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The Fair Value and Its Predictability on Earnings in Banking Industry in China

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重庆大学本科学生毕业设计(论文)

公允价值计量有助于预测商业银行的盈余信息吗

学 生:蔡林凌
学 号:20100321
指导教师:陆静
专 业:金融学

重庆大学经济与工商管理学院
二O一四年六月
Graduation Design(Thesis) of Chongqing University

The Fair Value and Its Predictability on earnings in Banking Industry in China

Undergraduate: Cai Linling
Supervisor: Prof. Lu Jing
Major: Finance

School of Economic and Business Administration
Chongqing University
June 2014
摘 要

早在1970年会计原则委员会(APB)报告书中就出现了公允价值这一概念,96年FASB(美国财务会计准则)对公允价值概念重新界定,美国也一直在推进公允价值计量的运用,并且研究得出,公允价值计量可以预测商业银行的盈余信息,这是对公允价值的肯定。而在2006年,中国才对公允价值重新运用,这与国际的会计准则逐渐接轨,但是我们还是得承认公允价值在中国的运用较晚,所以要确定公允价值计量是否满足财务报告的目标,即是否可以预测商业银行的盈余信息,我们将利用美国Brian(2012年)的方法,即用资产负债表法和损益表法预测未来现金流和未来收益的能力,结果显示我国的公允价值计量尚不具备此能力,其原因应当归为我国审慎运用公允价值计量方式、市场开放程度不高和样本量较少,我们对此做出展望,随着市场的进一步开放,并且我国的上市银行逐渐增多,我们将有一定可能性通过分析和实证得出公允价值计量能预测商业银行的盈余信息,这将是中国会计和上市公司的好消息。
关键词:上市银行,公允价值,商业银行,盈余信息

ABSTRACT

As early as 1970, the financial report of Accounting Principle Board(APB) has started to mention a theory of fair value.In 1996, Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB) refined the theory of fair value.At the same time,the United States has been promoting the use of fair value accounting and the study concluded that fair value accounting can predict of future earnings of banking industry which is recognition of fair value. However, China reused the fair value since 2006 which began to meet the international accounting standards.But we have to admit that the use of fair value is late in China. Hence, the study that the fair value is still predictive to future earnings in China is necessary. And in the following study, I would like to use the method of Brian(2012),namely the fair value’s predictability of future earnings by using the balance sheet approach and the income statement approach. The result shows that we can not use fair value to predict the ability of future earnings in Chinese Banking industry. The reason should be classified as a prudent use the fair value accounting method,the lack of high degree of marketing opening and the small sample size.But we still prospect that the possibilities of predictability in Chinese banking industry would increase as the gradual increase number of listed banks and the further opening of market.

Key words:Fair Value;Banking Industry;Predictability;Future earnings

目 录 中文摘要 Ⅰ ABSTRACT Ⅱ 1引言 1 1.1 研究背景与意义 1 1.2 研究目的与方法 1 1.3 文章逻辑结构与内容 3 2文献综述 12 2.1 国外研究现状 1 2.2 国内研究现状 1 2.3公允价值计量在我国的运用 1 3 研究设计及数据整合 12 3.1研究设计 1 3.1研究数据整合 1 4 实证检验与分析 12 4.1公允价值计量与未来现金流的预测能力关系探讨 1 4.2公允价值计量与未来收益(ROA)的预测能力关系探讨 1 4.3基于中国目前现状探讨预测能力 1 4.4结论 1 5 对公允价值的建议及展望 12 6 研究的误差与本文的不足 38 参考文献 40 致谢 40 附录 43

