...In his paper, Moral Motivation and Human Nature: Psychological Egoism, Feinberg argues against psychological egoism hedonism by showing that it is paradoxical. Furthermore he shows that this means that arguments for this position are also false. This paper looks to reconstruct this argument, and show the implications of it. Feinberg is arguing against psychological egoism hedonism, which states that humans only act to obtain one’s own pleasure, and hence happiness. Psychological egoism hedonism can be argued for since teaching morality requires incentivising good behaviour with pleasures, and disincentives bad behaviour with pain. Hence, this shows that people act morally as a means to gain pleasure, and thus presupposes Hedonism. Feinberg...
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...http://strtutorials.com/BUS-309-WK-3-Quiz-2-Chapter-2-All-Possible-Questions-BUS3093.htm BUS 309 WK 3 Quiz 2 Chapter 2 - All Possible Questions 1. Which theories of ethics contend that right and wrong are determined by more than the likely consequences of an action? 1. Egoistic theories 2. Nonconsequentialist theories 3. Relativist theories 4. Consequentialist theories 1. Nonconsequentialist theories are also called 1. Deontological theories 2. Relativist theories 3. Egoistic theories 4. Virtue ethics theories 1. Epicurus was a 1. Stoic 2. Hedonist 3. Platonist 4. Aristotelian 1. Someone who holds that everyone should let self-interest guide their actions is a 1. Personal egoist 2. Personal hedonist 3. Impersonal egoist 4. Impersonal hedonist 1. The view that equates morality with self-interest is 1. Stoicism 2. Egoism 3. Hedonism 4. Platonism 1. Psychological hedonists hold that humans are by nature 1. Virtuous 2. Selfish 3. Altruistic 4. Immoral 1. The view that we should always act so as to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions is known as 1. Virtue ethics 2. Divine command ethics 3. Deontology 4. Utilitarianism 1. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill both endorsed 1. Virtue ethics 2. Divine command ethics 3. Deontology 4. Utilitarianism 1. By “good” utilitarians mean 1. Happiness or pleasure 2. Morality or virtue 3. Wealth or prosperity 4. Desire...
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...http://strtutorials.com/BUS-309-WK-3-Quiz-2-Chapter-2-All-Possible-Questions-BUS3093.htm BUS 309 WK 3 Quiz 2 Chapter 2 - All Possible Questions 1. Which theories of ethics contend that right and wrong are determined by more than the likely consequences of an action? 1. Egoistic theories 2. Nonconsequentialist theories 3. Relativist theories 4. Consequentialist theories 1. Nonconsequentialist theories are also called 1. Deontological theories 2. Relativist theories 3. Egoistic theories 4. Virtue ethics theories 1. Epicurus was a 1. Stoic 2. Hedonist 3. Platonist 4. Aristotelian 1. Someone who holds that everyone should let self-interest guide their actions is a 1. Personal egoist 2. Personal hedonist 3. Impersonal egoist 4. Impersonal hedonist 1. The view that equates morality with self-interest is 1. Stoicism 2. Egoism 3. Hedonism 4. Platonism 1. Psychological hedonists hold that humans are by nature 1. Virtuous 2. Selfish 3. Altruistic 4. Immoral 1. The view that we should always act so as to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions is known as 1. Virtue ethics 2. Divine command ethics 3. Deontology 4. Utilitarianism 1. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill both endorsed 1. Virtue ethics 2. Divine command ethics 3. Deontology 4. Utilitarianism 1. By “good” utilitarians mean 1. Happiness or pleasure 2. Morality or virtue 3. Wealth or prosperity 4. Desire...
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...According to a hedonist world view “all pleasure and only pleasure intrinsically contributes positively to well being” (Weijers 514). This philosophy dictates that the ultimate concern of humanity is our own individual pleasure. Nozick argues that, if this were the case, people would choose to plug into a machine that gives them endless experiences of pleasure. A counter argument is that the hedonist perspective does not inherently assume that people will always choose what is best for their wellbeing. As Weijers points out, Nozick’s conclusions operate on the assumption that if people’s wellbeing was dependent only on pleasure, they would want to plug into the experience machine. He fails to account for other influences that might sway a person...
