in accordance with the powers granted to them. 2. Rules a) Peace officers shall not knowingly exceed their authority in the enforcement of the law. b) Peace officers shall not knowingly disobey the law or rules of criminal procedure in such areas as interrogation...
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...technologies have increased the capacity of data processing, information sharing, and communications within and across agencies. The increasing societal dependence on the Internet and computer-mediated communications have led law enforcement to develop tools to investigate offenses online. Thus, technology plays a pivotal role in the justice system, though a majority of researchers focus on the implementation and effect of technologies in law enforcement agencies. Over the last several decades’ technology has evolved in ways that most would never have imagined. Technology used to be something only seen in movies or The Jetson’s. Today, technology is used to operate in nearly everything we do throughout the day. The increased use of technology offers many pros and cons, when it comes to the criminal justice system, it can greatly impact and/or seriously hinder all in one scenario. New technology can drastically improve and expand our current limitations within law enforcement. Technology has the ability to offer broader searches for criminals, look deeper at the molecular levels of DNA, and provide hard evidence of a crime or even help prove the innocence of an alleged criminal. Either way you look at it; technology has drastically changed the way law...
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...History of African Americans and the Police The relationship between police officers and the African American communities can be understood by first understanding the policing history in the United States. Blacks were reminded of their inferior social standing through public spaces during segregation (Berrey and Foley, 2006, p. 81). African Americans were clearly suppressed by the justice system. It protected White male landowners. Experiences of African Americans led to their resistance that challenged the Jim Crow perspective of separate being equal (Berrey and Foley, 2006, p. 82). Separate but equal was merely a theory. However, in practice, the government treated Black individuals in the country as second class citizens in various settings,...
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...destined to lead you to destruction. It would be easy for me to reference a lot of different resources when addressing this subject, but since I have so much hands on experience in the use of cannabis, I will start with myself and my history of the use of marijuana and why I feel like it should be legalized. My use of marijuana started at the age of 12. It was at a point in my life as to choose which side of peer pressure that I would submit to. I initially tried cigarettes, as a matter of fact a variety of brands, none to which I can actually say suited my taste. My first experience with marijuana took me to a place of calmness. My biggest fear of my first smoke was “What are the side effects?”. Needless to say my side effects were tolerable very to me, and damaging to any ones kitchen that I was in, because I was extremely hungry and very inquisitive, during mediocre conversations. This is a brief summary of my personal history and now I will emphasize my personal perspective on the legalization of recreational marijuana use. The use and distribution for profit should be legalized in Texas for many reasons. I have compiled a list of reasons, some from my personal agendas and some from financial facts from other states such as Colorado and Washington who has surely seen more profit...
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...Ethics in Psychological Research Deception Deception in Psychological Research Deception in itself is fraudulent behavior. When someone seldom tells and untruth it appears to be harmless to some, however the same act could be devastating to the next person. Deception can effect one or millions. Take the case of Bernard Madoff who took it upon himself to deceive his clients who trust him to manage their financial holding for them be investing and earning them money in return. Madoff’s level of deception affected and damaged many families. What frame or state of emotional or mental state was he in, what was the thing that initially triggered Madoff to initiate his scheming plan? Ethics Code The code of ethics as it relates to psychology pertains to the educational, scientific, and professionals and their activities in the field of psychology which include training, service to the public and communities, intervention, clinical research, counseling. Some other areas include development and conducting assessments, along with program design, organizational consulting, evaluation consulting. Code of Ethics in Psychology applies in these areas as well forensic activities and administrations. Other venues that is different from the private sector as it applies to the conduct or behavior of professionals in the field of psychology which spam in a large area like the postal service, telephone service, the internet and most electrical communication devices. Detecting Deception ...
