...of the consumption of prey insects which visited flowers and were partly covered with pollen when they were used as a source of feed to the wasp larvae. This same evolutionary scenario may have occurred within the vespoid wasps, where the pollen wasps is as a result of evolution from predatory ancestors. Until recently, the oldest non-compression bee fossil had been found in New Jersey amber, Cretotrigona prisca of Cretaceous age, a corbiculate bee. A bee fossil from the early Cretaceous (~100 mya), Melittosphex burmensis, is considered "an extinct lineage of pollen-collecting Apoidea sister to the modern bees"....
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...S. aureus had no real change in growth whereas S. pneumoniae slightly increased in rate of growth in the presence of an iron chelator compared to without one. This all shows that S. pneumoniae does not need iron to survive like more bacterium and even growth better without it. In experiment 2, showed that S. pneumoniae is actually inhibited when around iron ions and membrane having erythrocytes. In the presence of an iron chelator however, the negative effect of the membrane having erythrocytes was nullified. In experiment 3, within the presence of an iron chelator, nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, free radical scavenger, or superoxide dismutase mimetic, the growth of S. pneumoniae increased 11-fold for R6 and 1.5-fold for D39 strain in the presence of iron chelator, free radical scavenger, and superoxide dismutase mimetic compared to with nitric oxide scavenger indicating inhibition of S. pneumoniae having to do with free radicals. In experiment 4, compared the different invasion techniques used by S. pneumoniae using specific gene-negative strains and inhibitors. It can be seen that ΔlytA invasion rate increases substantially when lipid rafts are reduced due to cholesterol decrease (MβCD) as well as when actin polymerization is inhibited (CytD). ΔsrtA invasion rates are heavily reduced in the presence of these inhibitors. Strains D39 (capsulated) has a 2.5-fold greater invasion rate than strain R6 (encapsulated). There were no significant changes in rate from the wild type...
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...During the early Cenozoic, which was approximately 60 million years ago, was when the biggest and most ruthless shark came to be, the Megalodon. The Megalodon was the biggest predator that lived in the sea, it was 20 meters long and weighed over 30 tons. This remarkable creature had 7 inch teeth and had the ability to eat whales with its ginormous size, (Sharkopedia, Undated). In fact people used to believe that their teeth were dragon tongues. Another large shark in the Cenozoic Era was Figure 4: A comparison of the size of a Tyrannosaurus to the Megalodon, (Sharkopedia, Undated) the Otodus ,which grew to 15 meters long and also was a main predator, (Shark Evolution, 2016). Now in the modern Cenozoic there are over 440 species of sharks, most of them were developed in the early Cenozoic Era. However, scientists are always finding new unique shark species that have different evolutionary traits. Diversification and Biogeographic Distribution of Sharks: There are over 440 different species of sharks, making it a very diverse group of animals. Among the shark species there are 8 main subspecies, these include Hexanchiforms, Squaliforms, Pristiophoriforms, Squatiniforms, Heteridontiforms, Orectolobiforms, Carcharchinforms, and Lamniforms, (Shark Facts and Information, Undated)...
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...populations to the environment. Anthropology – The study of human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology that includes: cultural, archeology and physical or biological anthropology. Applied anthropology – the practical application of anthropological and archeological theories and techniques. Artifacts – Objects or materials made or modified for use by modern humans and their ancestors. Biocultural evolution – The mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture. The concept that biology makes culture further influences the direction of biological evolution. Bipedally – on two feet walking habitually on 2 legs. Culture – behavioral aspects of adaptation including technology, traditions, language religion, marriage. Data – Facts from which conclusions can be drawn scientific information. Empirical – relying on experiment or observation. Ethnographies – Detailed descriptive studies of human societies – ugsaatnii zui Ethnocentrism – Viewing other cultures from the inherently biased perspective of one’s own culture – undestnii deerengui uzel Evolution – A change in the genetic structure of a population. The term is also frequently used to refer to the appearance of a new species. Forensic anthropology – An applied anthropological approach that deals with legal matters. Forensic anthropologists work with coroners, police and others in identifying and analyzing human remains. Genetics – the study of gene structure and action and the patterns of inheritance...
