...Throughout the era of colonialism European powers contended against one another to claim territories around the world. Needless to say, the consequences of this rapid period of expansion are ubiquitous. In fact many territorial disputes that exist today are remnants of this bygone era. Control over the Falkland Islands, for instance, has been a source of longstanding conflict between Argentina and Great Britain since the early nineteenth century. In 1982, Argentina launched an invasion upon the islands resulting in the rather enigmatic Falklands War. Given the enduring territorial struggle, the conflict initially appears to have been inevitable. However, upon closer examination, Argentina’s decision to engage the militarily superior Great Britain over a relatively insignificant territory is quite perplexing. The primary objective of this paper is to isolate the prevailing factors responsible for the onset of the Falklands War through careful analysis of the Argentine political atmosphere and of the conflict itself. Although a complex array of potential motivations may have contributed to the conflict, the most compelling explanation centers on reciprocal misinterpretation between nations. First and foremost, it is important to establish some preliminary historical context surrounding the situation. This territorial quarrel dates back to the late eighteenth century when control of the islands shifted from Spain to Britain. Eventually Britain withdrew from the territory, allowing...
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...College of Distance Education NAVAL WAR COLLEGE Newport, R.I. An Analysis of the Argentine Center of Gravity in the Falkland/Malvinas Conflict By R. Walker A paper submitted to the faculty of the Naval War College in partial satisfaction of the requirements of the Department of Joint Military Operations The contents of this paper reflect my own personal views and are not necessarily endorsed by the Navy War College or the Department of the Navy 05 Aug 2007 On 2 April, 1982 Argentine forces invaded and captured the Falkland Islands. On 5 April, British Task Force 317 sailed from Portsmouth, England towards the South Atlantic. From 21 April, Argentine and British forces fought air, land and sea engagements on and around the Falklands, resulting in an Argentine surrender on 14 June. The Argentine military was hampered by many self-inflicted obstacles and did not achieve much operational success. The one area in which the Argentines did well was in their application of air power. In this air power we find the Argentine Center of Gravity; the Super Entendard aircraft armed with the AM.39 Air to Surface Exocet missile. This system alone had the ability and the opportunity to change the outcome of the conflict. The land and sea elements of the Argentine forces could not be considered as a Center of Gravity for many reasons. While the Argentines had a fairly capable navy, Admiral Woodward, the...
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...Did Britain’s victory in the Falklands War owe more to the superior training, élan and command structure of the British armed forces vis-à-vis the Argentinean conscript army than to Britain’s superior military technology? (2611 WORDS) The Falklands War was a conflict over what seemed an insignificant archipelago of islands in the South Pacific, 500 miles from the coast of Argentina and 8000 miles away from the British mainland. The conflict was the result of 149 years of unsuccessful diplomacy[1], which resulted in an Argentinean “recovery”[2] of what they held as the “Malvinas” islands. This led to the outbreak of the last successful conventional campaign of the twentieth century. After the Argentine surrender on June 14th of 1982, the debate of why and how the British achieved victory became prominent. Some believe that it resulted from better training, a more effective command structure and the thrust with which the British embarked on the campaign. Others judge that the victory was due to Britain’s superior military technology. This essay will explore the extent to which this idea was credible. The comparison between the British and Argentineans will be made. This war, which is described as “two bald men fighting over a comb”[3], will be examined in order to understand the combination of factors that resulted in British victory in the spring of 1982. In order to answer why the Argentineans’ attempt at repossession was unsuccessful, it is significant to look...
