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Proyekto sa Asignaturang Filipino Ipinasa ni:

Pangngalan-

ay salita o bahagi ng pangungusap na tumutukoy sa ngalan ng tao,

bagay, pook, hayop, at pangyayari. Maaari din na ipakilala ng pangngalan ang isang kaisipan o konsepto. Sa linggwistika, kasapi ang pangngalan sa isang malawak, bukas na leksikong kategorya na kung saan ang mga kasapi nito ay nagiging pangunahing salita sa isang simuno ng isang sugnay, bagay sa isangpandiwa, o bagay sa isang pang-ukol.

Pagkahati-hati ng pangngalan
Maaaring mahimay ang pangngalan nang ayon sa kaurian, katuturan, kasarian, kailanan, kaanyuan, kalikasan, at katungkulan.

Ayon sa katangian
Nauukol ang pangngalan ayon sa kaurian sa pagpapangalan sa tao, bagay o pangyayari. Maaari itong pambalana o pantangi. ● Pantangi - mga pangngalang nagsisimula sa malaking titik na tumutukoy sa tangi o tiyak na ngalan ng tao, hayop, bagay, lugar, kaisipang diwa, o pangyayari na ibinubukod sa kauri nito. Tinitiyak ng pangngalang pantangi na hindi maipagkamali ang tinutukoy sa iba. Halimbawa: Rusty Lopez, Manuel, Selekta, Safeguard, Palmolive,Alaska ● Pambalana - mga pangngalang nagsisimula sa maliit na titik na tumutukoy sa pangkalahatang ngalan ng tao, hayop, bagay, lugar, pangyayari at iba pa. Kasama rin ang kabuuan ng mga basal na salita. Halimbawa: bayani, aso, katamisan ,pagdiriwang, pusa

Uri ng Pambalana:
● Tahas - pangngalang nararanasan ng isa sa mga limang padamdam (paningin, pandinig, panlasa, pakiramdam at pang amoy)at may katangiang pisikal. Halimbawa: musika, apoy, pagkain, drayber at sabon ● Lansak - tumutukoy sa isang grupo o kabuuang tawag nito. Halimbawa: angkan, grupo, madla at batalyon

Ayon sa kayarian
Naayon sa sakop o uri ng katuturan ang mga pangalan. Maaari itong tahas, basal, hango, lansak o patalinghaga.
● Tahas - pangngalang nararanasan ng isa sa mga limang pandamdam (paningin,

pandinig, panlasa, pakiramdam at pang-amoy) at may katangiang pisikal. Halimbawa: tubig,bundok, pagkain
● Basal - pangngalang tumutukoy sa mga kaisipan o konsepto na hindi nararanasan

ng limang pandamdam at walang pisikal na katangian. Nasa anyong payak ang lahat ng pangngalan basal. Halimbawa: wika, yaman, buhay
● Lansak - pangngalang tumutukoy sa isang kalipunan o karamihan. Maaaring

maylapi ito o wala. Halimbawa: madla, sangkatauhan, kapuluan
● Hango - pangngalang nakabatay sa isang salitang basal. Halimbawa: kaisipan,

salawikain, katapangan
● Patalinghaga - pangalang hindi tuwirang patungkol sa bagay na pinangangalanan

sa halip inihahambing lamang sa bagay na kamukha o katulad lamang. Halimbawa: buwaya (imbis na kurakot), langit (imbis na ligaya), kababuyan (imbis na kasalaulaan) tanga

Ayon sa kasarian
Masasabing walang partikular na babae o lalaki sa mga pangngalan. Ngunit matutukoy ang kasarian ng pangngalan kapag nilalagyan ng salitang "lalaki" o "babae" bago o pagkatapos ng salitang kinauukulan. Halimbawa: batang babae, batang lalaki, lalaking aso, babaing pusa Mayroon din namang mga salitang hindi na kailangang lagyan ng mga salitang "lalaki" o "babae" kung likas na matutukoy ang kasarian ng isang pangngalan. Kadalasang matutukoy din ang kasarian sa pangngalan o palayaw. Halimbawa, kadalasang lalaki ang mga pangngalang tunog "o" at babae naman kapag tunog "a". Tingnan ang sumusunod na mga halimbawa: ● Panlalaki - pari, hari, tatay, kuya, manong, tandang (lalaking manok), kalaykan (lalaking kalabaw), atbp. ● Pambabae - madre, reyna, nanay, ate, libay (usang babae), dumalaga , sirena (hindi pa nanganganak na babaing hayop) atbp. ● Di tiyak - tumutukoy sa ngalang maaring babae o lalaki - magulang, bata, kaibigan, atbp. ● Walang Kasarian - ngalang tumutukoy sa bagay na walang buhay - bagay, laruan, mesa, sasakyan, atbp.