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...Discuss how personal differences and preference can impact organizational ethics. Organizational ethics are the written and unwritten rules, principles, and values held by the organization which help determine the standard of conduct and obligations of the employees within the company. These organizational ethics help govern the decisions made by employees every day in regards to what is right and wrong. Organizational culture binds the employees of the organization together through shared values, behaviors, and shared ideals. The organization’s culture also sets the standard for determining acceptable and unacceptable behavior and decision making within the organization. Furthermore, the organizational culture should reflect the shared and learned values, beliefs, and attitudes of its members. Everyone has their own personal difference and beliefs about what is considered right and wrong ethical behaviors which is due to the fact that everyone has a different background which impacted their ethical views and beliefs. There are plenty of factors that contribute to the development of personal ethics. These factors include family influences, religious beliefs, culture, personal experiences, and internal emotions or feelings. Family normally is the first to instill the sense of what is right and wrong into a child. Also the way parents and family members behave has a strong impact on as well because children easily absorbs the actions of the ones closest to them which...
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...” For this paper, I am going to discuss about the concerns of fast food, namely McDonalds by using three ethical theories: Hedonism, the Desire Theory, and Ethical Egoism. Hedonism: The Pleasure of the Super Size As Rabinowicz and Ronnow-Rasmussen (2005) explains, “an object is thought to be intrinsically valuable … depends on … final value if it is valuable ‘as an end’, ‘for its own sake’, rather than for the sake of something else” (p. 115). The kind of pleasure hedonists claim is always intrinsically valuable is health. If people know that they are healthy and are free of sickness or pain, they are living a good life, and a good life is a happy life. Basically, health contributes to happiness and the happier the person is, the better his/her life is going to be. According to Veenhoven (2003), “There is a longstanding discussion about the merits of this hedonism. Some praise it as natural and healthy” (p. 437). So, if one is not healthy or is feeling sick, then he/she is not happy; it is what hedonists say that misery takes away a good life. In the film, going into the seventh day of eating only McDonalds, Spurlock (2004) says, “I’ve started to have – not chest pains … I got pressure on my chest. I figure that’s probably not a good...
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... 6. This philosophy asserts that all human actions can ultimately be understood by observing cause and effect 7. “__________________” said that “Man is the measure of all things 8. These theories specifically focus on the results/end of an act to determine the morality of that act. 9. Which of the following statements gives the best description/s of Subjectivism: 10. John Calvin’s teachings may be considered by some to be an example of: 11. The subjectivity of defining pleasure means that a hedonist could justify injustices. 12. A theistic determinist believes that everything must be determined by God for Him to remain sovereign. 13. The Old Testament law was intended by God to save man from their sin. 14. “_________________” is the idea that self-interest or personal happiness should be the goal of all actions. 15. By definition, “__________________” is the view that right and wrong depends upon one’s culture, social group, or personal perspective 16. “Soft” determinism is not as fatalistic in nature as hard determinism. 17. The subjective relativist believes that truth is subject to individual interpretation and experience. 18. Hedonism does not acknowledge the existence of moral absolutes. 19. As Christians, the Bible should be...
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...the use of consensual relationship agreements. Although employers find the CRAs an easy solution to this situation, the employees romantically involved, employees are against the agreement, arguing that the contract is intrusive in their personal lives. They go further on their arguments, stating that the agreement is an invasion of their privacy, and that the document goes against some ethical principles. From the Human Resources professionals perspective, they will try their best to make sure employees and employer agree with the contract and are happy with the situation, so a negative influence do not impact other coworkers, and their performances will not affect their jobs. 1. Critics of CRAs assert that they are too intrusive, ineffective, and unnecessary and that they can cause as many problems as they solve. Identify the specific reasons and examples that might justify these criticisms. Critics are relying on the concern-for-others principles that focus on “the need to consider decisions and behaviors from the perspective of those affected”, which in this case, are the employees who sign the Consensual Relationship Agreements. Employees who are romantically involved at work and are asked to sign the agreement, may consider getting into their personal life too intrusive. Informing an employer of a relationship should be a decision made based by both parties...