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...what extent is David Cameron a New Right politician. When Thatcher acted by defending the Falklands in 1982, it proved she was patriotic and willing to invest in the military, £200 million was spent on defence and harrier jump jets were introduced. The investment in the military and the defence fits into the New Right ideology as it developed those areas into a more powerful body. This came into place because Argentina's military landed on and occupied the Falklands which is under British rule. Thatcher being extremely patriotic decided to act by defending the Falklands, in addition the Falklands citizens wanted to remain apart of the UK so Argentina couldn’t justify why they occupied the Islands. The benefits this had to the UK proved that we are very strong in terms of the military as we were able to defend islands which were 4000 miles away against a country which are located 300 miles away from the Falklands, however although it did a lot for the reputation of our military Thatcher did come out a weak and broken leader. In my opinion I believe to defend the Falklands was a courageous and intelligent move, we were able to prove our military's strength whilst maintaining control of the Falkland Islands, which was approved by the occupants. I also believe the success was a deterrent for other countries which felt they could attack Britain, if we we're to let Argentina have the Falklands it would make the UK appear as weak. David Cameron for this reason would not be a New Right...
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...something, and as Shaun has missed that for a long time he grasp the chance. Woody, the leader, has an old friend who has been in prison, and while there the friend (Combo) has developed a very nationalistic attitude, almost racist. Shaun gets more and more caught up in this skinhead lifestyle and goes with his new friends to a EDL (English Defence League) meeting. From the old group of friends a black male nicknamed Milky one day sells Pot to the Skinheads/Combo, and eventually Combo cracks and goes crazy on Milky almost beating Milky to death.¨ This is when Shaun sees the error of his way and goes to the seaside and trows the English flag into the ocean. Characterisation of Shaun: Shaun is a 12 year old boy. His father died in the Falklands war in 1982 and he therefore lives alone with his mother. He is severely bullied in school by other students and jokes about his father are cruelly used to torment him. He has no real friends and he is therefore easier persuaded to join the skinheads. After joining this new group of people he visibly starts to change, he gets all his hair shaved off his head, he wears proper shirts, and he gets some new military-like purple shoes. Shaun joins a more extreme skinhead group lead by Combo, Shaun seems to be somewhat more happy in this environment. He is content with the way things are going until Combo goes crazy one night after smoking pot, and he starts beating up one of Shaun's friends, the...
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...at hand efficiently. The question is if the diversity in theory is an actual problem or if it just perceived as such? This research identifies the similarities and differences in the theories of Milan Vego and Joseph Strange & Richard Iron regarding CoGs, their sub elements and methods for analysis. The impact of the differences on the practical result is then surveyed by implementing the theories on adelimitated phase of the Falklands War, in order to conclude if the differences have a decisive impact on the product of the CoG analysis. The result of this thesis indicates that the diversity in theory is a perceived problem. The identified divergence does not reflect crucially on the CoG analysis and the variation of the input provided to the operational design is minor. The CoGs and the critical vulnerabilities identified are the same or at least similar, no matter which of the two theories was used in this research. Key words: Centers of Gravity, Military Theory, Operational Art, Operational Design, Milan Vego, Joseph Strange, Richard Iron, Falklands War Swedish National Defence College THESIS 2(55) Major Jonas Andersson 2009-04-06 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1....
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...That Was England Review by anon It is 1983, and England’s youth culture is filled with mods, new-romantics and skinheads. It is the start of the summer holidays for a 12-year-old boy named Shaun, who lives with his widowed mom. His dad, an army officer, died in the Falklands war. One day while he is walking home from the last day of school, where people have been picking on him all day for wearing flares, he stumbles upon a group of young, and surprisingly kind, skinheads. The leader, Woody, takes pity on young Shaun, and the skinheads take Shaun under their wings. There, a life of girls, parties, Ben Sherman shirts, Doc Martin boots and shaven hairstyles starts for young Shaun. All is good and well until one of Woody’s friends, Combo, turns up, fresh out of 3 years’ imprisonment. Combo soon creates tension in their little group and Shaun finds himself at some of his first major life decisions. Overall, I found the movie really interesting. It had fascinating, complex characters, and you had to read between the lines to fully understand some of them. The plot itself was compelling although a bit fast paced, but that is to be expected when you have to tell a story like that in under two hours. It was interesting to get a glimpse into the skinhead culture of England during the 80's, and get to see how Margaret Thatcher's politicsadivided the nation. The film crew behind ‘This is England’ captured the mood/atmosphere/feeling of the 80’s excellently with their rough editing, grainy...