Ayon sa kailanan
Tungkol naman sa bilang kung isahan, maramihan, o lansakan ang kailanan ng pangngalan. ● Isahan - pangngalang gumagamit ng pantukoy na si, ni, o kay kapag mga tao ang tinutukoy, at ang, ng (nang), o sa kapag mga pangngalang pambalana. Ginagamit din ang pamilang isang o sang, sam, at son na mga hangong salita nito. Halimbawa: Ang burol ay isang anyong lupa. ● Dalawahan - pangngalang gumagamit ng pantukoy na sina, nina, kina, at ang mga (manga, ng mga, sa mga) at gumagamit din ng mga pamilang nagmula sa dalawa.

Halimbawa: Sina Roberto at Rowena ang bumato sa mga ibong lumilipad. ● Maramihan - pangngalan na pinagsama-sama ang mga bagay na magkakatulad. Kadalasang may magkabilang panlapi itong "ka" at "an" o "han". Halimbawa: kabahayan, kabukiran, Kabisayaan

Ayon sa kalikasan
Maaaring iuri ang pangngalan sa kalikasan o pinagmulan nito. ● Likas - pangngalang taal na sa sarili nito at kadalasang hango sa kalikasan. Halimbawa: apoy, lindol, ligaya ● Likha - pangangalang hinango ng mga dalubhasa dahil sa pangangailangan. Maaaring bagong likha at lumang salita na may bagong kahulugan ang pangngalan na ito. Halimbawa: agham, talatinigan, sining ● Ligaw - pangngalang hiniram o hinango mula sa mga salitang banyaga. Halimbawa: demokrasya, relihiyon, butones

Ayon sa lapi
Tungkol paglalapi ang kaanyuan ng pangngalan. ● Payak - pangngalang hindi inuulit, walang panlapi, o katambal. Halimbawa: talumpati, watawat, ligalig ● Maylapi - pangngalang binubuo ng salitang-ugat na may panlapi sa unahan, gitna, hulihan o magkabila. Halimbawa: sinigang, inihaw, tindahan, palakasan ● Inuulit - pangngalang inuulit na maaaring may panlapi o salitang-ugat lamang. Halimbawa: tau-tauhan, bagay-bagay, bali-balita ● Tambalan - pangngalang binubuo ng dalawang salitang magkaiba na pinagsasama upang maging isa at may gitling sa pagitan nito. Halimbawa: kisap-mata, bahay-kubo, bantay-salakay, bukas-palad

Ayon sa katungkulan
Sa karaniwang katungkulan sa pangungusap, nagiging simuno o layunin ang isang pangngalan. Subalit maaaring gumanap din ang pangngalan bilang pagka-pandiwa, pagka-pandiwari, pagka-pang-uri, pagka-pang-abay at iba pa sa tulong ng ilang panlapi o pananalita. Nasa sumusunod ang ilang mga halimbawa: ● Pangngalang malapang-uri - nagbibigay ng tiyak na kaurian kapag pinagsama sa kapuwa pangngalan. Halimbawa: Andres Bonifacio, Kay Huseng Batute, dalagang anak, baboy-ramo ● Pangngalang malapandiwa - gumaganap bilang isang pandiwa na nagsisimula sa "pa", "pag", "pang", "paki" o mga iba't ibang anyo nito at may kasamang "an" o "han". Halimbawa: Ang pahayag (ipinahayag) ng Senador ay mahalaga sa bayan. ● Pangngalang malapandiwari - kung ang pagganap ay alangang pandiwa at alangang ay... ● Pangngalang malapang-abay - kadalasang nauukol sa panahon na bahagi ng isang araw o gabi. Halimbawa: Nilalagnat sa hapon ang may tuberkulosis pang-uri. Matitiyak kung malapandiwari ang pangngalan sa pagtatanong ng "ano ang...?" Halimbawa: Ano ang dala (dinala) mo? Ang dala ko

Pandiwa o berbo ay bahagi ng pananalita na nagsasabing kilos o galaw. Ito ay tinatawag na Verb sa wikang Ingles. Mga halimbawa: ● Pumunta ako sa tindahan ● Binili ko ang tinapay