第一章 绪论
1.1研究背景及意义
1.1.1研究背景 我国于2006年出台了新企业会计准则[1],其中引入了公允价值计量模式,并且对金融工具进行了重新分类,对其采用公允价值计量,同时要求上市公司自2007年1月1日起开始执行。传统的历史成本退出了舞台,公允价值给投资者和公众带来了全新的思维理念,使我国与时代接轨,公允价值计量对我国银行业所产生的影响成为人们关注的焦点。 公允价值这一概念是指熟悉情况的交易双方在公平交易中,通过协商并且自愿进行资产交换或者债务清偿时达成的交易金额。因为20世纪80年代发生的美国的金融危机使得公允价值在会计中进一步应用和发展。当时由于衍生金融工具吸引了大量的投资者和企业家,并且这些投资者和企业家大量参与交易的金融机构在财务报告中显示为经营业绩良好,但却突然陷入财务困境,使很多投资者遭受了巨额损失。这一事件造成了投资者和企业家的损失惨重,并且由此引发了金融界一场广泛的争论,对于相关利益人,他们主要围绕讨论历史成本计量的财务报告所提供的信息能否提供足够的支持。1990年9月时任SEC主席的查理·布雷登在美国参议院作证时,客观地发现历史成本计量下的财务报告很难预防和化解金融风险,第一次引入公允价值的概念并且探讨了公允价值作为金融工具的计量属性的重要性。这次会议后,经过SEC、FASB及AICPA联席会议的协调和讨论,最终决定由AICPA下属的准则执行委员会负责制定和研究,经过内部的协调,FASB于1991年10月正式接手制定该准则。于2006年,美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)正式发布关于公允价值计量的157号财务会计准则(王海,2007)。 公允价值计量目前作为银行会计的计量模式引发了金融界合理性的探讨,选择一个不同的计量模式意味着有不同的资产负债、所得和损失。公允价值是双方在公平交易下进行的资产负债交换,是在一个活跃市场中运用的计量模式。事实告诉我们,如果银行再以历史成本计量所得将不利于银行的交易。在历史成本下,因为交易必须等到合约履行结束以后才可以记录,而银行产生的许多金融衍生工具因为没有实物形态和货币形态,有时并未实际发生而将很难记录其所得和损失。所以单从达成交易共识就能计入会计来说,公允价值克服了历史成本不能完成的事项,这是修改为以公允价值理由之一。其实早在98年的时候我国就引入过公允价值计量方法,然而由于一些公司利用其操作利润而终止了公允价值会计。而在终止过后,财务部要求企业以现行市价来反映某些资产的价值,实质上就是公允价值的另一表现形式。 公众和金融界对公允价值计量褒贬不一。支持者认为这是唯一与财务决策相关的信息,因为公允价值提供了最新和最完整的资产和负债的判断,并提供了有关时间和风险的信息。批评者则认为以公允价值计量的利得和损失受到了短期市场的驱动。所以检查公允价值在银行的运用程度与未来现金流和未来收入的预测能力将有助于现有文献关于公允价值计量下的利得跟损失,并且对基于公允价值报告系统是否满足既定的财务报告目标提供了一个重要的证据。 要解释我们的疑虑(是否公允价值计量有助于预测商业银行的盈余信息吗?)我们要构建一个面板模型,数据来源是2005年到2013年上市银行的数据。我们从Brian、Monika和Urooj(2012)在《公允价值计量与收入的预测能力:来自银行业的证据》中,看到了一个可观的结果,即公允价值计量运用程度越高,未来现金流的预测能力也将会随之提高,而未来收益的预测能力在两个表法下的关系不同:在资产表法下,公允价值计量运用程度增加能使后两三年的未来收益增加而不能增加第一年的,在损益表法下,公允价值运用程度增加能增加第一年的而不能增加第二、三年的未来收入。 但是,我们在中国市场中对5家上市银行的回归分析来看,并没有发现有这样的规律,因为回归方程得到的结果我们发现P值较大,因变量对自变量的线性回归不成立,所以不能得出以上Brian等人的结论。根据我们的深入研究,发现美国市场中上市银行较多数据较全面,有一定精确性,而中国市场在05年之前就只有5家上市银行,并且中国上市公司的财务报告运用的公允价值计量方法尚未成熟,市场也才逐渐开放,这些原因都导致了目前在中国市场中,公允价值计量还不能预测上市银行的盈余信息。总体而言,当中国市场完全成熟、开放后,我们再对此主题进行研究可能结果就会与美国目前的研究结果相贴近。
1.1.2 研究意义 因为对公允价值计量方法的质疑声从未消失过,特别是2008年金融危机爆发以后,公允价值计量是否就是其爆发的帮凶。在公允价值模式下,企业不得不在房价大幅下跌是计提减值损失,这样一来,导致账面价值迅速减低,银行压缩其放贷量,这使得本来失业率高并且附带通货膨胀的市场进一步降低了需求水平。人民没有购房能力,也很难向银行贷款,使得房屋积压,地产商由于资金断裂而纷纷申请破产,而使得没有人买房也没有人卖房的局面,房价继续下跌,公允价值会计这种独特的反馈效应,这给社会和企业造成了极具破坏性的恶性循环,在危机中推波助澜。 但公允价值却又提醒了人们金融危机的来临。正是有公允价值及时、透明、公开地披露金融资产泡沫,让各界及监管当局能快速地化解金融危机,而没有使危机发展得更加严重。若公允价值计量投资者还有可能继续沉浸在金融界虚无幻化的泡沫中。然而,泡沫总有破灭的一天,再到梦醒时分,危机仍然会以迅雷不及的速度发生,而且很有可能会殃及更多的企业和民众。我们只是在公允价值计量的时候发现了金融危机,公允价值也就是一面镜子让我们看清了本来的事实。既然各界人士说法不一,那么我们很有必要弄清公允价值是否在会计中运用合理恰当,这样就可以在以后的工作中注意到公允价值的影响给人带来的后果。 但是这和研究预测公允价值能力的研究又有所不同。首先,上述调查和说法并没有指出收入及未来现金流是否与公允价值计量有关系。Barth等主要致力于研究证券投资的利得和损失,并且采用公允价值计量所计算银行收入与基于历史成本所得的收益作比较,比较出公允价值计量的结果和历史成本计量的结果那种计量方式具有更大的波动性,最后Barth指出公允价值的预测性不是财务报告索要的一个目标,减少会计错配保证对经济状况的计量的一致性,避免了对利润表的单面影响,因而减少了盈余波动。但是,由于对公允价值选择权的运用是不可撤销的,有可能存在以下情况:某个以公允价值计量的金融工具其变动计人损益,但是真实经济中的匹配已经不存在了。(例如与这个金融工具的相关交易性金融工具已处置了,这种情况造成了人为的盈余波动。)Evans[2]等研究投资证券里的未变现利得和损失是否与未来实现了的投资证券有关系,是否公允价值估计的可靠性影响了这一关系。但是收入预测能力又是极其重要的,因此,研究会通过记录公允价值提高盈利和未来现金流的预测能力来弥补这一重要空缺。其次,过去的研究是测试基于公允价值与特定的资产或者负债关系的影响。Aboody[3]等只是调查了固定资产的向上估计。相反,要想构建更全面的措施去估计公允价值为基础的会计制度,除了要重视,银行在公允价值计量系统下还要运用更加全面的方法去影响报告会计收入的未来现金流及未来盈利的能力。
1.2研究目标与方法
1.2.1研究目标 本文所探讨的公允价值计量的问题最终是为决策制定者提供有用信息并且做出经济决策而服务的。如果在中国这个市场中,公允价值计量有助于预测商业银行对未来现金流或者未来收益,那么公司高层管理者或者投资者将合理利用公允价值计量的方法去判断是否改用公允价值计量资产或负债,或者选择相应的上市银行进行投资。 1.2.2研究内容 本文共分为六章。第一章为绪论,主要介绍此次研究的背景和意义,即公允价值计量在上市公司中得运用有何意义,现状到底如何,并且简单描述本文的研究框架。第二章详细说明公允价值计量的预测能力在国内外研究的现状和公允价值在我国的实际研究意义,并对比了中外研究公允价值的差距和区别。第三章主要介绍我们的研究是如何设计的,运用Brian(2012)运用的资产负债表法和损益表法所建立的四个模型,然后用stata软件分析我们在数据库中收集、整合后的数据。在接下来的第四章主要分析我们在第三章得出的整合数据的意义,并与国外实证研究做对比,探讨在中国环境下的预测能力的强弱程度,最后得出公允价值在我国对未来收益的预测能力有无的结论。第五章我们是对公允价值计量的运用在中国上市银行市场的展望。最后的第六章是总结本文研究有哪些不足,在以后应如何改进的想法。
1.3文章逻辑结构与方法
1.3.1文章逻辑 1.3.2研究方法 本文主要采取以下两种方法进行研究分析: 1、实证研究分析 根据在锐思(Resset)数据库、国泰君安的数据库以及东方财富网整理的数据,采用由资产负债表法和损益表法的固定效应回归模型进行回归分析一、二、三年期的现金流和收益预测。本文将以季报的形式进行05年至13年的5家上市银行的数据收集处理,这样数据相对来说比较全面,我们将从stata输出的结果进行进一步的加工,做成完整整洁的Excel表格,最后详细地根据Excel表格的各种数据进行推理分析,了解中国公允价值计量是否有助于商业银行的盈余信息。 2、理论性研究分析 根据查找的最新关于公允价值计量的预测能力在我国的运用得出的结论和观点,对目前中国市场上的整体状态做出分析,进而讨论公允价值计量在我国财务报表中得影响力程度大小。