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...A teleological ethical system is a moral way of decision making which addresses the consequences of an action to deter whether it is right or wrong, therefore no action can be wrong in itself as teleological ethics is entirely consequentialist and relativist. This differentiates from a deontological perspective which interprets actions as either intrinsically right or wrong, regardless of the consequences it could potentially bring. In this essay I will address Bentham’s Act Utilitarianism, as well as Joseph Fletchers situation ethics. Bentham’s teleological ethics is a democratic theory as pleasure is considered for the majority and not just the individual. Bentham's act utilitarianism suggests that all humans are motivated by ‘two sovereign masters’ pleasure and pain, therefore in this view we can all be considered hedonists who are motivated by pleasure but seek to avoid pain. Bentham also suggests the principle of utility, which considered an action or moral decision right by its usefulness. If an action is useful, and can bring about pleasure it is then right. Moreover Bentham only considered an action to be right if it took into account the greatest happiness principle, ‘the greatest good for the greatest number.’ This means that the action that produces the greatest amount of pleasure for the majority can be considered right, in addition to this he maintained the view that actions that are not considered to be ‘useful’, should be considered wrong if they are selfish...
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...Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher and political radical. He is primarily known today for his moral philosophy, especially his principle of utilitarianism, which evaluates actions based upon their consequences. The relevant consequences, in particular, are the overall happiness created for everyone affected by the action. Influenced by many enlightenment thinkers, especially empiricists such as John Locke and David Hume, Bentham developed an ethical theory grounded in a largely empiricist account of human nature. He famously held a hedonistic account of both motivation and value according to which what is fundamentally valuable and what ultimately motivates us is pleasure and pain. Happiness, according to Bentham, is thus a matter of experiencing pleasure and lack of pain. Objective Value: Pain & Pleasure and Moral Naturalism For Bentham, morals can be described naturally and scientifically rather than as any duties imposed by a god, but such a description requires an account of human nature. Just as Bentham thinks nature is explained through reference to the laws of physics, and not through appeal to any religious ideas, so human behaviour can be explained by reference to the two natural, primary motives of pleasure and pain; this is the theory of psychological hedonism. There is, Bentham admits, no direct proof of such an analysis of human motivation—though he holds that it is clear that, in acting, all people implicitly refer to it. At the beginning of the Introduction...
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...CHAPTER 1: THE IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS ETHICS Ethics- Inquiry into the nature and grounds of morality where the term of morality is taken to mean moral judgments, standards and rules of conduct. The American Heritage Dictionary- Ethics- The study of the general nature of morals and of specific moral choices, moral philosophy, and the rules or standards governing the conducts of the members of a profession. Applying Ethics to business: 1.To survive, business must earn a profit 2. Business must balance their desires for profits against the needs and desires of society. Business ethics comprises the principles and standards that guide behavior in the world of business. CHAPTER 2: STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS, SOCIAL RESPONDSIBILITY, AND CORPERATE GOVERNANCE. In a business context, customers, investors and shareholders, employees, suppliers, government agencies, communities, and many others who have a “stake” or claim in some aspect of a company’s products, operations, markets, industry, and outcomes are known as stakeholders. These groups are influenced by business, but they also have the ability to influence businesses; thus, the relationship between companies and their stakeholders is a two-way street. Stakeholders provide resources that are more or less critical to a firm’s long-term success. These resources may be both tangible and intangible. Primary stakeholders are those whose continued association is absolutely necessary for a firm’s survival; these include...