Tuon ng pandiwa
Pokus o tuon ng pandiwa ang tawag sa relasyong pansemantika ng pandiwa sa simuno o paksa ng pangungusap. Naipapakita ito sa pamamagitan ng taglay na panlapi ng pandiwa. 1. Tagaganap o aktor - ang pandiwa ay nasa pokus sa tagaganap kapag ang paksa ng pangungusap ang tagaganap ng kilos na isinasaad sa pandiwa. ○ Nanguna si Richard Gordon sa pagsulong ng turismo ng bansa. 2. Layon o Gol - ang pandiwa ay nasa pokus sa layon kung ang layon ay ang paksa o ang binibigyang-diin sa pangungusap. ○ Ginawa niya ang programang ito para sa ikakauunlad ng ating turismo. 3. Ganapan o Lokatib - ang pandiwa ay nasa pokus sa ganapan kung ang paksa ay ang lugar o ganapan ng kilos. ○ Pinagdarausan ng buwang-buwang eksibit ang Intramuros, Manila. 4. Tagatanggap o Benepaktibo - ito naman ay tumutuon sa tao o bagay na nakikinabang sa resulta o kilos na isinasaad ng pandiwa. ○ Ipinaghanda niya ng masarap na kakanin ang mga panauhin. 5. Gamit o Instrumental - ito ay tumutukoy sa kasangkapan o bagay na nakikinabang sa resulta ng kilos o pandiwa na siyang paksa ng pangungusap. ○ Ipinamili niya ang pera para sa eksibit. 6. Sanhi o Kosatib - ang pandiwa ay nakapokus sa sanhi kung ang paksa ay nagpapahayag ng dahilan o sanhi ng kilos. ○ Ikinatuwa ng Pangulo ang katagumpayan ng programang WOW. 7. Direksyunal - pinagtutuunan ng pandiwa ang direksyon o tinutungo ng kilos. ○ Pasyalan natin ang WOW sa Intramuros. Ito ay ang relasyon ng pandiwa sa simuno. ● Aktor. Nagtuturo na ang tagaganap o aktor ang siyang simuno ng pangungusap

○ Nagsayaw ng limbo rock ang mga kalahok sa paligsahan sa programang Eat Bulaga. ● Layon. Ang paksa ng pangungusap ay ang layon. ○ Ang basura ay ipinatapon niya sa basurahan. ● Ganapan. Ang lugar o pook ang ganapan ng kilos. ○ Ang bakanteng lote ay tinataniman nila ng gulay. ● Tagatanggap. Ang simuno ang pinaglalaanan ng kilos. ○ Ipagsasalok mo ng suka ang bisita para inumin nila.. ● Gamit. Ang kasangkapan o bagay na ginagamit ang gagawa ng kilos. ○ Ang abaka ay ipantatali niya sa duyan. ● Sanhi. Ang paksa ay nagpapahayag ng dahilan o sanhi. ○ Ikinagagalak niya ang pagtanggap sa kanyang pag-ibig. ● Direksyon. Ang paksa ay nagsasaad ng direksyon ng kilos ng pandiwa. ○ Ang Chocolate Hills ay pinuntahan nila.

Pang-uri
Ang

pang-uri ay isang bahagi ng pananalita na binabago ang isang pangngalan,

karaniwang sinasalarawan nito o ginagawang mas partikular ito. Gayon man, hindi kinikilalang uri ng salita sa pangkalahatan ang pang-uri; sa ibang salita, may mga ilang wika ang hindi gumagamit ng mga pang-uri.Ang pang-uri ay nagbibigay ng turing sa isang pangngalan o panghalip. Ang mga pinakakinikilalang mga pang-uri ay iyong mga salita katulad ng malaki, matanda at nakakapagod na sinasalarawan ang mga tao, mga lugar, o mga bagay.\Kayarian ng pang-uri

May apat na anyo ang mga pang-uri. Ito ay ang mga sumusunod: 1. Payak - Ito'y binubuo ng mga salitang-ugat lamang. Mga halimbawa: hinog, sabog, ganda, 2. Maylapi - Ito'y mga salitang-ugat na kinakabitan ng mga panlaping Ka-, ma-, main, ma-hin, -in, -hin, mala-, kasing-, kasim-, kasin-, sing-, sim-, -sin, at kay-, 3. Inuulit - Ito'y binubuo sa pamamagitan ng pag-ulit ng buong salita o bahagi ng salita. Mga halimbawa: pulang-pula,puting-puti,araw-araw gabi-gabi. hindi inuulit ang mga salitang: halo-halo, paru-paro. 4. Tambalan - Ito'y binubuo ng dalawang salitang pinagtatambal. Mga halimbawa: ningas-kugon, ngiting-aso, balat-sibuyas, kapit-tuko at bahag buntot.