第二章 文献综述 2.1国外研究现状 在国外,支持者认为,公允价值信息是唯一与金融决策相关的信息,因为公允价值提供最新并且完整的资产负债价值估计和关于时间和风险的未来现金流的估计(CFA协会,2005)。公允价值计量和学术的批评者担心公允价值计量是否真正影响预测未来收入和现金流的能力。批评者声称在公允价值系统对盈亏的认识会受短期市场运动的影响,而不是呈现诸如收益或者发生成本的经济事件(Chisnall,2001)[4]。测试银行对公允价值计量的曝光范围是否是与预测未来现金流和未来收入能力的区别相关联,应有助于现存的文献检索公允价值计量的收益支出,并且服务于有关以公允价值为基础的财务报告系统是否实现财务报告的所阐述的目标。 在1971年至1990年期间,Barth等人通过研究美国一百多家银行的财务报表,从得到的数据发现,公允价值计量下的证券投资的损益波动性比在历史成本计量下的损益波定性高,在公允价值模式下银行更容易被监管部门发现违反资本监管的要求,相当于更加有效的预测公允价值计量的违规行为,对违规行为的发生更容易监管,然而相应的与公允价值相关的财务监管风险也会随之增加,而且这些风险不能通过估价而反映出来。Barth(2004)[5]指出,公允价值可能代表超过企业的基本经济波动的波幅,因为公允价值估计的波动是由预测误差的波动和混合测量的浮动影响的。Barth(1995)[6]指出最早的论文记录的公允价值为基础的盈利比历史成本为基础的盈利波动更大,但是每股盈余却没有反映这种增量关系,即公允价值计量的增加会使每股盈余波动性增强。他还强调,银行在公允价值计量下比历史成本计量下更加容易违反监管资本的要求。最近,Hodder等(2006)[7]也发现完全的公允价值收益的浮动超过了综合收益和净收入的波动。Graham等(2005)[8]报道了那些银行经理相信更大的会波动会使得他们更难预测未来收益。并且美国银行协会认为公允价值将创造不理想的收益波动,而且没有提升价值相关性(ABA 2010)。在一个完全公允价值体系中,收入将反映所有关于资产和负债的价值变化,并且不增加未来收入(Nissim和Penman 2008)[9]。然后,在本期混合计量工具财务报告系统中,是否增加公允价值的使用量去提升未来现金流和未来收益方面的预测能力是还有待回答的重大问题。 在2008年的金融危机过后,公允价值在社会和金融界引起了质疑,是否公允价值真的利大于弊?在这里,有许多政界人士和商界人士批评了公允价值的运用,认为应该暂时放弃公允价值计量,转而使用原始的历史成本。美林、花旗[10]等金融机构批评公允价值计量很有可能会加速金融危机的恶化。随后,美联储、英国金融服务局、国际货币基金组织等也开始对公允价值会计模式进行了重新的审视。 自上世纪90年代开始,国际会计准则委员会(IASC),以及美国会计准则委员会(FASB)先后颁布了有助于推动公允价值会计计量模式向前发展与完善的财务会计准则和规范。其中,国际会计准则委员会(IASC)在《衍生金融工具和套期保值活动》中明确指出,长期持有或至到期日的金融资产(或金融负债)按初始确认的公允价值计量,一般由公允价值变动而形成的损益不会被确认。但是当公允价值跌至账面价值以下时,有可能有较明显的证据表明持有的资产可能蒙受损失,并且应该对账面价值进行调整,将调整的账面价值计入当期损益。公允价值计量是金融工具最具相关性的计量属性。FASB在2001年2月明确提出以公允价值计量相关财务报表所涉及的所有金融资产与负债,并将公允价值作为会计准则理事会的主要目标之一。但是,以银行业为代表的金融机构反对以公允价值计量衍生工具的计划,银行业普遍认为公允价值计量有明显的主观性和市场短期波动性,他们更加希望采用混合的会计计量模式,因为各种计量属性优缺点并存,所以用一种计量属性完全取代另一种计量属性是不可能的,而且影响会计模式选择的因素又是很复杂的,在实际运用中必须全面综合考虑,那么公允价值计量模式取代混合计量模式是不可行也是不可能的,并且公允价值将会给会计界带来前所未有的灾难,而且它会使得会计承担其无法承担的责任。 美国由于早期就放开市场,公允价值计量方法在很早的时候就得以运用,而中国目前还处于逐渐放开市场的环节,公允价值计量在我国的运用还相对比较谨慎,并且我国并没有完全敞开金融市场,中国金融部门和监管部门考虑到公允价值会由于市场的波动继续恶化的情况,所以大多数资产或负债不是以公允价值计量的。基于这种情况来看,中美两国在公允价值运用方面差距挺大,所以我们不能单纯地照搬美国的结论到中国的环境中来,研究中国是否与美国一样,公允价值计量可以预测未来现金流和未来收入还有待查证,本文的研究显得至关重要。 2.2国内研究现状 在我国公允价值计量方法的扩展和推行尚未成熟。首先,市场经济体制有待完善。目前我国的市场经济体制虽然已经基本确立,但这种经济体制的转型还在完成中, 非市场化的因素依然存在于市场经济中,活跃市场仍然受到一些非市场因素的影响。目前,由于缺乏完善的市场,还有相当一部分资产或负债难以通过市场取得有关公允价值的完备信息。其次,金融市场欠规范。我国金融市场由于还欠规范,利率和汇率并没有完全市场化,那么运用公允价值计量因为缺乏一个参考标准,加之缺少专业人才、信息系统和数据使得对公允价值的取得和披露都还缺乏相应的技术支持,对公允价值计量的运用还处在一个初级阶段。其次就是公司治理结构有待完善。简单来说,公司治理是了解并处理公司内部人和外部人之间的利益冲突。由于内部人掌握了的内部信息外部人并不知情,内部人将会采取对自身有利却和有可能不惜伤害外部人利益的代价而下决策。由于我国上市公司持有股比重大,并且所有者缺位而导致上市公司内部人具有很高的控制程度,内部人为了实现自身的利益,利用内部人控制的先天条件让公司取得上市条件并且得以上市,再与其大股东之间不正常的关联方交易,这样关联双方将公允价值变成了关联双方之间任意达成的价格。内部人利用债务重组、资产置换、投资行为让上市公司在资本市场中调节利润,使其所在的上市公司一夜之间就可以扭亏为盈,这样及大地满足了个别利益主体利用上市公司圈钱的目的,但这是对中小型投资者是恶意欺骗行为。这些不良行为将会扰乱资本市场的秩序,从而降低资本使用率。所以目前相关监管机构并不敢轻易放开对公允价值的使用准则就是考虑到存在的威胁。 在引入公允价值计量后,罗胜强(2006)[11]提出了观点:上市银行的财务状况和经营成果将与资本市场和宏观环境更为紧密地联系在一起,从而加剧公司收益的波动性。分析人士称,采用公允价值计量将弥补我国一直以来没有金融工具确认和计量会计规范的空白,对我国金融企业改制起到了推动作用。公允价值及时反映利得和损失,能更加真实地反映商业银行的财务准工况和经营成果。而有的人士的担心公允价值计量将会带来损益上的剧烈波动。对于公允价值是否具有盈利预测能力,理论界结论并不统一。斯科特(2006)[12],葛家澍(2003)和杜兴强(2003)[13]认为公允价值因为是面向未来的,所以应当具有盈利预测价值。斯科特(2006)认为由于是基于市价、未来现金流量的折现值,通过数学模型所计量资产或负债的概括表达,公允价值是预测公司未来收益和损失的指示标志。葛家澍(2003)和杜兴强(2003)认为在反应不确定性和风险方面,历史成本不如公允价值,即使历史成本具有最为信赖的可靠性。但是投资者和企业担心公允价值的可靠性,原因是公允价值含有不确定性的预计数,这种预计不可能达到很高的精确度。葛家澍和杜兴强驳斥了这一观点,称预计一个拥有一般可靠度的现行价值或未来价值比完全依靠已知的历史成本去预测未来盈余要好。而刘承智(2010)[14]、田高良(2010)[15]、陈颖(2011)和贺勇(2011)[16]认为公允价值由于反映的是对未来的估计,会计收益显得不太具有预测性。刘承智认为以公允价值计量就是反映了对未来收益的合理估计,而财务报表中包含的对未来的估计后果是会计收益不太具有预测性。田高良等通过收集中国上市公司数据,检验了会计准则变化对会计信息质量的影响,他们发现实施新会计准则之后,会计盈余的持续性更低。这说明利润的波动将会影响会计盈余的持续性,进而影响盈余的预测能力。陈颖(2011)和贺勇(2011)运用多种统计方法,分析了公允价值在年度和季度报表里的数据的盈利预测能力情况,并且刘斌教授(2013)[17]得出的结果显示,以公允价值计量的会计信息并不具备盈利预测能力。
2.3公允价值计量方法在我国的运用
根据各国的机构对公允价值的定义与理解,我们可以获知在公允价值的情况下进行交易需要一定的条件,当满足公允价值交易的条件时,此时就可以直接确定公开市场的价值,即公允价值。但是这种条件仅适用于初始计量,而在后续计量时由于需要考虑到报告日或计量日是否为交易日的情形而将不再适用初始计量的方法。在企业会计期间中,计量日或报告日当天发生的交易形成的资产可算是少之又少,在这个时候,我们需要的是采用各种估值技术,从而来确定公允价值的价值,这也成为在会计计量日必不可少的环节。
在我国,公允价值的定义参照了国际上已经同行的公允价值计量“三级次”原则[21]对公允价值进行了相似的定义,公允价值的具体内容体现在2001年修订的《非货币性资产交换》准则指南中。当该计量对象不存在活跃市场时,可以寻找与该计量对象类似的资产或者负债是否存在于活跃的市场中;若存在,则可以参照相关类似对象的市场价格来确定公允价值;若该计量对象和该计量对象类似的资产或者负债均不存在于活跃市场中时,则可以运用适当的折现率将该计量对象所能产生的未来现金流量折现成现值估计确定。在传统的成本会计中,企业在交易已经完成的情况下才能确认相关业务的成本和收益,这时才能记录借贷中去。但是公允价值计量模式使得金融资产和负债在还没有真正出售和买入的时候就发生了业务的收益及成本,确认未实现损益,最终影响商业银行当期的经营结果。
为了避免和防范不成熟条件下,企业不恰当使用公允价值计量所可能导致的经济后果,我国在确定公允价值的应用范围时,已作了审慎的改进,对公允价值的应用设置了严格的限制条件,这在已颁布的投资性房地产、资产减值、企业合并、金融工具确认和计量等具体会计准则中有所体现。不过,这些“限制条件”还不够确切和具体,有必要根据客观环境的变化,对审慎使用公允价值采取如下改进措施:
首先,管理部门应该进一步修订和完善我国的具体会计准则,并且尽量减少会计准则中可供选择的会计程序和方法从而压缩会计政策的选择空间。
其次,再次明确定义对于公允价值变动损益的具体处理解决办法。对于“公允价值变动损益”问题,企业不得用于向股东发放现金分配那些已明确规定的可税前扣除。但我国会计准则对于其他情况下使用公允价值准则而导致增加的收益并没有做出具体的规定,由于不合理性我国应该在必要时应当做出类似的规定。如果由于使用了公允价值准则,将不再对投资性房地产计提折旧或进行摊销等而增加的收益,也可税前扣除,并不得用于向股东进行现金分配。
第三,建立完整的市场信息网络系统,通过建立大容量和较强的时效性的行业数据信息库来为资产定价,并且选取适当而可靠的参数提供基础数据和作为支撑。企业已经实现的收益往往是预测未来收益的重要依据,这使得公允价值使用的市场数据具有可验证性。
第四,在极端情况下,给予会计主体进行重新分类的权力。例如美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)在会计准则的相关条款中,就确定会计主体在极端情况下进行重分类的权力。同时,国际会计准则理事会(IASB)也在积极着手考虑允许适用国际会计准则的会计主体拥有类似的重分类的权力。
第五,加大金融监管力度,加大企业违规成本,并且严格执行证券市场监管制度。由于企业滥用公允价值准则等违规的机会成本远远低于其预期的收益,导致了企业的会计造假泛滥。所以由于这些威胁的存在,我国的监管机构应尽快建立惩戒制度,可以借鉴美国等国家的惩罚性赔偿制度,或者引入举证倒置(辩方举证)制度,来对会计造假行为进行严厉的惩处。
第六,完善公司的治理结构。为了确保高质量的会计信息,公司应严格执行完善的公司治理结构,这也是恰当使用公允价值以提高其决策相关性的内在需要。