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...Biology Summary Of December The 21ST. Feeding: Is the capacity LO have to take solid food (as animals do), digest it first and absorb it later (like Fungi do) or built up for themselves -Photosynthesis- (like plants do). (p. 293) Breathing: Is the capacity LO have to take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. The Exchange of Gases: Locomotion: Is the capacity most single-celled creatures and animals have to move about as a whole. Fungi and Plants, move with some parts of their bodies. Respiration: (Glucose + 6O2 + 6H2O + Energy) Breaking down process. Is the capacity LO have to break-down food to obtain energy. Most need oxygen. (p. 19) Excretion: Breaking down process. Is the capacity LO have to respire and other chemical changes in the cells that produce waste products such as Carbon Dioxide. Irritability: Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. The term is used for both the physiological reaction to stimuli and for the pathological, abnormal or excessive sensitivity to stimuli; it is usually used to refer to anger or frustration. Adaptability: Is a necessary skill for leaders to develop in order to respond effectively to this change. Growing: Is the capacity Bacteria and Single-celled creatures have to increase in size. Many-celled organism increase the numbers of cells in their bodies change their body shape and size. (p. 306) Reproduction: ...
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...African wild dog classification and evolution The african wild dog is a medium sized species of canine found across sub-saharan Africa. The african wild dog is most easily identified from both domestic and other wild dogs by their brightly mottled fur, with its name in latin aptly meaning painted wolf. The african wild dog is said to be the most sociable of all the canines, living in packs of around 30 individuals. Sadly however, this highly intelligent and sociable animal is severely under threat in much of its natural habitat, primarily due to habitat loss and having been hunted by humans. African wild dog anatomy and appearance The african wild dog has beautiful mottled fur which is very distinctive and makes it easy to identify. The fur...
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...more years ago, the basicranium started evolving to a more flexed or bent position. The basicranium is the floor of the brain's case. With the basicranium flexed, the larynx (voice box) is low in the neck so we can produce more speech sounds. The basicranium is an indicator of how well an animal can articulate sounds. Other evolutionary, corporeal indications are the position and shape of the hyoid bone that anchors muscles connected to the jaw, larynx, and tongue. The Broca's area of the brain controls these muscles as they function to produce speech sounds. These, and other, adaptations like breathing control, vertebral canals larer, tongue innervations and length of the pharynx are all physical characteristics of communication. The evolution of language also enhanced human intelligence. Having the ability to communicate allowed for the uncomplicated transferring of complex ideas and allowed for teaching. Having the intelligence facilitated by language is a main quality that makes us human. When it comes to language chimpanzees, our closest living relatives communicate verbally using a variety of hoots, grunts, screams, pants, and other vocalizations....
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...What is Anthropology??? • • • 20:41 Anthropology • Scientific Approach, OBJECTIVE • Study of Humankind- human groups • Seeks to produce useful GENERALIZATIONS about people and their BEHAVIORS • To arrive at an UNBIASED UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN DIVERSITY • Only scientific discipline that attempts to embrace an understanding of all of humanity • Helps us understand ourselves an others Anthropology Perspectives • Holistic Approach (broadest view) o To view things in the broadest possible contest o To cover the whole scope of humanity o To provide a total or composite view o Human culture as a system, functional whole, all parts relate o Biocultural Perspective Studies both the PHYSICAL and SOCIAL EX: kuru disease (neurological disease)- disease caused by culture, transmitted by mortuary practices • Cultural Relativism o To view the beliefs and customs of other peoples within the context of their culture not one’s own o Practice of not judging other cultures based on the standards of one’s own culture o ENDOCENTRISM Group centeredness Tendency to see ones own culture as the center of everything The measure or standard against which all other lifeways are evaluated Tendency to consider ones own culture as superior or better than all others o Anthropologists must be unbiased, objective o Involves an effort to remain unbiased in ones observations o Acknowledges that cultures are DIFFERENT, but NOT RANKED o No right or wrong cultures...