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...?Purpose: The main aim of this paper is to propose a market segmentation approach based on all phases of wine purchase and consumption process. To this aim, we investigated the main components of wine purchasing behavior and the socio-demographic profile of those who are both wine buyers and consumers. ?Design/methodology/approach: Starting from consumer behavior literature, we identified six phases in the purchasing process and we operationalized each of them. A structured questionnaire was developed according to such framework and an empirical study was carried out. We realized 630 interviews to wine buyers and consumers. Then, we performed a cluster analysis in order to identify the most relevant market segments. ?Findings: Four main segments emerged from the cluster analysis. A description of demographic and behavioral features characterizing the identified segments is provided. ?Practical implications: The proposed framework may provide a clear guidance to reach a market segmentation able to address effectively the marketing strategies. By characterizing different groups of consumers on the base of multiple variables related to each phase of the purchasing process, the proposed segmentation has implications both for strategic decisions, such as positioning, and operative ones (i.e. product, price, place, promotion). 1. INTRODUCTION In the last decades wine market has been characterized by radical changes on both sides of supply and demand, thus making...
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...How Personal Can Ethics Get? Michael McMillan Gail Ferreira Leadership and Organizational Behavior January 23, 2010 1. Discuss how personal differences and preference can impact organizational ethics. Ethics is defined as the philosophical study of the moral value of human conduct and of the rules and principles that ought to govern it; moral philosophy. This definition implies that one individual may see one thing ethical while another may see it unethical. Most of all individuals develop their own rules of personal ethics based upon a wide-ranging variety of sources and faith systems. Everybody develops and obtains their logic of right and wrong via the way they have been brought up to believe. Because there are many views of what is ethical and unethical, Lawrence Kohlberg developed the stages of moral development. The stage of moral development makes it obvious how a person will make judgment on ethical dilemmas within an organization. Kohlberg suggest that an individual progresses through these stages during their lifetime. There are six stages of moral development, and the stages are divided into three levels of development. The first level of development is called the “pre-conventional” level. On this particular level, an individual assesses ethical issues based on idea of avoiding punishment and seek personal reward. The second level is called “conventional” level. In this next stage a person assesses ethical issues on the basis...
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...Axiological Theory - 1st draft The Axiological theory branches from the study of philosophy and derived from the Greek word axiā which is the study of the nature of different values, value judgments, aesthetics and ethics. Ethics is how a society generalizes as what is right and wrong. Aesthetics main concept is of nature and the appreciation of beauty and harmony. It studies two major fields which are the intrinsic and extrinsic value and because of this, the axiological theory can be further broken down into the subjectivism category. Formal axiological theory is an attempt to lay out principles in regards of value. The most common question to ask yourself in the axiological language is; "what is intrinsically good?". Hedonists view it as pleasure while a Pragmatist would see it as satisfaction, growth, or adjustment. Kantians generally think that intrinsically good means a good will. Humanists think self-realization is the key. Overall, there are many different viewpoints and all are correct because the relationship of value to fact is of equal importance. Philosophers would ask whether something is of value because that the object in particular is desired and subjectivists would ask whether something holds value because it's desired. Both values have a cognitive status and the difference is whether its valuable because it exists as a property or because humans have an interest or desire in it. Robert S. Hartman's research and mathematics is the foundation of Axiology...
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...happiness? What is happiness, how do we know when we have achieved happiness if it is not measured. If it is not profitable then why is it so important to so many people? And if it is not tradable then how do we achieve it, do we cause our own happiness. So what is happiness “The quality or state of being happy. Is the dictionary definition but then what does being happy mean? Happiness is arguably the strongest and most powerful feeling we can experience but, how do people understand happiness? Philosophers have an understanding of happiness and have boiled it down to two reasons hedonia and eudaimonia. Hedonia means happiness is the polar opposite of suffering; the presence of happiness indicates the absence of pain. Because of this, hedonists believe that the purpose of life is to maximize happiness, which minimizes misery. Eudemonia defines happiness as the pursuit of becoming a better person. Eudaimonists do this by challenging themselves intellectually or by engaging in activities that make them spiritually richer people. The main distinction between these two is that hedonia uses the idea that happiness is achieved by external things whereas eudaimonia believes that happiness comes from within us. Let’s take a closer look at the first idea. Hedonia which states that happiness is achieved by external things, such as things we want or already own. A flash car, a three story house or having lots of money, after all what person does not experience positive emotions at the...
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