第三章 研究设计及假设

3.1研究设计 我们将在以下的研究中引入两种方法去整合数据并获得想要的结果——资产负债表法和利润表法。在资产负债表法中,我们根据Nissim和Penman(2007)[18]和Khan(2011)[19]的思想,并且测量暴露于公允价值计量下的负债与资产与总资产的比率。然后预测是否现金流的预测能力和收入的预测能力基于这种方法有所不同。我们推测收入将更好的预测未来现金流和未来收入。利润表法参照了Hodder等(2006)并且比较了现金流预测能力和收入预测能力与其他综合相比净收入的增量关系。如果公允价值更有助于预测未来现金流和未来收入,我们推测在固定本期收入以后以公允价值为导向的其他综合收入将增加对未来现金流和未来收入的预测力。最后利用stata软件输入数据、利用口令指示不同的输出结果以及分析数据结果。
我们运用下列模型去测试公允价值计量与现金流的预测能力:

(1)

上面的模型中,Cash Flow是税前收入加上贷款减值损失再除以滞后期的总资产,用于测量各自往后一、二、三年的现金流。Pre-tax ROA是税前收入除以滞后期的总资产,Log(Assetst-1)是关于总资产的对数函数;FVA是以公允价值计量的总资产负债与滞后期的总资产之间的比率。 以下的模型是测量以公允价值为基础的收入预测下一期收入的能力:

(2)
Pre-tax ROA是分别测量未来一、二、三年的税前资产回报率,其它定义与上面模型的定义相同。
下一步,我们测试公允价值计量的程度和现金流的预测能力以及收入的预测能力,将运用利润表法。在这个模型中,我们将FVA(用于资产负债表中的变量)替换成税前其他综合收入(基于资产负债表发上的变量,Hodder,2006):

(3)

(4)
PtOCI是税前综合其他收入,计算为税后其他综合收入除以(1-企业所得税税率),其他综合收入是综合收入减去净收入所得,其余变量在上面的模型中已经定义。
3.2研究数据选取 本文选取了2005-2013年每年末上市银行的数据。下面来探讨公允价值对银行财务报表以及指标的影响。 我们将在这里提出一个概念FVA,其为几个以公允价值计量的资产与总资产的比例,而公允价值计量的资产有以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产、持有至到期投资以及可供出售金融资产,以公允价值计量且变动计入当期损益的金融资产可以被进一步分为交易性金融资产和直接指定为以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产。公允价值计量模式下,商业银行的财务报表可能受到影响主要体现在了资产负债表和损益表中,而现金流量表收公允价值影响相对很小。 对资产负债表的有所影响公允价值计量下的会计科目有衍生金融工具、交易性金融资产、可供出售金融资产和投资性房地产。而对利润表有所影响的以公允价值计量的会计科目有公允价值变动损益。而PtOCI为利润表中以公允价值计量的其他综合收益,所以FVA和PtOCI就是公允价值的两个重要的代表,我们将在模型中运用这两个概念。 资产收益率的一大重要用处是作为上市银行增发新股时的衡量指标。我国公司法明确规定,作为公开上市发行股票的公司,当公司有增资发行的想法时,必须满足近三个会计年度有10%以上的加权平均净资产收益率并且三年中每一年的净资产收益率都不得低于6%。而从当前市场来看,金融资产的公允价值的波动性
较大,在一定程度上会造成银行年度净利润与净资产收益率的影响,进而会给上市公司带来阻碍作用甚至是负面影响。这里我们的现金流与国内的现金流的概念有所不同,这里的Cas Flow沿用了美国的会计定义,即为税前收入和贷款减值损失之和,并得到的和再与滞后期的总资产相比就是我们的Cash Flow。 此文的研究基于Brian、Monika、Urooj[20]教授在《公允价值计量和盈余预测能力:从银行业得到的证据》的方法研究量化的公允价值计量的会计信息,利用现金流和收入的预测能力来预测银行盈余信息的能力。 所以我们应该以公允价值计量的会计科目来预测上市银行的资产收益率。因为在2005年前上市的银行只有五家,分别是深发展银行(后合并为平安银行)、浦发银行、民生银行、招商银行和华夏银行。所以我们就针对这五家银行的季报数据分析公允价值计量预测盈余信息的能力。 本文从东方财富网和Resset锐思数据获取上市银行的信息。
表一是描述统计的结果。银行的平均值(median)为1.32万亿元。FVA的均值是0.1099,意思是约有10.99%的资产是以公允价值计量的。税前资产回报率在本期和滞后期的均值分别约为0.29%和0.31%,现金流的均值占资产的比率约为0.5%,其他综合收入PtOCI的均值为-0.00015。
表3.1 主要变量的描述性统计 变量 | N | Mean | Std. | Dev. | Assetst-1(亿元) | 180 | 13200 | 9360 | 2010 | Log(Assetst-1) | 180 | 12.00741 | 0.3262674 | 11.30364 | FVAt-1 | 180 | 0.1099256 | 0.0527914 | 0 | Pre-taxROAt | 179 | 0.0029411 | 0.0013964 | -0.0074236 | Pre-taxROAt-1 | 180 | 0.0030973 | 0.0015091 | -0.0079783 | CashFlowt | 180 | 0.0050006 | 0.0055183 | -0.0079783 | PtOCIt-1 | 180 | -0.000147 | 0.0008129 | -0.0043657 | 研究变量的相关系数如表二所示从表二可以看出,以公允价值计量的资产FVA与资产的对数函数的相关系数约为0.35,表示它们彼此呈正相关性。FVA与税前资产收益率的滞后期和第一年期相关系数分别为0.3245和0.2879说明彼此是正相关性。税前综合收益与现金流的相关系数为0.0352,是正相关的。
表3.2 主要变量的相关性 变量 | Log(Assetst-1) | FVAt-1 | Pre-taxROAt | Pre-taxROAt-1 | CashFlowt | PtOCIt-1 | Log(Assetst-1) | 1 | | | | | | FVAt-1 | 0.3518 | 1 | | | | | Pre-taxROAt | 0.5721 | 0.2879 | 1 | | | | PretaxROAt-1 | 0.537 | 0.3245 | 0.9931 | 1 | | | CashFlowt | -0.2163 | -0.2816 | 0.0375 | 0.0483 | 1 | | PtOCI | -0.092 | 0.0494 | -0.0992 | -0.1012 | 0.0352 | 1 | *是相关系数具有95%上的可信度 |

第四章 实证检验结果与分析
4.1公允价值计量与未来现金流的预测能力关系探讨
运用Brian等(2012年)在文中所给的方法,通过资产负债表法和损益表法的分析来观察公允价值计量与未来现金流的预测能力。
模型一是在资产负债表法下,公允价值计量与未来现金流的预测能力的关系式。结果显示在表三中,分别为现金流的未来一二三年期的回归系数。首先要看F检验的P值,这是用来检验这个模型对数据的解释状况的好坏。模型为固定效应模型,从Prob>F=0到Prob>F=0.0011来看,所以拒绝原假设,接受这个模型,模型通过检验。R2为拟合优度,它是回归直线对观测值的拟合程度,当R2的值越接近1.00,说明回归直线对观测值的拟合程度越好;相反的,当R2的值越接近0.00,说明回归直线对观测值的拟合程度越差;拟合优度值在61.69%与79.63%说明拟合程度较好。再次,看各个变量的显著性,我们从表中得知,[Pre-taxROAt-1*FVAt-1]与一年期的现金流虽然呈正相关,但是P值却为0.779,说明该变量不显著;再来看FVAt-1的P值分别为0.062、0.290和0.100,说明公允价值计量的资产影响很小,并不显著,所以以公允价值计量的资产并不能预测现金流,所以此变量解释性很小,不能准确预测商业银行的现金流。这与美国Brian的结果有所出入,造成这种原因是中国的样本容量较小并且我国慎用公允价值计量的原则,所以不能早早下有无预测能力的结论,我们可以在接下来的模型得出的数据继续观测,证实我们的推测。

