...Corporate Law Course Overview * Introduction to and sources of Company Law (2) * Types of companies – General characteristics (7) * Formation of a company (13) * Capital (19) * Financing of company * Corporate Bodies * General meeting * Control * Annual Corporate Compliance * Director’s liabilities * Restructuring of companies * Liquidation of companies * Continuity * Draft questions exam Introduction to and sources of company law Sources When I start up a business in Belgium, whether I’m Belgian or my foreign company locates a subsidiary here, which legislative rules should I take into account? Which legislation can accurately tell me what to do and what not to do? There are four sources of legislation for Belgian companies: the Belgian Company Code, the Jurisprudence, the Doctrine and the European Directives. The Company Code The Company Code is a legislation code that was adopted by the Belgian Parliament on the 7th of May in 1999, which regroups and restructures the main provisions of Belgian Company Law. For decades, authors and practitioners had been complaining about the complexity of the Belgian Company Law. There were far too many sources to it. What they wanted was one and only one book with all the provisions concerning the Belgian Company Law. So by adopting the Company Code, the legislator...
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...Journal Article - Case Comment Civil unions - exclusion of same-sex couples. E.H.R.L.R. 2014, 2, 179-184 [European Human Rights Law Review] Publication Date: 2014 Subject: Family law. Other related subjects: Human rights Keywords: Civil partnerships; Greece; Right to respect for private and family life; Same sex partners; Sexual orientation discrimination Abstract: Comments on the European Court of Human Rights decision in Vallianatos v Greece (29381/09) on whether a Greek law affording legal recognition to civil unions between unmarried heterosexual couples but not same sex couples breached the European Convention on Human Rights 1950 arts 8 and 14. Notes that the court did not assess whether Greece had a positive obligation to introduce civil unions for same sex couples. Considers the potential implications of the ruling for the civil partnership institution in England and Wales. Legislation Cited: European Convention on Human Rights 1950 art.8 European Convention on Human Rights 1950 art.14 Cases Cited: Vallianatos v Greece (29381/09) Unreported November 7, 2013 (ECHR (Grand Chamber)) © 2014 Sweet & Maxwell Page1 European Human Rights Law Review 2014 Case Comment Civil unions - exclusion of same-sex couples Subject: Family law. Other related subjects: Human rights Keywords: Civil partnerships; Greece; Right to respect for private and family life; Same sex partners; Sexual orientation discrimination Legislation: European Convention on Human Rights European Convention...
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...Nicholas Asemota Globalism Name of organization: The Council of Europe Year founded:5 May 1949 by the Treaty of London. Original Members: Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Original objectives: In 1945, at the end of the second World War, Europe was marked by unprecedented devastation and human suffering. It faced new political challenges, in particular reconciliation among the peoples of Europe. This situation favored the long held idea of European integration through the creation of common institutions. In his famous speech at the University of Zurich on 19 September 1946, Sir Winston Churchill called for a United States of Europe and the creation of a Council of Europe. He had spoken of a Council of Europe as early as 1943 in a broadcast to the nation. The future structure of the Council of Europe was discussed at a specific congress of several hundred leading politicians, government representatives and civil society in The Hague, Netherlands in 1948. There were two schools of thought competing: some favored a classical international organization with representatives of governments, while others preferred a political forum with parliamentarians. Both approaches were finally combined through the creation of the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly under the Statute of the Council of Europe..This vision also led to the creation of the motto and the underlying...
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...Creative analysis on the basis of question - can be dissenting opinion as long as based on facts - 4 to 5 questions, answer all - TIME MANAGEMENT, answer according to marks - topic-centric focus on exams - can argue from two different angles, but WRITE FROM THE POSITION/PERSPECTIVE REQUIRED - OPEN BOOK - bigger topics on diplomatic immunity, human rights situations, sanctions, mixed situations --> CREATIVE ANSWERS Modern Foreign Relations Law and Diplomacy SAMPLE EXAM Question 1 20 points Mr. and Mrs. Egleen Wasterdeen, the ambassador of Westland in Eastland and his wife, hire Happy Face, Inc. to cater their daughter’s wedding reception. Emily, their daughter, is getting married to the older son of ambassador Turgis Maturgis of Northland, Macklem. The costs are estimated at approximately CHF 150,000, and ambassador Wasterdeen signs the estimate, with the handwritten addendum: “If it is a little more, that’s fine.” Some 250 guests attend the reception at a lovely resort by a lake in Eastland’s lake district, 80% of them members of the diplomatic corps. Ambassador Wasterdeen uses the opportunity for a lot of talks with his colleagues, including preliminary negotiations on a trade agreement with Northland. After the event, Happy Face, Inc. presents ambassador Wasterdeed with a bill totaling CHF 189,000. The cover letter states that “consumption of alcoholic beverages has exceeded estimates, and several expensive pieces of china have been damaged.” Ambassador Wasterdeen calls Happy...
