...Human Development Report 2013 The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World Explanatory note on 2013 HDR composite indices Viet Nam HDI values and rank changes in the 2013 Human Development Report Introduction The 2013 Human Development Report presents Human Development Index (HDI) values and ranks for 187 countries and UN-recognized territories, along with the Inequality-adjusted HDI for 132 countries, the Gender Inequality Index for 148 countries, and the Multidimensional Poverty Index for 104 countries. Country rankings and values in the annual Human Development Index (HDI) are kept under strict embargo until the global launch and worldwide electronic release of the Human Development Report. It is misleading to compare values and rankings with those of previously published reports, because the underlying data and methods have changed. Readers are advised in the Report to assess progress in HDI values by referring to table 2 (‘Human Development Index Trends’) in the Statistical Annex of the report. Table 2 is based on consistent indicators, methodology and time-series data and thus shows real changes in values and ranks over time reflecting the actual progress countries have made. Caution is requested when interpreting small changes in values because they may not be statistically significant due to the sampling variation. Generally speaking, changes in third decimal of all composite indices are considered insignificant. For further details on how each...
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...past three decades, India has made good progress on the human development index (HDI), says the Human Development Report 2013, released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). However, India’s rank out of 187 countries is no better than last year’s. With a HDI value of 0.554 and a rank of 136 among 187 countries, which it shares with Equatorial Guinea, India is placed in the “medium development” category. There has been steady improvement in its HDI value, which was 0.345 in 1980. In 1950, Brazil, China and India together represented 10 per cent of the world economy, while the six traditional economic leaders of the North accounted for more than half. According to projections in the report, by 2050, Brazil, China and India will together account for 40 per cent of global output, far surpassing the projected combined production of today’s Group of Seven bloc. | | | HDI is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries in four tiers of human development. Since 2011, the UNDP report has included an inequality adjusted HDI, also known as IHDI, which attempts to include the effects of inequality on human development. The IHDI for India this year is 0.392. High gender inequality The country fails miserably on the front of gender equality. On the gender equality index, with a value of 0.610, India has one of the worst indicators in the medium human development category. For example, the country has only 10.9 per cent...
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...INTERPRETATION Human Development Index (HDI) HDI measures the relative distance between a country’s achievement and what is possible based on socio-economic indicators of life expectancy, combine primary, secondary and tertiary school enrolments, adult literacy, and PPP GDP per capita. The value of the HDI index can vary between 0 and 1. Thus: HDI > 0.800: High Human Development economy 0.500 < HD < 0.799: Medium Human Development economy HDI < 0.500: Low Human Development economy For a country with HDI of 0.47, the interpretation would be that this country has, on average, attained 47 percent of what is possible and can be classified as low human development economy. This country therefore has a shortfall of 53 percent from the maximum value on the HDI components of life expectancy, school enrolments, adult literacy, and PPP GDP per capita. Gini index Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. The Gini index can vary between 0 and 1 or can be expressed as a percentage. Gini index of 0 means that the extent to which the distribution of income among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution is 0 percent implying that there is perfect equality (or everybody has the same income) and Gini index of 1 means the extent to which the distribution of income among individuals...
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...HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) What is the human development index (HDI)? The HDI—human development index—is a summary composite index that measures a country's average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: longevity, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Longevity is measured by life expectancy at birth; knowledge is measured by a combination of the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrolment ratio; and standard of living by GDP per capita (PPP US$). For details on how to calculate the HDI, see pages 340–1 Technical Note 1. What is the gender-related development index (GDI)? The GDI—gender-related development index—is a composite indicator that measures the average achievement of a population in the same dimensions as the HDI while adjusting for gender inequalities in the level of achievement in the three basic aspects of human development. It uses the same variables as the HDI, disaggregated by gender. For details on how to calculate the GDI see pages 340, 343-344 and 346 Technical Note 1. What is the gender empowerment measure (GEM)? The GEM— gender empowerment measure—is a composite indicator that captures gender inequality in three key areas: • political participation and decision-making, as measured by women’s and men’s percentage shares of parliamentary seats; • economic participation and decision-making power, as measured by two indicators—women’s and men’s percentage shares of positions as legislators...