Uri ng pang-uri
May

tatlong uri ang mga pang-uri. Ito ay ang mga sumusunod: 1. Pang-uring naglalarawan - Nagpapakilala ng uri o kabagayan ng isang pangngalan o panghalip. 2. Pang-uring pamilang - Nagpapakita ng bilang ng pangngalan o panghalip. 3. Pantangi-sinasabi ang tiyak na pangngalan.

Kardinal na pamahagi - ginagamit kung may kabuuang binabahagi o pinaghahati-hati. Kardinal na palansak o papangkat-pangkat - nagsasaad ng bukod sa pagsasama-sama ng anumang bilang, tulad ng tao, bagay, pook atbp. Kardinal na pahalaga - nagsasaad ng halaga ng mga bagay. 1. Pamilang na panunuran o ordinal - ginagamit sa pagpapahayag ng pagkakasunud-sunod ng tao, bagay, hayop, lugar at gawain. May panlapi itong ika- o pang-.

Kaantasan ng pang-uri
Ang tatlong kaantasan ng pang-uri ay: 1. Lantay-naglalarawan ang pang-uring lantay ng isang pangngalan o panghalip na walang pinaghahambingan. 2. Pahambing-nagtutulad ang pahambing sa dalawa o higit pang pangngalan o panghalip. 3. Pasukdol-ang pasukdol ay katangiang namumukod o nagngingibabaw sa lahat ng pinaghahambingan.

Panghalip
Mula sa Wikipediang Tagalog, ang malayang ensiklopedya Ang panghalip (Ingles: pronoun) ay ang salitang humahalili o pamalit sa ngalan o pangngalan na nagamit na sa parehong pangungusap o kasunod na pangungusap. Ang salitangpanghalip ay nangangahulugang "panghalili" o "pamalit".

Mga uri ng panghalip
Ayon

sa Tagalog Lang, mayroong limang uri ang panghalip. Kabilang sa mga uri ng

panghalip ang panghalip na panao, (ii) panghalip na pamatlig, (iii) panghalip na pananong, (iv) panghalip na panaklaw, at (v) ang panghalip na pamanggit.

Panghalip na panao
Ang panghalip na panao (mula sa salitang "tao", kaya't nagpapahiwatig na "para sa tao" o "pangtao") ay nakikilala sa Ingles bilang personal pronoun. Halimbawa ng mga panghalip na panao ay ang mga salitang ako (me), ko, akin (mine), amin, kami (we), kayo, atin , inyo, kita, kata, mo (you), siya (he/she), kanila (theirs), at kanya (hers/his).

Panghalip na pananong
Ang panghalip na pananong (mula sa salitang "tanong", kaya't may pakahulugang "pantanong") ay nakikilala sa Ingles bilang interrogative pronoun. Halimbawa ng panghalip na pananong o patanong ang mga salitang ano(what), anu-ano, sino, sinu-sino, nino, alin, at alin-alin.

Panghalip na panaklaw
Ang panghalip na panaklaw (mula sa salitang "saklaw", kaya't may pahiwatig na "pangsaklaw" o "pangsakop") ay tinatawag na indefinite pronoun (literal na "panghalip na walang katiyakan" o "hindi tiyak") sa Ingles. Halimbawa ng panghalip na panaklaw ang mga salitang lahat, madla, sinuman, alinman, anuman, at pawang.

Panghalip na pamanggit
Ang panghalip na pamanggit (mula sa salitang "banggit", kaya't pakahulugang "pambanggit" o "pangsabi") ay may mga halimbawang kinabibilangan ng mga salita o pandugtong nana at -ng.

Pang-abay o adberbyo

ay mga salitang nagbibigay turing sa pandiwa,

pang-uri o kapwa pang-abay. Mayroong siyam na mga uri ng pang-abay: ang pang-abay na pamanahon, pang-abay na panlunan, pang-abay na pamaraan, pang-abay na pang-agam,pang-abay na panang-ayon, pang-abay na pananggi, pang-abay na panggaano (tinatawag ding pang-abay na pampanukat),pang-abay na pamitagan, at ang pang-abay na panulad.