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...| Syllabus College of Natural Science BIO/100 Version 2 Introduction to Life Science with Lab | Copyright © 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies a broad, conceptual understanding of biology. Students are introduced to scientific ideologies and concepts that not only shape the biological world, but also shape humans. Students examine the scientific method, evolution and biodiversity, the biology of cells, physiology, the dynamics of inheritance, and the effect humans have on the environment. The text emphasizes methods and the theoretical foundations of ideas, while minimizing isolated facts. It stresses the integration of ideas, making connections that form an understanding of the living world. The weekly online labs add a practical component to the class. The labs build upon the concepts in the text and offer a chance to interact with the material and further their understanding. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have...
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...Promotion & advertising strategy Promotion is one of the key elements of the marketing mix, and deals with any one or two-way communication that takes place with the consumer. This article concentrates is a high level introduction to developing a promotional strategy for your business focusing on advertising and other 'pull' tactics. Developing a promotional strategy Deciding on a marketing communications strategy is one of the primary roles of the marketing manager and this process involves some key decisions about how who the customer is, how to contact the consumer them, and what the message should be. These questions can be answered using a three stage process, which is equally relevant for all elements of the marketing mix: * Segmentation – dividing the marketing into distinct groups * Targeting – deciding which of these groups to communicate with, and how to talk to them * Positioning – how the product or brand should be perceived by the target groups * Messaging - delivering a specific message in order to influence the target groups 1. Segmentation Dividing potential customers into discrete groups is vital if you want to increase the success rate of any communications message. If you don't know who you are talking to, it's unlikely you will get much of a response. Who are the potential customers? How many sub-groups should you divide them into? How do these groups differ? Hopefully, most of this information will be readily available from your market...
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...they are both structured makes their functioning quite different. The genetic information of eukaryotic cells has a hybrid origin ? from the ancestral anaerobic archaeal cell, and from the bacteria that it adopted as symbionts. Despite most of this information is stored in the nucleus, surrounded by a double layer of membrane that separates the DNA from the cytoplasm, a small amount of DNA remains inside the mitochondria and, for plant and algal cells, in the chloroplasts. Fungi represent an eukaryotic way of life. The fungal cells, like animal cells, possess mitochondria but not chloroplasts; but have a tough outer wall that limits their ability to move to swallow up other cells. In this way, fungi seem to have turned from hunters into scavengers, feeding on other cells nutrient molecules by secreting digestive enzymes to the exterior. Yeasts are unicellular microorganisms, members of the fungal kingdom. They are far more diverse than the multicellular animals, plants, and fungi. The yeast can divide indefinitely in either the haploid or the diploid state, and the process leading from one state to the other can be induced by changing growth conditions. In addition, the yeast genome is rather small comparing to the eukaryotic standards; at the same time, it suffices for all the basic tasks that every eukaryotic cell must perform, which makes it a convenient organism for genetic studies. The nuclear DNA of eukaryotes is very tightly compacted and divided up into chromosomes but...
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...“The longer you live the longer you should live” –Wiley “Evolution’s a bitch” –Wiley “Suckers are good to eat” –Wiley WHAT HAS EVOLUTION DONE FOR ME What has evolution done for me • Agricultural crops and animal breeding for the past 8,000 years • With the discovery of methods to reconstruct evolutionary relationships there is been a vast increase in the relevance of evolutionary biology to human society. Reconstructing Phylogenies • 1859-1950- No coherent empirical methods • 1950-1966- Emergence of Phylogenetic Systematics • Phylogeny by discovery of the order of evolutionary innovation Ribotyping • Fingerprinting or sequencing RNA • Many diseases have unknown causes • However, diseased tissues can be ribotyped. (Wiley Death Fish) • This process involves extracting DNA from diseased tissues and then sequencing the DNA that codes for rRNA. • If a disease agent such as a bacteria is present, then we will get ribosomal DNA sequences from the host (you) and the bacteria (the infection agent). Ribotyping: Phylogeny matching • Once we have the rDNA sequences, we can plug them into a sequence matrix of all life and see where our unknowns appear on the tree of life. Our Food Chain • Some products are easy to identify, but others are not. • A slab of fish fillet from a sea bass looks like a slab of sih fillet from a farmed Asian catfish. • But the sea bass costs $10/pound while the Asian catfish...