以下是整合的数据 | -------------------------------------------------
表4.1 资产负债表法下公允价值与现金流Cash Flowt(t+1)(t+2)=α+β1Pre-taxROAt-1+β2Log(Assetst-1)+β3FVAt-1+ β4[Pre-taxROAt-1*Log(Assetst-1)]+β5[Pre-taxROAt-1*FVAt-1]+εt | | Cash Flowt | Cash Flowt+1 | Cash Flowt+2 | Variables | Coefficient | P值 | Coefficient | P值 | Coefficient | P值 | Pre-taxROAt-1 | -2.291643 | 0.817 | 11.12518 | 0.335 | 9.549738 | 0.375 | Log(Assetst-1) | -.008648 | 0.003 | -0.0010463 | 0.768 | 0.0008324 | 0.803 | FVAt-1 | -.0305548 | 0.062 | -00187629 | 0.290 | -0.0270947 | 0.100 | [Pre-taxROAt-1*Log(Assetst-1)] | .240085 | 0.773 | -0.8662633 | 0.366 | -0.8190289 | 0.360 | [Pre-taxROAt-1*FVAt-1] | 1.408343 | 0.779 | -6.600315 | 0.349 | -0.1350282 | 0.983 | _cons | .1097892 | 0.004 | 0.0412809 | 0.652 | -0.0023222 | 0.952 | N | 180 | 140 | 136 | R2 | 79.63% | 68.08% | 61.69% | | Prob > F = 0.0000 | Prob > F = 0.0000 | Prob > F =0.0011 | 下面来看模型三,这是通过损益表法,判断收入和未来现金流的关系,数据统计结果如下所示。表4是整理后的数据。F检验下的P值很小说明我们的模型通过检验。R2的范围是54.73%至78.02%,说明拟合程度较好。这个模型是测量其他税前综合收益与未来现金流的预测能力。在损益表法下,其他综合税前收益与一年期的现金流所对应的P值为0.985、0.431和0.701,说明变量不显著,应该从方程里剔除,所以不能用公允价值计量的其他综合收入来预测未来的现金流。
下表是stata生成的数据经整理过后的结果。

以下是整合数据 | -------------------------------------------------
表4.2 损益表法下公允价值计量的其他综合收入与现金流Cash Flowt(t+1)(t+2)=α+β1Pre-taxROAt-1+β2Log(Assetst-1)+ β2[Pre-taxROAt-1*Log(Assetst-1)]+β4PtOCIt-1+εt | | Cash Flowt | Cash Flowt+1 | Cash Flowt+2 | Variables | Coefficient | P值 | Coefficient | P值 | Coefficient | P值 | Pre-taxROAt-1 | -2.223981 | 0.830 | 12.15209 | 0.321 | 11.39259 | 0.320 | Log(Assetst-1) | -.0087901 | 0.009 | 0.000282 | 0.994 | 0.0013876 | 0.702 | [Pre-taxROAt-1*Log(Assetst-1)] | 0.2501109 | 0.774 | -1.022245 | 0.324 | -0.9757302 | 0.315 | PtOCIt-1 | -0.0085227 | 0.985 | 0.4123926 | 0.431 | 0.1870797 | 0.701 | _cons | 0.1110268 | 0.005 | 0.0079194 | 0.861 | -0.008752 | -0.836 | N | 180 | 140 | 136 | R2 | 78.02% | 68.37% | 54.73% | | Prob > F = 0.0000 | Prob > F = 0.0000 | Prob > F =0.0011 |
综上所述,由于各个以公允价值计量的资产或收益P值太大而不具有显著性,并不能很好地去预测现金流。这表示我们的假设不成立,即在中国的会计环境里我们不能将公允价值用来预测未来现金流。但美国的研究表明,税前其他综合收入P值都小于0.05,而PtOCI与现金流的一二三年期都是呈正相关,这说明,在美国的环境下,公允价值计量的收益增加会带来未来的现金流增加。

4.2公允价值计量与未来收益(ROA)的预测能力关系探讨
在这一节,我们探讨基于公允价值计量的会计科目能否预测未来的资产回报率(ROA),并且分别从未来的一、二、三年期观测数据。表4.3是在资产负债法下得出的回归系数和检验值。F检验对应的P值等于零,说明模型的检验通过。R2即拟合度的范围在90%以上说明拟合程度非常好。在这里我们主要研究税前资产回报率(ROA)和以公允价值计量的代表(Pre-taxROAt-1*FVAt-1),发现未来一、二年期的P值分别为0.603、0.569和0.603,说明公允价值计量下的资产由于显著性很弱不能很好地去预测未来三年的税前资产回报率。

| 表4.3 资产负债表法下公允价值与收益 Pre-tax ROAt(t+1)(t+2)=α+β1Pre-taxROAt-1+β2Log(Assetst-1)+β3FVAt-1+ β4[Pre-taxROAt-1*Log(Assetst-1)]+β5[Pre-taxROAt-1*FVAt-1]+εt | | Pre-tax ROAt | Pre-tax ROAt+1 | Pre-tax ROAt+2 | Variables | Coefficient | P值 | Coefficient | P值 | Coefficient | P值 | Pre-taxROAt-1 | -0.7883 | 0.019 | -3.784893 | 0.123 | -0.5296183 | 0.835 | Log(Assetst-1) | 0.0001 | 0.141 | 0.0002853 | 0.736 | 0.0016161 | 0.069 | FVAt-1 | -0.0007166 | 0.235 | 0.004549 | 0.303 | 0.00542 | 0.905 | [Pre-taxROAt-1*Log(Assetst-1)] | 0.011782 | 0.677 | 0.3409809 | 0.103 | 0.0369489 | 0.864 | [Pre-taxROAt-1*FVAt-1] | -0.1042586 | 0.603 | -0.8331211 | 0.569 | 0.782703 | 0.603 | _cons | -0.0018513 | 0.159 | -0.0016844 | 0.863 | -0.0164402 | 0.109 | N | 179 | 174 | 169 | R2 | 99.75% | 97.75% | 90.59% | | Prob > F = 0.0000 | Prob > F = 0.0000 | Prob > F =0.0000 |