Pang-abay na pamanahon
Ang pang-abay na pamanahon ay nagsasaad kung kailan naganap o magaganap ang kilos na taglay ng pandiwa. Mayroon itong tatlong uri: may pananda, walang pananda, at nagsasaad ng dalas. Halimbawa ng may pananda ang nang, sa, noon, kung, kapag, tuwing, buhat, mula, umpisa, at hanggang. Halimbawa ng pangungusap na may pang-abay na

pamanahon na mayroong pananda ang "Kailangan mo bang pumasok nang araw-araw?". Ang walang pananda ay mayroong mga salitang katulad ng kahapon, kangina, kanina,ngayon, mamaya, bukas, sandali, at iba pa. Halimbawa ng pangungusap na may pang-abay na pamanahon na walang pananda ang "Manonood kami bukas ng pambansang pagtatanghal ng dulang Pilipino." Ang pang-abay na pamanahon na nagsasaad ng dalas ay mayroong mga salitang katulad ng araw-araw, tuwing umaga, taun-taon, at iba pa. Isang halimbawa ng paggamit na ganito ang "Tuwing buwan ng Mayo ay nagdaraos kami sa aming pook ng santakrusan."

Pang-abay na panlunanAng pang-abay na panlunan ay isang uri ng pang-abay na nagsasaad ng lugar kung saan naganap ang pangyayari. Samakatuwid, ito ay nagsasabi kung saan ginawa, ginagawa, at gagawin ang kilos sa pangungusap; sa ibang pananalita ay tumutukoy ito sa pook na pinangyarihan, o pangyayarihan ng kilos sa pandiwa. Halimbawa nito ang "Nagpunta sa lalawigan ang mag-anak upang dalawin ang kanilang mga kamag-anak." Karaniwan ding ginagamit sa pangungusap na mayroong pang-abay na panlunan ang mga pariralang sa,kina o kay. Ginagamit ang sa kapag ang kasunod ay isang pangngalang pambalana o isang panghalip. Samantala, ginagamit naman ang kay at kina kapag ang kasunod aypangngalang pantangi na pangalan ng isang tao. Halimbawa na ang mga pangungusap na "Maraming masasarap na ulam ang itinitinda sa kantina." at ang "Nagpaluto ako kinaAling Inggay ng masarap na mamon para sa kaarawan mo."

Pang-abay na pamaraan
Ang pang-abay na pamaraan ay ang pang-abay na naglalarawan kung paano naganap, nagaganap, o magaganap ang kilos na ipinahahayag ng pandiwa. Ginagamit sa ganitong uri ng pang-abay ang mga panandang nang, na, at -ng. Halimbawa sa paggamit nito ang pangungusap "Kinamayan niya ako nang mahigpit."

Pang-abay na pang-agamAng pang-abay na pang-agam ay ang pang-abay na nagbabadya ng hindi o kawalan ng katiyakan sa pagganap sa kilos ng pandiwa. Ginagamit sa pangungusap ang mga pariralangmarahil, siguro, tila, baka, wari, parang, at iba pa. Halimbawa ng paggamit nito ang pangungusap na "Marami na marahil ang nakabalita tungkol sa pasya ng Sandiganbayan.

Pang-abay na panang-ayon
Ang

pang-abay na panang-ayon ay nagsasaad ng pagsang-ayon. Ginagamit dito ang mga

salitang oo, opo, tunay, sadya, talaga,syempre at iba pang halimbawa. Halimbawa ay "Talagang mabilis ang pag-unlad ng bayan."

Pang-abay na panggaano o pampanukat
Ang pang-abay na panggaano o pang-abay na pampanukat ay nagsasaad ng timbang, bigat, o sukat. Sumasagot ang pang-abay na panggaano sa tanong na gaano o magkano ang halaga. Halimbawang pangungusap para rito ang " TAng pang-abay na pananggi ay ang pang-abay na nagsasaad ng pagtanggi. Nilalagyan ito ng mga pariralang katulad ng hindi, di at ayaw. Halimbawa ang pangungusap para rito ang "Hindi pa lubusang nagamot ang kanser.". "Hindi ako papayag sa iyong desisyon". umaba ako nang limang libra."

Pang-abay na pamitagan
Ang pang-abay na pamitagan ay ang pang-abay na nagsasad ng paggalang. Halimbaw ang pangungusap para sa pang-abay na ito ang "Kailan po ba kayo uuwi sa lalawigan ninyo? "

Pang-abay na panulad
Ang pang-abay na panulad ay ginagamit sa pagtutulad ng dalawang mga bagay. Halimbawa ng paggamit nito ang pangungusap na "Higit na magaling sumayaw si Armando kaysakay Cristito."

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