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...A Review of Management Problems Arising From Reintroductions of Large Carnivores Date: September 2014 Abstract | Introduction | Conclusion | Acknowledgements | References | PDF Abstract Large carnivores are often apex predators and are important in ecosystems as their behaviour promotes biodiversity. They frequently fall victim to anthropogenic causes of local extinction and subsequently, have often been the subjects of conservation efforts involving reintroduction programs. As land-use changes restrict ranges and reduce prey for large carnivores, the trend towards local extinction is set to increase; therefore ex-situ conservation is likely to be increasingly prevalent. Reintroduction programmes are divided into two distinct parts. The first part is pre-release, which includes selection, breeding, and preparation of animals. The second part runs from the time the animals are ready for release through the actual release process and may include post-release monitoring and the release of further, supplementary, animals where this is necessary and feasible. This study identifies and discusses a number of potential problems involved in the use of captive animals to seed reintroductions including welfare as well as ethical and political issues. Other challenges include the genetic and behavioural integrity of founder animals and disease control, both in captivity and post release. This study also identifies a number of points for consideration during and after release, including...
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...Animal Diversity Time Requirements: Exercise 1: 15 mins. Exercise 2: 15 mins. Exercise 3: 30 mins. Exercise 4: 10 mins. Exercise 5: 15 mins. Exercise 6: 20 mins. Exercise 7: 30 mins. Exercise 8: 10 mins. Exercise 9: 30 mins. Materials Required: ITEM NUMBER (per group) LOCATION Any living or preserved plant *specimens (listed below) Display Cart/Counter Microscopes (compound and dissecting) Display Counter Colored pencils 1 set Cart/Counter *Specimens: Preserved or Living Prepared Slides Grantia Grantia choanocytes Hydra Planaria Tapeworm Clam Termite Brittle star Crayfish Earthworm Frog Mammal skulls Sand dollar Sea cucmber Sea star Lab Safety: Wear safety goggles/glasses and gloves while handing specimens (it is preferred that specimens remain in the appropriate containers untouched). Lab coats or aprons may be available upon request. Demonstrations/Tutorials: To display each life cycle with specimens and slides, see the following display suggestions – Clean up and Disposal of Waste 1. Return any materials to original locations. 2. Try to preserve any living specimens for future labs. Lab Alternatives – Computer Based p. 113 Exercise 1 – Phylum Porifera – Sponges Given that all sponges are filter feeders, why does it follow that all sponges are aquatic? Filter feeding is the filtering of nutrients and plankton suspended in water therefore for sponges to feed effectively they must be aquatic ...
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...Introduction In a residential community where majority of the area is covered by houses and rice fields, earthworms and snails are the most dominant form of invertebrates. Wet and damp areas like creeks, water irrigation and pusali that are found in the community also give rise to these organisms. Pomacea canaliculata and Melanoides tuberculatta are both found in the area and are members of Class Gastropoda. Class Gastropoda, which means “stomach foot”, contains about 40,000 described species of snails, slugs, and similar animals. The class is primarily a marine group, but it also contains many freshwater and terrestrial mollusks. Most gastropods have shells, but some, like slugs and nudibranchs, have lost their shells through the course of evolution (Johnson & Raven, 2007). The earthworms of Class Oligochaeta consist of 100 to 175 similar segments, with a mouth on the first and an anus on the last. A worm can eat its own weight in soil everyday...
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