表4.4是损益表法下,其他税前综合收益与收入的预测能力数据整合得出的回归系数和检验值。F对应的P值为零说明模型通过了检验,R2在90%以上说明拟合度非常好。从此表反映的数据来看,一年期的税前资产回报率与税前综合其他收入呈的P值为0.698、0.853和0.350都大于0.005,说明以公允价值计量的税前综合收入显著性差,预测盈余信息的能力较弱。 | -------------------------------------------------
表4.4 损益表法下公允价值与未来收益-------------------------------------------------
Pre-tax ROAt(t+1)(t+2)= α+β1Pre-taxROAt-1+β2Log(Assetst-1)+------------------------------------------------- β2[Pre-taxROAt-1*Log(Assetst-1)]+β4PtOCIt-1+εt | | Pre-tax ROAt | Pre-tax ROAt+1 | Pre-tax ROAt+2 | Variables | Coefficient | P值 | Coefficient | P值 | Coefficient | P值 | Pre-taxROAt-1 | 0.8401549 | 0.017 | -3.842814 | 0.137 | -1.430033 | 0.592 | Log(Assetst-1) | 0.0001989 | 0.083 | 0.0003823 | 0.652 | 0.0012363 | 0.162 | FVAt-1 | -0.0010133 | 0.000 | 0.0023469 | 0.238 | 0.0028873 | 0.160 | [Pre-taxROAt-1*Log(Assetst-1)] | 0.0062368 | 0.832 | 0.3361876 | 0.123 | 0.0121377 | 0.590 | PtOCIt-1 | 0.0059697 | 0.698 | -0.0215741 | 0.853 | -0.0122398 | 0.350 | _cons | -0.0021857 | 0.104 | -0.0025538 | 0.797 | -0.0164402 | 0.237 | N | 179 | 174 | 169 | R2 | 99.79% | 97.56% | 93.50% | | Prob > F = 0.0000 | Prob > F = 0.0000 | Prob > F =0.0000 |
综上所述,由于模型通过检验但是以公允价值计量的科目所检验的P值都不显著,它不能很好地去预测未来的资产回报率。
4.3基于中国目前现状探讨预测能力型
目前,我国上市银行以公允价值计量的信息主要是在财务报表披露和表外信息披露的。从表内的数据来看(如下表所示),资产占比规模较小,以公允价值计量的资产不超过总资产的15%;以公允价值计量的负债比例由于太小,可以忽略不计,大致为0.5%左右。但是从国外的形势来看,根据SEC(美国证券交易委员会)公布的数据来看,美国上市银行以公允价值计量的资产占总资产的比例大约为35%,而负债占比为15%,国内外由于差距太大,公允价值计量的影响力是不可比的。
表4.5 公允价值资产占比(%) | 银行/年份 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 中国平安银行 | 3.19 | 7.10 | 5.69 | 10.44 | 6.59 | 4.45 | 6.52 | 5.93 | 7.61 | 上海浦东发展银行 | 8.54 | 12.29 | 10.16 | 4.56 | 5.53 | 4.80 | 5.74 | 5.41 | 5.19 | 华夏银行 | 1.89 | 3.42 | 1.89 | 3.20 | 1.50 | 2.63 | 4.64 | 4.64 | 4.45 | 中国民生银行 | 2.23 | 7.19 | 7.02 | 5.60 | 3.79 | 2.28 | 3.84 | 4.51 | 4.20 | 中国招商银行 | 10.33 | 12.56 | 11.70 | 14.40 | 12.73 | 12.10 | 10.52 | 9.20 | 7.99 |
主要显示在公允价值变动的损益科目上的是以公允价值计量的科目对上市银行利润的影响。以下表4.6的数据是公允价值变动损益合占净利润的比重。据此,我们可以初步判断及分析公允价值计量的预测性:公允价值的变动对净利润的整体影响不大。
表4.6 公允价值变动损益占净利润的比重(%) 银行/年份 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 平安银行 | -- | 0.209 | 0.22 | 4.67 | 浦发银行 | -0.46 | -3.14 | -0.52 | -3.81 | 招商银行 | -0.21 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 1.01 | 华夏银行 | 0.38 | -0.15 | 0.067 | -0.32 | 民生银行 | 0.03 | -0.98 | 0.03 | 0.87 |
至此,我们可以看见各家上市银行在运用公允价值计量时都非常谨慎,并且尽量降低公允价值对利润的影响,这使得在研究分析公允价值对银行的影响时产生了一定的阻碍。所以,要想运用公允价值计量来预测商业银行的利润和损失在中国目前的条件下实施比较困难。
4.4结论
对比国外的研究结果,在Brian等(2012)的论文《公允价值计量与盈余的预测能力:来自银行业的证据》中,通过相同的方法,可以总结得出了以下结论:本期银行若有更大比例的以公允价值计量的资产负债,那么盈余将与下一期的现金流有更高的相关性。另外,控制本期盈余的情况下,更多以公允价值计量的其他综合收入将会与未来现金流产生更高的相关性。而在预测公允价值资产回报率时有矛盾性的结论:银行有更多以公允价值计量的资产负债时,本期收益与未来收益却没有一个增量的相关性,但是本期其他综合收入与未来收益有增量关系。这与国内的研究结果有差异,由于我们得出的每一项自变量与因变量的P值较大,这使得公允价值不能预测未来现金流和未来收益,我们不能得出任何一个以上国外研究所得的结论。
造成这种国内外差异的原因我们在文献综述里也有提及。第一,国外公允价值的运用比中国的运用更加广泛,美国在90年代就已开始推广公允价值计量的使用,而中国近几年才逐渐开放对其使用程度,究其原因,是我国目前的使用状况相对谨慎,这都是考虑到公允价值若被滥用后会造成的后果,即会使得市场波动增大,企业操控利润等;第二,美国的市场情况与中国的市场情况不同,纽交所的上市银行达120家,纳斯达克的上市银行近300家,但是中国达目前为止只有16家上市银行,对于样本的选取尤为重要。所以为了获得更加精确的结论,我们选取的是2005年至2013年上市银行的季报数据,并对美国Brian等人研究的方法进行考察,看能否得出相同的结论,即公允价值计量是否可以预测中国的上市银行盈余信息,但是这在一定程度上就影响了我们的精确性,5家上市银行的数据虽然全面,但是不能完全反映目前整个上市银行的情况,数据的局限性也带给我们结论的不同。
从商业银行运用公允价值来看,公允价值能够更加真实、公平地反映银行资产和负债的市场价值变化,会利于企业、投资者看清市场上的发展状况。但通过模型的建立,我们发现公允价值计量的变量不显著,不能放到方程中去,我们所建立的预测模型也就不包含公允价值,所以在中国当前形势来看,公允价值计量暂时不能用于预测商业银行的盈余信息。公允价值计量对银行的整体财务状况并无多大实质上的影响,这主要的原因有:一、我国金融产品的单一,利率和汇率的市场化正在改革,现在才开始放开金融机构贷款利率管制,所以公允价值计量还没有得到大范围的运用,其对金融市场的影响能力有限;二、监管当局采用谨慎适度选用公允价值计量模式的原则进行监管之下,上市银行在采用公允价值作为计量手段必须谨慎,公司管理层将必须综合考虑各项影响因素(包括活跃市场在内),对能否持续可靠地取得公允价值做出科学合理的评价这一问题,公司的董事会应在充分讨论的基础上形成决议进而得出结论。公司应在此基础上充分明确公允价值的方法、相关估值假设以及主要参数的选取原则。由此看来,从历史成本计量到公允价值计量的改变还需要较长的一段时间,监管部门、企业的严格谨慎决策将会延长实施公允价值的时间。

第五章 对公允价值的建议及展望
在实际运用中,公允价值计量的缺陷主要体现在以下三个方面:1、活跃市场不存在时公允价值没有办法确定,2、公允价值计量在资产、负债和权益工具的具体运用现在很少。3、公允价值计量的信息披露要求。为了解决上述问题,国际财务会计准则委员会颁布了《国际会计准则13号——公允价值计量》,在准则中详细阐述了公允价值的定义和内涵,建立了公允价值框架,并提出更加严格的相关信息披露要求。众所周知,国际财务会计准则委员会在公允价值计量研究领域处于领先地位,是各国会计准则指定机构的参考信息来源,我国财政部也一直积极修订财务会计准则,以实现我国会计准则与国际会计准则的趋同。因此,我国银行业要做好在国际会计准则规定下使用公允价值的准备。通过前文的分析及描述,我国银行业在公允价值计量的运用方法、信息披露和监管等方面都存在着不足,需要进一步改进才能达到国际上会计准则的标准和要求。
本文以沪深股市的5家2005年以前的上市银行作为样本,研究了以公允价值计量对商业银行盈余信息的预测能力。我们发现不能因为存在各种影响因素,加之方法运用不同,我们所预测的结果就会受到很多变量的影响,不能一概而论是否公允价值计量运用的增加就能带来盈余的增加,每一公允价值变量对盈余信息有不同的影响,所以在这种环境下我们很难单一地作出判断,必须要在许多变量得知的情况下进行判断及预测。
从历史经验来看,增加公允价值计量对我国的市场有很大帮助。
首先,公允价值计量符合投资者符合投资者对会计信息质量的要求,具有公平性、波动性和一定客观性等特点,是计量模式未来的发展方向。尽管金融界声称公允价值的顺周期效应会加深金融危机,但目前看来,相比其他计量,公允价值计量才能够发挥在企业尤其是银行业的作用,会计准则制定机构应该改进公允价值而不是废除公允价值。
第二,公允价值与其他计量模式的关联程度较为深。但从本质上来看,公允价值计量其实是一种独立的计量属性,从市场假定、时态和来源等方面来看,公允价值与历史成本、现行成本、可变现净值、现行市价和未来现金流量现值有着许多不同。
第三,以公允价值计量的资产负债在上市银行的资产、负债总额中所占比例偏低。这是因为我国引入公允价值计量这一会计计量模式时间不久,会计人员处于谨慎原则并没有将其运用在特别大的范围中。但是我国已经慢慢在与国际会计准则接轨,相信运用在公允价值计量的金融工具会更加频繁。
第四,公允价值变动没有对上市银行的净利润、所有者权益、净资产收益率、市盈率和市净率造成太大的影响。这说明,公允价值在我国银行业中的使用较为谨慎,并且是合理的,应该继续保持使用。
第五,公允价值给银行监管带来了新的挑战,由于金融工具是商业银行资产和负债的主要类别,而公允价值是金融工具的最佳计量模式,那么公允价值不可避免的对银行监管带来冲击。公允价值带来的冲击主要体现在两个方面,一是影响监管资本的核算,进而造成资本充足率的波动;二是公允价值会计带来的顺周期效应是微观审慎政策失效,监管部门应从宏观层面提出消除系统性风险的措施。
第六,公允价值需要在市场环境、估价技术、信息披露和监管措施四个方面做出改进,以提升其可靠性,透明度和运用程度。