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...Assess the impact of Napoleon on Europe The Napoleonic Empire came into existence following the coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte as Emperor of France at Notre Dame in 1804. The frontiers of the ancien regime had been expanded up to and beyond France’s natural borders, with the momentum of expansion following in direct correlation with the pace of France’s military conquests under the leadership of Bonaparte himself. The ‘Great Empire’ is often referred to as a single entity embracing French controlled Europe, but territories were in fact separated depending on the levels of French control. Territory ruled directly from Paris was known as the pays reunis which compromised of France’s natural frontiers (borders of the Rhine, Alps and Pyrenees) as well as annexed territories of Piedmont, Parma, Papal States and Holland after 1810. It was also divided into the pays conquis, which were nominally independent satellite states and formed a zone protecting the borders of the French Empire from attacks from countries such as Britain. These were ruled by Frenchmen who were usually close to Napoleon as a family member or as a close friend, such as Jerome Bonaparte who was King of Westphalia and Joachim Murat who was King of Naples. When discussing impact, the effects of Napoleon and his policies on factors such as economies, religion and nationalism in satellite states that composed the Napoleonic Empire will be taken into account, whether positive or negative on the states. Napoleon...
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...Daily Mail (Case 81/87, 27 September 1988) Daily Mail was a tax-law case. Daily Mail plc wanted to move its de facto head office (tax residence) to the Netherlands because of the more favourable tax regime there, while at the same time it planned to remain a company subject to UK company law. The UK Treasury Department refused permission for the transfer of seat, which is necessary under UK law. EC law implications Because of the refusal of the UK Treasury Department to allow the transfer of the de facto head office, Daily Mail referred the question to the ECJ, whether Articles 43 and 48 EC Treaty preclude a member state from obstructing the transfer of the de facto head office from a member state. Decision of the court The ECJ concluded that this issue falls outside the scope of the Treaty provisions on freedom of establishment. Moreover, the Court added obiter dictum some comments regarding several conflicts of law questions. The Daily Mail judgment was recently confirmed by the Cartesio decision (see below). Centros (Case C-212/97, 9 March 1999) Two Danes established Centros Ltd under UK company law. The company was trade only in Denmark, however. The incorporators clearly stated that they had established the entity under UK company law solely to avoid the minimum capitalisation requirement for Danish limited liability companies. The Danish commercial registry considered this to be an unlawful circumvention of the Danish minimum capitalisation rules and so refused to...
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...against heterosexuals and couples, they would feel sad and unwanted just like many homosexuals. Everyone deserves the right to love who they would like to, and marry whomever they would like because marriage is an essential human right. Homosexuals are no different than heterosexuals just because they love the same gender. Gay rights are a part of equal rights in Canada everyone should have the same equal rights no matter what, same-sex couples should be allowed to marry because they are also people and deserve the many rights available to heterosexual couples. In July of 2005, Canada had become the fourth country to legalize same-sex marriages, the other three countries that had legalized same-sex marriages before Canada were; Belgium, Spain, and the Netherlands. Way before Canada had legalized same-sex marriages. Homosexuality was a crime. Anyone who had anything to do with homosexuals and homosexuality was charged as a sex offender. An example of this is the case involving Everett Klippert; in 1965 Everett was interrogated by police and has said he had homosexual relationships with many men, it was unlikely he would stop doing this. He was then charged and convicted of being a dangerous sexual offender and was put in prison. Firstly, every human deserves the right to love who they choose too, and marry whomever they would like too, and marriage is an essential human right. According to the (UDHR) Universal...