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...The Good and the Bad Skins This is England is the story about the 12 year old boy Shaun (played by Thomas Turgoose). Shaun is desperately trying to fit in after the death of his father during the Falkland’s war. Shaun lives in the England together with his mother, at school he is bullied, but Shaun is soon to run in to the group of local skinheads. This group invites him in, in spite of the large age difference. Together the group hangs out and causes a number of harmless assaults. Until one day Combo a former member of the group returns from prison with new nationalistic ideologies and with these he splits op the group. One of the great things about this film is that not only does is tell us about the young confused Shaun growing up. It also illustrates the environment of England during the 80’ties with a more detailed view of the group of skinheads and the feeling of nationalism that were spreading. It describes the multiple consequences England was dealing with at the time. But at the same time manage to display both the positive and negative side of being a part of a group of skinheads. Also the film succeeds to portrait two highly different groups of skinheads, where one of the groups cares more about friendship and fun than the other. This is England is a very violent movie that contains lot of drama and aggressive scenes. But at the same time the film manage to become incredible hilarious which for instance is because of the language that is used, which contains...
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...Psychology 305: Psychology of Personality Activity 3. |Key Terms | | |Aggregation and Reliability | | |Cross-Situational Consistency | | |Situationalist Critique | | |Empirical Objections | | |Theoretical Objections | | |Cross-Cultural Consistency | | |Etic Approach | | |Emic Approach | | |Temporal Stability | | |1. Rank Order Stability | | |Personality Coherence | ...
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...History The International Civil Aviation Organization was formed in 1947 under the auspices of the United Nations, and it established Flight Information Regions (FIRs) for controlling air traffic and making airport identification simple and clear. Code selections in North America were based on existing radio station identifiers. For example, radio stations in Canada were already starting with "C", so it seemed logical to begin Canadian airport identifiers with Cxxx. The United States had many pre-existing airports with established mnemonic codes. Their ICAO codes were formed simply by prepending a K to the existing codes, as half the radio station identifiers in the US began with K. Most ICAO codes outside the US and Canada have a stronger geographical structure. Most of the rest of the world could be classified in a more planned top-down manner, as they didn't have as much established aviation legacy. Thus Uxxx referred to the Soviet Union with the second letter denoting the specific region within it, and so forth. Europe had too many locations for only one starting letter, so it was split into Exxx for northern Europe and Lxxx for southern Europe. The second letter drilled down: EGxx was the United Kingdom (G for Great Britain), EDxx was West Germany (D for Deutschland), ETxx was East Germany (the ETxx code was reassigned to military fields after the reunification), LExx was Spain (E for España), LAxx was Albania, and so on. France was designated LFxx, as the counterpart...
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...are funded by individuals and business and not by unions so it would be politically damaging to support increased union power. it could be argued that Thatcher didn't support Mixed Economy at all, as a neo-liberal she advocated the power of the free market and advocated privatisation something that continued with her successor, John Major e.g. Nationalisation of British Rail in 1994. However the current banking crisis and the admission of the Tories that nationalising banks was the right thing to do may indicate a certain support for a mixed economy at times. After WW2, an empire was simply not feasible, however the Conservatives have supported the maintenance of a certain number of colonies hence the reason we went to war over the Falklands in 1982. Reason? National outcry at Argentinian aggression, traditional sentiment over the empire days. I would argue that apart from Macmillan's drive to reluctantly support High Public Spending, his successors have all been against this, advocating tax cuts and small government. Cameron’s emphasis on Britain paying for itself and Thatchers constant rants over state debt being examples of High Public...