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...Aaron Maxfield COU 617 Counseling Children and Adolescents Dr. Lawrence Rubin Capstone Module 4 People join gangs for many reasons, not least to fulfill the universal needs among young people for status, identity and companionship. There is some evidence to suggest low self-esteem has a significant relationship with the characteristic features of gang membership: aggression, antisocial and offending behavior. Other important psychological motivations contributing to gang membership include the need for money, protection against victimization, connectedness to others in the gang, the need for status and respect, and excitement (Madden, 2013). As a former probation officer, I was able to supervise and form relationships with a significant amount of gang members. I was able to see firsthand the risk factors that circle around the neighborhoods where gang activity was prevalent. Gang membership doesn’t just appear in a vacuum. There are so many different forces at play and risk factors that coincide with mental health problems in these environments including: low-income households, unemployment, use of illicit substances, low parental involvement, low educational attainment, and involvement in the criminal justice system. As a therapist, I realize there will be numerous mental health issues that will be challenging. There appears to be a high prevalence of conduct and antisocial personality disorders among the gang membership population. Violence before age 15 that...
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...a combination of physical, sexual, and psychological abuses that may include: physical violence, intimidation, threats, isolation, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, manipulation using children, total economic control, and assertion of male privilege. (Keary Healey) Law enforcement officials consider domestic violence to be the number one crime problem in the state of Maine. I am hoping to point out the significance this problem has and how the escalation of abuse can lead to homicides and the long term effect it has on victims. The majority of abusers are straight males. In 2004, over 14,000 Mainers received services from the domestic abuse projects of the Maine Coalition to End Domestic Violence; ninety-seven (97%) percent of these cases were women and children. (John N. Ferdico) Each year over half of the homicides in Maine are Domestic violence related, and firearms appear to be the weapon of choice. In 2006-2008, The Maine Domestic Abuse Homicide Review Panel reviewed seventeen domestic violence cases, involving sixteen victims and sixteen perpetrators. Out of the seventeen cases reviewed four of them occurred in 2006, seven in 2007 and six in 2008. In two of these cases law enforcement shot and killed the perpetrators. Only one case involved a self-defense homicide committed by the victim (whom was not prosecuted). Two cases involved perpetrators committing a double homicide and three cases involved suicide by perpetrator of the homicide...
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...November 13, 2014 By, Heather Leigh Bradley 1. The case study references one state statute. Identify it and explain what it prohibits. “The case study of State vs. Johnson references one specific state statue, 42.09(a)(3) of the Texas Penal Code, Desecration of a Venerated Object. A person commits an offense if he/she intentionally or knowingly desecrates, a state or national flag. “Desecrate” means to deface, damage, destroy, vandalize and/or mistreat in a way that the actor knowingly will greatly offend one or more persons are like to observe or discover his/her action. This offense is a Class A misdemeanor “(Case Study Texas vs. Johnson, 2014). The statue prohibits intentionally or knowingly desecrating, destroying, damaging, burning, mistreating of a state or national flag in public that will seriously offend one or more persons and is witnessed by one or more persons. This statue was made to prohibit only flagrant acts of flag desecration that take place in a public setting or place (Case Study Texas vs. Johnson, 2014). 2. Which branch of government created the state statute? The state statue, 42.09(a)(3) of the Texas Penal Code, Desecration of a Venerated Object, was created under legislative branch. The State’s interest is to prevent a breach of peace by prohibiting certain acts of flag desecration have been considered to be unrelated to the suppression of freedom of speech, the First Amendment of the Constitution. 3. The passage above also discusses...
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...Humor and law enforcement, two words that many individuals believe should not mix in the real world. Individuals in law enforcement are scrutinized in some ways more than any other profession in this country. In the United States police officers are held to a professional standard and their every action can be recorded and scrutinized by the public. Law enforcement is a profession in which they deal with individuals on their worst days. Once that 911 call is received, dispatch can send officers to scenes that range anywhere from traffic incidents, noise disturbances, domestic disturbances, suicide attempts, and murder scenes. Some people have trouble seeing past the blue uniform to understand that there is a human behind that badge and that they deal with these stressful events on a daily basis. To that effect one of the ways in which law enforcement personnel deal with these incidents is through the use of humor. The goal of this paper is to identify the psychological reasoning’s behind law enforcements uses of humor and serve as a guide for the public in understanding and accepting it....
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