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...Growth and Development 2 3. Human Development Index 3 3.1 Historical Background of Human Development Measurement 4 3.2 Definition of Human Development and HDI 5 3.3 HDI Calculation 6 3.4 HDI Interpretation and Application 7 3.5 Limitations 8 3.6 Criticism 9 4. Conclusion 10 Appendix-I (Acronyms and abbreviations) 10 References 11 1. Introduction Over the last two decades economic growth has got a lot more attention among policymakers, corporate, economists, and academics in India and across the world. Since 1991, when India implemented liberalization, privatization, and globalization policies, GDP growth rate has become a buzz word. It has got disproportionate amount of attention from policymakers and economists. It has been used excessively to measure the success or failure of any policy. But after two decades it has become clearly visible that GDP growth rate alone cannot measure the development of a nation. The difference between growth and development too has become clearer. In spite of fast paced economic growth for last 10-20 years, a large part of our population remains illiterate. A large part of our population does not have the access to safe drinking water and proper medical care. Highest number of malnourished children belongs to our nation. These are some of the bitter realities which GDP growth based measurement never reflects. All these facts suggest the need of a more holistic approach to measure the development and growth...
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...Issues in inequality in non-income dimensions Achin Chakraborty Institute of Development Studies Kolkata 1, Reformatory Street, 5th Floor Calcutta University Alipore Campus Kolkata 700 027 India achinchak@rediffmail.com Abstract There are two basic approaches to measuring inequality in non-income dimensions. One views inequality as variation of an outcome indicator across individuals and the other views inequality as essentially disparities across socioeconomic groups. While the latter view now dominates the inequality measurement in health, measurement of education inequalities has so far taken the first view. In this paper, we have argued the importance of reckoning inequality in socio-economic group terms and advocated use of an ‘education concentration index’ exactly in the same way as the health concentration index measures socio-economic inequalities in health. The index has been applied to the Indian data to reckon two kinds of inequalities in educational attainment (years of education) – one across economic classes and the other across socially identified groups such as the Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and others. We find a strong correlation between the two types of inequalities across the states of India. We also find, as one would expect, that the inequality index values are negatively correlated with the average years of education. However, in actual policy context, analysis of the outliers...
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...Human Development Index 1 Human Development Index The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. It was created by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and the Indian economist Amartya Sen in 1990[1] and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.[2] World map by quartiles of Human Development Index in 2013. Origins The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq brought together a group of well-known development economists including: Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand and Meghnad Desai. Working along with Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functionings that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and policy-makers that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he went on to help Haq develop the Index...
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...Critique Human development is defined in many aspects. In terms of nature, human development is the processes of a human becoming biologically mature, it is also known as developmental psychology or humanity, as it relates to economics and standards of living. It may also be defined as an index, which is used to rank countries by level of human development. According to Human Development: Definitions, Critiques, and Related Concepts by Alkire (2010), the purpose of this research article is to amalgamate the discussions that regard to the concepts of human development proposing relationships between human development and the Millennium Development Goals, Human Rights, Human Security, and Happiness. It charts the inequality, the period of outcomes across time, and environmental sustenance are also prominent due to their fundamental importance. It draws on the richness of the inner core of people, communities, and institutions that have engaged human development over the past twenty years. First we must define what human development means in the context of this article. It is defined as being “complemented by a number of conceptual frameworks that share similar underlying motivations, but have different emphases, and add value in different ways. It relates human development to other key concepts, showing the synergies between them and also articulating the distinctive contribution of the human development framework. Comparisons are made with the Millennium Development Goals, Human...
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...EC2B02U DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS 1. a) b) c) What is a paradigm? It is a diagram of development. It is the way development takes place. It is a thinking model providing a holistic picture of a process involving a network of interrelationships. 2. a) b) c) Paradigm thinking is necessary to avoid dealing with isolated factors of development help analyzing cause and effect of phenomena identify urgent action 3. Economic growth is not a sufficient condition of development, because a) it does not help poverty reduction b) a country must also have an educated workforce c) there are several other aspects of development 4. a) b) c) Economic growth is pivotal, because it is easier to achieve than the other aspects of development it has a symbiotic link with the other aspects of development it helps generate savings for investment 5. a) b) c) GDP is not a sufficient indicator of development because, some economic activities are left out of the calculation large countries have bigger GDP it does not reflect how income is distributed 6. a) b) c) GDP per capita is a useful indicator because, it helps inter country comparison of living standards it helps to understand what each individual earns in a country it is a better indicator than total GDP 7. a) b) c) To make GDP per capita internationally comparable, they must be calculated in US$ they should be calculated in the strongest international currency ...