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...photo-gradable plastics are easily broken down by light into chemicals that are harmful in nature (Bushnell, n.d). The production of the bags results into environmental pollution as chemicals emitted into the atmosphere interfere with the water and rainfall cycles. The manufacture of the bags is also viewed as wastage of natural resources as it depletes the quantities of petroleum that could have been potentially helpful in other areas (Vera, 2010). Animals are also negatively affected as consumption of plastic. Poor disposal results in death and suffocation for aquatic animals. Marine life is affected by plastic bags disposed into the sea, for instance the case spotted at the North of the Arctic Circle as well as the South close to the Falkland Islands (Moorthy, 2010). Studies indicate that plastic bags constitute 10 percent of waste deposited at the U.S coastline. Furthermore, the increased deposit of plastic bags at one location leads to increased toxicity as they breakdown into petro-polymers. In the long run, the toxic substances attributed to these plastic bags end up in the food chain as they are transformed into microscopic particles (World-Wildlife-Fund-Report, 2003). Over the years, debate has been raging on whether to ban the use of plastic bags. People opposed to the ban argue that the perfect remedy would be to educate...
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...old boy named Shaun. Shaun is living with his mom in a small town in England. Shaun’s dad died in the Falklands War back in 1982, a war in which many people blamed former prime minister, Margaret Thatcher for. In school, Shaun is taunted for his clothes and his dead father. This upsets Shaun, who one day on his way home comes across a group of younger skinheads hanging out. Shaun and the group of skinheads start chatting, and Shaun tells the group about the problem school. The leader of the skinheads’ group, Woody, feels sympathy for Shaun and invites him into their group. Soon Shaun starts to wear the same things as the group of skinheads and becomes a part of their subculture. Shaun also gets romantically involved with one of the members of the group, named Smell. Everything is good until one day Combo shows up. He appears to be the group’s old “leader”, who just got out of jail. Immediately the mood in the group changes and everyone gets uncomfortable in Combo’s company. Combo expresses a lot of racist views and is a hardcore nationalist and he tries to force his views upon the other members of the group. This leads to the group of skinheads splitting up because not everybody is a part of the group for the same reason as Combo. Shaun stays on Combo’s side for his political views, which Shaun feels like he can relate to because of his father’s involvement in the Falklands War. Woody doesn’t join Combo’s side and his girlfriend, Lol, follows Woody. Combo is also in love...
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...WOMAN DECISION Salah satu keinginan yang diperjuangkan oleh gerakan perempuan adalah bertambahnya pemimpin perempuan, terbukanya kesempatan bagi perempuan untuk mengambil bagian dalam pengambilan keputusan, yang selama ini pimpinan atau manajer hampir selalu didominasi oleh laki-‐ laki. Perempuan memang mempunyai peluang untuk memegang peran melihat jumlahnya yang cukup besar yang bila diikuti dengan kualitas dan kemampuan, akan menjadi suatu potensi pembangunan yang kuat. Namun pada kenyataanya, perempuan masih selalu dianggap sebagai orang kedua (subordinat) dari berbagai bidang. Sementara seorang pemimpin dikatakan baik dan berhasil manakala mampu mengambil keputusan yang rasional dan bijaksana, tanpa melihat gender. Yukl (1998) mengemukakan bahwa pengambilan keputusan berhubungan erat dengan gaya dan tekhnik kepemimpinan. Pengambilan keputusan dapat dianggap sebagai suatu hasil atau keluaran dari proses ...
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...A small community has taught me a lot It has been almost one week since I came home after a week in the Falklands, but I am still to properly adjust to both the temperature and to the Guyana situation. For starters, I knew that the Falklands were coming out of their winter, being so far south of the equator. I know that Australia is so far south that it is known as the land down under. The Falklands are farther south than Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania. This was hard to believe until I got out a map and looked at it. Getting there was not easy. I am in South America and the Falklands are a few hundred miles off the coast of South America. But to get there I had to go to Miami then come back down to Santiago, Chile, then to Punta Arenas at the tip of Chile and next door to Argentina before flying to a place I have come to like—East Falklands. It was extremely windy, more wind every day than I had ever imagined. The wind was so strong that one had to brace against it. Last week I looked at some of the things such as the end result of the conflict thirty years ago and the various monuments, but there was so much more. I did say that there is oil to be brought to the surface in a few years. Well 3,000 people must decide what they are going to do with the extra money. They don’t have to worry about thieves. The people are still talking about the bicycle that was believed stolen. And that had happened some five or six months before I got there. They found the bike and the...
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