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...Scandinavian Culture: Home Exam Antoine LE GOFF HISTORY BOOK: HOW SWEDEN BECAME SWEDISH Table of Contents Introduction 1 Creation of Sweden and its culture 3 17th - 18th century: Swedish culture is born 3 Göticism and Viking heritage: Foundation of the Swedish culure 3 18th Century: the Enlightenment: a new view of the nation 3 19th Century: National Romanticism 3 20th century: Contemporary History 4 The dissolution of the Union 4 The First World War 4 Wellfare system establishment 4 The Second World War 4 The Cold War 5 European Union and Immigration 5 How Sweden Becam Swedish 6 Welfare State 6 Cultural Policy and Propaganda 7 Multi-culturalism 8 Gender Equality 9 Conclusion 11 Introduction The purpose of this essay is to try to understand the Scandinavian culture. To do this, we have to clarify some concepts, like National Identity, Nationalism, culture and Swedishness, in order to understand the connection between those, and finally expose more easely the following arguments. Those concepts can be seen as pretty dimness and deep, so we have to treat those with caution. In fact, if we start with Nationalism, many theorists tried to counteract the three paradoxes this concept bring : objective modernity vs. subjective antiquity, socio-cultural concept vs. concrete manifestations and 'political' power vs. philosophical poverty. Therefore, we see that Nationalism involve multiple frameworks, like history, culture, social...
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...r﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽﷽ section 8) e peak at 119.1 in January 2014 - Wyrzykowska, E. sYNOsed in only USA from 18% to 21%.n custoxc | | PESTLE ANALYSIS FOR POLAND I- Political factors 1. Government stability and likely changes Poland’s political landscape has evolved into a stable democracy since the fall of communism in the country. Its strong foreign policy assures it political and economic security. Ever since the setting up of a democratic framework, various governments of Poland have undertaken initiatives to privatize companies in several industries. The government is in the process of privatizing numerous financial institutions, as well as companies in the power, chemical, and petroleum sectors. The privatization of companies is one among many measures the government is taking to reduce its budget deficit. However, Poland’s political and bureaucratic systems face widespread corruption, which has been a barrier to foreign investment. 2. Tax policy The Polish tax system is comprehensive and tightly regulated. Any taxpayers conducting a business activity in Poland may be subject to the following taxes: All taxes are imposed entirely based on Acts passed by the Polish Parliament, which means that taxes cannot be imposed based on decrees issued by the Ministry of Finance or any other authority. This ensures the certainty of law and protects taxpayers from unpredictable changes in legislation. Additionally, in case of uncertainties regarding the interpretation...
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...SUKRITI JAIN Will EU survive the second decade of the new millennium? CONTENTS 1. ORIGIN........................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 1.2 2. 3. 4. Perceived benefits ................................................................................................................... 7 Rules governing union (Stability and Growth Pact and Maastricht Treaty) ........................... 7 Faultlines ......................................................................................................................................... 7 current SCENARIO ........................................................................................................................ 8 WHY SAVE EURO? .................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 ALTERNATIVES................................................................................................................. 11 Split ............................................................................................................................... 11 Institutionalised austerity and ECB bailing out ............................................................ 13 ECB lends money to IMF and latter disburses loans with stiff conditionality’s ........... 13 Creation ofEuropean treasury/ EmpoweringEFSF ........................................................ 13...
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...Helmet has released seven studio albums and two compilation albums. The band found mainstream success with their 1992 major label debut Meantime, which debuted at number 68 on the Billboard 200, with singles "Unsung" and "In the Meantime". After the release of Betty (1994) and Aftertaste (1997), Helmet broke up in 1998, but reformed in 2004. The band released their fifth album, Size Matters, later that year and it was their last release on their longtime label Interscope Records. They were briefly signed with Warcon Records, who released their sixth album, Monochrome, on July 18, 2006. Currently, Helmet are signed to Work Song Records, who released their seventh album Seeing Eye Dog. Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Early years (1989–1991) 1.2 Mainstream success (1992–1998) 1.3 Aftermath and subsequent projects (1999–2003) 1.4 Reunion (2004–present) 2 In media 3 Discography 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 Compilations 4 Members 5 See also 6 References 7 External links [edit] History [edit] Early years (1989–1991) After Hamilton had left the Band of Susans, Helmet formed in early 1989. They were spotted by Tom Hazelmyer and signed to Amphetamine Reptile Records, releasing their debut 7 inch single, "Born Annoying", later that year. AmRep released their first album, Strap it On, in 1990. Helmet was acclaimed as a "Thinking person's heavy metal band." Eschewing the traditional heavy metal image of long hair and black clothing, the band...