第六章 研究的误差与本文的不足
本文通过建模,运用计量经济学和统计学方法分析了我国上市银行对盈余信息的预测性。到目前为止,我国上市银行仅有16家,能够发掘的原始数据很少,因此本文不能全面揭示公允价值的规律和特点,因此会带来一定的误差,而最终影响结果的准确性。但是随着我国资本市场的发展和进一步地开放,将会有更多的商业银行上市,那么对于公允价值计量的预测能力的研究的样本量将会逐步达到理想水平,那么我们将会进一步确认最后的结果。

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附录 附录一:资产负债表法下公允价值与第一年现金流 | Fixed-effects (within) regression | Number of obs = 180 | Group variable: ID | Number of groups = 5 | R-sq: within = 0.2495 | Obs per group: | min =36 | | between = 0.7963 | avg =36.0 | | overall = 0.1250 | max =36 | | | F(5,170) = 11.30 | corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.3843 | Prob > F = 0.0000 | | Cashflowt | Coef. | Std. | Err. | t | P>|t| | [95% Conf. Interval] | Pre-taxROAt-1 | -2.291643 | 9.870356 | -0.23 | 0.817 | -21.77589 | 17.19261 | Log(Assetst-1) | -0.008648 | 0.0031957 | -2.71 | 0.003 | -0.0149563 | -0.0023397 | FVAt-1 | -0.0305548 | 0.0162777 | -1.88 | 0.062 | -0.0626872 | 0.0015776 | P-ROAt-1*Log(Astst-1) | 0.240085 | 0.8307161 | 0.29 | 0.773 | -1.399763 | 1.879932 | P-ROAt-1*FVAt-1 | 1.408343 | 5.534886 | 0.25 | 0.799 | -9.517614 | 12.3343 | _cons | 0.1097892 | 0.0372725 | 2.95 | 0.004 | 0.0362127 | 0.1833657 | 附录二:资产负债表法下公允价值与第二年期现金流 | Fixed-effects (within) regression | | Number of obs = 140 | | Group variable: ID | | | Number of groups = 4 | | R-sq: within = 0.1974 | | Obs per group: | min = 35 | | | between = 0.6808 | | | avg = 35.0 | | | overall = 0.1280 | | | max = 35 | | | | | F(5,131)=6.45 | | corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.1910 | | | Prob > F = 0.0000 | | | Cashflowt+1 | Coef. | Std. | Err. | t | P>|t| | [95% Conf. Interval] | | | | | | | | Pre-taxROAt-1 | 11.12518 | 11.49139 | 0.97 | 0.335 | -11.60753 | 33.85789 | Log(Assetst-1) | -0.0010463 | 0.0035337 | -0.3 | 0.768 | -0.0080367 | 0.0059442 | FVAt-1 | -0.0187629 | 0.0176458 | -1.06 | 0.29 | -0.0536705 | 0.0161448 | P-ROAt-1*Log(Astst-1) | -0.8662633 | 0.9552428 | -0.91 | 0.366 | -2.755961 | 1.023435 | P-ROAt-1*FVAt-1 | -6.600315 | 7.028215 | -0.94 | 0.349 | -20.5038 | 7.30317 | _cons | 0.0186521 | 0.0412809 | 0.45 | 0.652 | -0.0630114 | 0.1003155 |

附件三:资产负债表法下公允价值与第三年期现金流 | Fixed-effects (within) regression | | Number of obs =136 | | Group variable: ID | | | Number of groups =4 | | | R-sq: | within = 0.1456 | Obs per group: | min = 34 | | | between = 0.6169 | | | avg = 34.0 | | | overall = 0.0914 | | | max = 34 | | | | | | | | F(5,127) =4.33 | | corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.1885 | | | Prob > F =0.0011 | | | Cashflowt+2 | Coef. | Std. | Err. | t | P>|t| | [95% Conf. Interval] | | | | | | | | Pre-taxROAt-1 | 9.549738 | 10.72894 | 0.89 | 0.375 | -11.68089 | 30.78037 | Log(Assetst-1) | 0.0008324 | 0.0033248 | 0.25 | 0.803 | -0.0057467 | 0.0074115 | FVAt-1 | -0.0270947 | 0.0163693 | -1.66 | 0.1 | -0.0594865 | 0.0052971 | P-ROAt-1*Log(Astst-1) | -0.8190289 | 0.8922753 | -0.92 | 0.36 | -2.584681 | 0.9466228 | P-ROAt-1*FVAt-1 | -0.1350282 | 6.513743 | -0.02 | 0.983 | -13.02455 | 12.75449 | _cons | -0.0023222 | 0.0388319 | -0.06 | 0.952 | -0.0791636 | 0.0745192 |

附录四:损益表法下公允价值与一年期现金流 | Fixed-effects (within) regression | Number of obs = 180 | Group variable: ID | Number of groups = 5 | | R-sq: | within = 0.2495 | Obs per group: | min = 36 | | | between = 0.7802 | | avg = 36.0 | | | overall = 0.1233 | | max = 36 | | | | F(5,170)=11.28 | | corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.3904 | Prob > F=0.0000 | | | Cashflowt | Coef. | Std. | Err. | t | P>|t| | [95% Conf.Interval] | | | | | | | | Pre-taxROAt-1 | -2.223981 | 10.3119 | -0.22 | 0.83 | -22.57984 | 18.13187 | Log(Assetst-1) | -0.0087901 | 0.0033151 | -2.65 | 0.009 | -0.0153343 | -0.002246 | P-ROAt-1*Log(Astst-1) | 0.240085 | 0.8307161 | 0.29 | 0.773 | -1.399763 | 1.879932 | PtOCIt-1 | -0.0085227 | 0.4679369 | -0.02 | 0.985 | -0.9322379 | 0.9151925 | _cons | 0.1110268 | 0.0388892 | 2.85 8 | 0.005 | 0.0342588 | 0.187794 |

附件五:损益表法下公允价值与二年期现金流 | Fixed-effects (within) regression | Number of obs = 140 | | Group variable: ID | Number of groups = 4 | | | | | | | | | R-sq: | within = 0.2495 | Obs per group: | min = 35 | | | between = 0.7802 | | avg = 35.0 | | | overall = 0.1233 | | max = 35 | | | | | | | | | | F(5,170)=11.28 | | corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.3904 | Prob > F=0.0000 | | | | | | | | | Cashflowt+1 | Coef. | Std. | Err. | t | P>|t| | [95% Conf.Interval] | | | | | | | | Pre-taxROAt-1 | 12.15209 | 12.1911 | 1 | 0.321 | -11.96482 | 36.26899 | Log(Assetst-1) | 0.0000282 | 0.0038627 | 0.01 | 0.994 | -0.0076132 | 0.0076696 | P-ROAt-1*Log(Astst-1) | -1.022245 | 1.032328 | -0.99 | 0.324 | -3.064437 | 1.019947 | PtOCIt-1 | 0.4123926 | 0.5218883 | 0.79 | 0.431 | -0.620027 | 1.444812 | _cons | 0.0079194 | 0.044978 | 0.18 | 0.861 | -0.0810577 | 0.0968965 |

附录六:损益表法下公允价值与三年期现金流 | Fixed-effects (within) regression | Number of obs = 136 | | Group variable: ID | Number of groups = 4 | | | R-sq: | within = 0.1466 | Obs per group: | min = 34 | | between = 0.5473 | | avg = 34.0 | | overall = 0.0943 | | max =34 | | | | | F(5,127)=4.36 | | corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.1801 | Prob > F=0.0011 | | | Cashflowt+2 | Coef. | Std. | Err. | t | P>|t| | [95% Conf. Interval] | | | | | | | | Pre-taxROAt-1 | 11.39259 | 11.41212 | 1 | 0.32 | -11.18994 | 33.97511 | Log(Assetst-1) | 0.0013876 | 0.003622 | 0.38 | 0.702 | -0.0057796 | 0.0085548 | P-ROAt-1*Log(Astst-1) | -0.9757302 | 0.9664116 | -1.01 | 0.315 | -2.888084 | 0.936624 | PtOCIt-1 | 0.1870797 | 0.4857176 | 0.39 | 0.701 | -0.7740678 | 1.148227 | _cons | -0.008752 | 0.0421703 | -0.21 | 0.836 | -0.0921995 | 0.0746955 |

附录七:资产负债表法下公允价值与第一年收益 | Fixed-effects (within) regression | Number of obs = 179 | Group variable: ID | Number of groups=5 | R-sq: | within = 0.9852 | Obs per group: | min = 35 | | between = 0.9975 | | avg = 35.8 | | overall = 0.9878 | | max = 36 | | | F(5,169)=2252.71 | | corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.0891 | Prob > F = 0.0000 | | | ROAt | Coef. | Std. | Err. | t | P>|t| | [95% Conf. Interval] | | | | | | | | Pre-taxROAt-1 | 0.7883334 | 0.331953 | 2.37 | 0.019 | 0.1330 | 1.443643 | Log(Assetst-1) | 0.00016 | 0.000113 | 1.48 | 0.141 | -0.0000561 | 0.0003911 | FVAt-1 | -0.0007 | 0.000601 | -1.19 | 0.235 | -0.001 | 0.0004701 | P-ROAt-1*Log(Astst-1) | 0.01178 | 0.028223 | 0.42 | 0.677 | -0.043 | 0.0674978 | P-ROAt-1*FVAt-1 | -0.1042 | 0.199903 | -0.52 | 0.603 | -0.498 | 0.29037 | _cons | -0.0018 | 0.001309 | -1.41 | 0.159 | -0.004 | 0.0007335 |

附录八:资产负债表法下公允价值与第二年收益 | Fixed-effects (within) regression | Number of obs = 174 | Group variable: ID | Number of groups=5 | | R-sq: | within = 0.2209 | Obs per group: | min = 34 | | between = 0.9775 | | avg = 34.8 | | overall = 0.3593 | | max = 35 | | | F(5,149)=9.30 | | corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.5149 | Prob > F = 0.0000 | | | | | | | | | ROAt+1 | Coef. | Std. | Err. | t | P>|t| | [95% Conf. Interval] | Log(Assetst-1) | 0.0002853 | 0.0008458 | 0.34 | 0.736 | -0.0013848 | 0.0019555 | FVAt-1 | 0.004549 | 0.0043982 | 1.03 | 0.303 | -0.0041355 | 0.0132334 | P-ROAt-1*Log(Astst-1) | 0.3409809 | 0.2077435 | 1.64 | 0.103 | -0.0692158 | 0.7511777 | P-ROAt-1*FVAt-1 | -0.8331211 | 1.458219 | -0.57 | 0.569 | -3.712426 | 2.046183 | _cons | -0.0016844 | 0.0097741 | -0.17 | 0.863 | -0.0209837 | 0.0176149 |

附录九:资产负债表法下公允价值与第三年收益 | Fixed-effects (within) regression | Number of obs = 169 | Group variable: ID | Number of groups=5 | R-sq: | within = 0.1708 | Obs per group: | min = 33 | | between = 0.9059 | | avg = 33.8 | | overall = 0.3030 | | max = 34 | | F(5,159)=6.55 | | corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.4516 | Prob > F = 0.0000 | | | ROAt+2 | Coef. | Std. | Err. | t | P>|t| | [95% Conf. Interval] | Pre-taxROAt-1 | -0.529618 | 2.536239 | -0.21 | 0.835 | -5.538 | 4.479444 | Log(Assetst-1) | 0.0016161 | 0.0008829 | 1.83 | 0.069 | -0.0001277 | 0.0033598 | FVAt-1 | 0.000542 | 0.004534 | 0.12 | 0.905 | -0.008 | 0.0094966 | P-ROAt-1*Log(Astst-1) | 0.0369489 | 0.2158811 | 0.17 | 0.864 | -0.389 | 0.4633134 | P-ROAt-1*FVAt-1 | 0.782703 | 1.500561 | 0.52 | 0.603 | -2.180 | 3.746305 | _cons | -0.016440 | 0.0102023 | -1.61 | 0.109 | -0.036 | 0.0037093 |

附录十:损益表法下公允价值与一年期收益 | Fixed-effects (within) regression | Number of obs =179 | Group variable: ID | Number of groups = 5 | | R-sq: | within = 0.9852 | Obs per group: | min = 35 | | between = 0.9979 | | avg = 35.8 | | overall = 0.9878 | | max = 36 | | | F(5,169)=2251.08 | corr(u_i, Xb) = -0.1146 | Prob > F=0.0000 | | ROAt | Coef. | Std. | Err. | t | P>|t| | [95% Conf. Interval] | Pre-taxROAt-1 | 0.84015 | 0.348232 | 2.41 | 0.01 | 0.1527099 | 1.5276 | Log(Assetst-1) | 0.00019 | 0.0001142 | 1.74 | 0.08 | -0.000026 | 0.0004244 | P-ROAt-1*Log(Astst-1) | 0.00623 | 0.0293484 | 0.21 | 0.83 | -0.051699 | 0.0641735 | PtOCIt-1 | 0.00596 | 0.0153535 | 0.39 | 0.69 | -0.024339 | 0.036279 | _cons | -0.0021 | 0.0013377 | -1.6 | 0.10 | -0.004826 | 0.000455 |

附录十一:损益表法下公允价值与二年期收益 | Fixed-effects (within) regression | Number of obs =174 | Group variable: ID | Number of groups = 5 | | R-sq: | within = 0.2195 | Obs per group: | min = 34 | | between = 0.9756 | | avg = 34.8 | | overall = 0.3603 | | max = 35 | | | F(5,164)=9.23 | | corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.5199 | Prob > F=0.0000 | | | ROAt+1 | Coef. | Std. | Err. | t | P>|t| | [95%Conf. Interval] | Pre-taxROAt-1 | -3.842 | 2.572731 | -1.49 | 0.137 | -8.9227 | 1.237131 | Log(Assetst-1) | 0.0003 | 0.000846 | 0.45 | 0.652 | -0.0012 | 0.0020542 | P-ROAt-1*Log(Astst-1) | 0.3361 | 0.216830 | 1.55 | 0.123 | -0.0919 | 0.7643265 | PtOCIt-1 | -0.021 | 0.116211 | -0.19 | 0.853 | -0.2510 | 0.2078902 | _cons | -0.003 | 0.009914 | -0.26 | 0.797 | -0.0221 | 0.0170211 |

附录十二:损益表法下公允价值与三年期收益 | Fixed-effects (within) regression | Number of obs =169 | | Group variable: ID | Number of groups = 5 | | | R-sq: | within = 0.1740 | Obs per group: | min = 33 | | | between = 0.9350 | | avg = 33.8 | | | overall = 0.3050 | | max = 34 | | | | F(5,159)=6.7 | | corr(u_i, Xb) = 0.4698 | | Prob > F=0.0000 | | | | | | | | | ROAt+1 | Coef. | Std. | Err. | t | P>|t| | [95% Conf. Interval] | | | | | | | | Pre-taxROAt-1 | -1.430033 | 2.666418 | -0.54 | 0.592 | -6.696198 | 3.836132 | Log(Assetst-1) | 0.0012363 | 0.0008799 | 1.4 | 0.162 | -0.0005016 | 0.0029742 | P-ROAt-1*Log(Astst-1) | 0.121377 | 0.2247331 | 0.54 | 0.59 | -0.3224701 | 0.565224 | PtOCIt-1 | -0.1118954 | 0.1194095 | -0.94 | 0.350 | -0.3477287 | 0.123938 | _cons | -0.0122398 | 0.0103014 | -1.19 | 0.237 | -0.032585 | 0.0081055 |

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