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...Background[edit] The 1864 Geneva Convention, one of the earliest formulations of international law. The concept of a peaceful community of nations had been proposed as far back as 1795, when Immanuel Kant's Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch[5] outlined the idea of a league of nations to control conflict and promote peace between states.[6] Kant argued for the establishment of a peaceful world community, not in a sense of a global government, but in the hope that each state would declare itself a free state that respects its citizens and welcomes foreign visitors as fellow rational beings, thus promoting peaceful society worldwide.[7] International co-operation to promote collective security originated in the Concert of Europe that developed after the Napoleonic Wars in the 19th century in an attempt to maintain the status quo between European states and so avoid war.[8][9] This period also saw the development of international law, with the first Geneva Conventions establishing laws dealing with humanitarian relief during wartime, and the international Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 governing rules of war and the peaceful settlement of international disputes.[10][11] The forerunner of the League of Nations, the Inter-Parliamentary Union, was formed by the peace activists William Randal Cremer and Frédéric Passy in 1889. The organisation was international in scope, with a third of the members of parliaments (in the 24 countries that had parliaments) serving as members...
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...presents Kumarans Model United Nations 2016 7th, 8th, 9th July Background Guide Summit of States In Association With BACKGROUND GUIDE: SOS The Executive Board Secretary-General Barghav Cavale Under-Secretary Generals Ashwin Kumar Rutwik Shah Chiefs of Staff Akhil Udathu Dharini Prasad Shreya Rao Tanay Ravichandran Heads of Operations Neha Harish Sanjay Krishnan Shweta Kini Varun Gopalakrishnan Varun Sriram Heads of Finance Sathvik MC Surya Sanjay Tarang Mittal Trivesh Jain Heads of PR Alankrita Amarnath Neethi Kumar Heads of Press Aditya Giridharan Saurab Mitra Heads of Tech Abhishek Krishna Ankush Arunkumar Hiranmaya Gundu Heads of Research Aditya N Rao Sesh Sadasivam Shefali Kanitkar © KUMARANS MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2016 2 BACKGROUND GUIDE: SOS Letter from the Dais Greetings Delegates, It is with great pleasure that I invite you to the Summit Of States at KMUN 2016. I, Aniruddh Hari will be your Chair. Joining me on the dais are Aditya Venkatraman, your Vice Chair and Adhesh Shenoy, your Moderator. KMUN started off on a very minute scale, but has grown to become one of Bangalore’s biggest MUNs. As the dais, we hope to continue this legacy with the SoS- envisioning this futuristic crisis committee was thrilling, but putting the pieces together to make it a reality takes the excitement to a whole new level. The Summit of States is going to be a committee like no other, with crises that will hit you hard and leave you in a daze. One wrong decision, one wrong...
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...absorb losses, covering any imbalance caused by a fall in the value of assets. * The level of capital funds required to support the institutional structure and to provide protection against unanticipated and excessive losses is known as capital adequacy * Capital adequacy is the most crucial element within bank supervisory systems * Systemic risk or the contagion effect means failure of one bank leads to possible collapse of several other financial institutions. * A liquidator is the officer appointed when a company goes into winding-up or liquidation who has responsibility for collecting in all of the assets of the company and settling all claims against the company before putting the company into dissolution * G-10 countries include Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, The United Kingdom and The United States. * G-10 countries along with Luxembourg , formed the “Basel Committee on Banking Supervision “ (BCBS) under the aegis of the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) in Basel for laying down the standards for banking regulations. This was because of the failure of German bank Herstatt in 1974 which was an under capitalized bank. * In July 1988, the Basel...
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...1/19/2015 Westminster system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Westminster system From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Westminster system is a democratic parliamentary system of government modelled after the politics of the United Kingdom. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The system is a series of procedures for operating a legislature. It is used, or was once used, in the national legislatures and subnational legislatures of most Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth nations upon being granted responsible government, beginning with the first of the Canadian provinces in 1848 and the six Australian colonies between 1855 and 1890. However some former colonies (e.g. Nigeria) have adopted the presidential system as their form of government. The Houses of Parliament are situated within the Palace of Westminster, in London. Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Operation 3 Role of the head of state 4 Cabinet government 5 Bicameral and unicameral parliaments 6 Criticisms 7 Ceremonies 8 Current countries 9 Former countries 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Bibliography 13 External links Characteristics A Westminster system of government may include some of the following features: a sovereign or head of state who functions as the nominal or legal and constitutional holder of executive power, and holds numerous reserve powers, but whose daily duties mainly consist of performing ceremonial functions...
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