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... ACHIEVEMENTS OF MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS) IN SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION OF REGIONAL CORPORATIONS (SAARC) COUNTRIES: A CASE OF NEPAL Kushum Shakya* Central Department of Economics, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. ABSTRACT South Asian Association of Regional Cooperative (SAARC) countries have achieved considerable progress in socioeconomic indicators like poverty reduction, educational attainment and improved health facilities. The progress, however, is not uniform across the countries. The aim of this paper is to assess the progress made by SAARC with regard to selected Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and its achievement and gap in Nepal. The paper shows; i) Status of SAARC countries with respect to selected MDGs, ii) Achievements of MDGs in the case of Nepal and iii) the gaps to achieving the targets. The paper shows that the most SAARC countries including Nepal have performed poorly with MDGs. It is therefore concluded that there is need to prioritize to meet all goals in post MDGs for Nepal. Keywords: SAARC, MDG, Post-MDG, socio-economic. INTRODUCTION The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have eight goals to be achieved by 2015 that respond to the world's main development challenges. The MDGs are drawn from the actions and targets contained in the Millennium Declaration that was adopted by 189 nations-and signed by 147 heads of state and governments during the UN Millennium Summit in September 2000. These goals promote basic human rights and focus the world community’s...
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...and UNDP Human Development Reports Introduction The source of the human development approach is from the theory of Sen which says that development comes about only when capabilities expand. The idea generated from the theory is that the core reason for development is to ensure that human lives are improved. This can only be achieved if there is expansion in what they can be or do. It could include things such as the being well nourished and healthy, participating in the activities of the community and being knowledgeable. Hence, development can only occur once the obstacles that were present preventing an individual from doing something are removed. The obstacles might be in the form of ill health, illiteracy, lack of resources or lack of freedom- both political and civil. When these obstacles are removed one is said to be capable; hence the origin of the concept of capability Sen, 160). Purpose Statement The purpose of this paper is to analyze the concept of capabilities approach that was developed by Amartya Sen, a Nobel Prize winner, and M. Nussban. Amartya has enabled the measurement of human development by the United Development Program (UNDP). He helped invent the capabilities approach, which is the foundation of indices used by UNDP in their measurements. Through these indices the achievement in education and health can be measured in addition to income (Nussbaum, 67). Objectives The main aim of this paper is to establish whether the Human Development Reports (HDRs)...
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...Heart of this report A3)HDR 2013 Significance to a Macroeconomics student A4)Findings of the Report with Regards to Venezuela A5)Lessons Learnt From this Assignment Conclusion Appendix 1 Bibliography Page No. 3 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 Introduction: The report I have studied for this assignment is the Human Development Report of 2013 . It was prepared and published by the United Nation Development Programme. This report’s subject is The Rise of the South:Human Progress in a Diverse World. Human development reports by the UNDP are published annually.They mark the progress of the development of the countries. A1)Synopsis of the report: The HDR 2013 UNDP report discusses various factors and their consequences on the development of the south mainly those which reduced their shortfall with the Northern countries. Southern Countries don’t follow fixed sets of policies but policies according to their priorities for development related to health, education and per capita income, positively impacting national equity. Employment oriented developmental policies lead to income flows into more households making products more poor accessible . The result is overall development of these countries. Importance of ambitious policies, public spending initiatives and people’s participation is emphasised. Globalisation has been growing in the south but unless gradual it can negatively affect the economy. Globalisation has several advantages like migration of labour and its protection leading...
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...income of an area (ie Greece or Portugal) by its total population, therefore meaning that it is the average income. Standards of living can be defined as the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area. When discussing the idea of standard of living, it is important to recognise that income per head is not the only indicator, and there are several others such as the human development index (HDI) and the misery index (MI). National income data ignores economic welfare brought about by ‘informal’ economic activity – ie economic activity that’s not recorded by government statistics (which is a large chunk of some developing countries), therefore looking at just the income per capita may give a narrow-minded view. The idea of a non-representative income per head through inequality can be displayed on the Lorenz Curve below. The green line in this diagram shows the Lorenz curve for Netherlands and Ireland. This shows that there is great inequality amongst the population, as the bent curve means a greater share of the country’s overall income goes to a relatively small number of people, hence showing that just the GNI/head does not give a good indication as the average will be significantly higher than what some people’s actual incomes are. An advantage however of using income per head as an indicator of standard of living is the idea of PPP (purchasing power parity). If income per head is...
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...1-2. Skill Development among females is ofte n hindered due to a lack of: * Opportunity * Technology- 3-6. Greater education capital may improve the returns to investments in health * Public health programs need knowledge learned in school * Basic hygiene and sanitation may be taught in school * Education needed in training of health personnel 7-10. Greater health capital may improve the returns to investments in education * Health is a factor in school attendance * Healthier students learn more effectively * A longer life raises the rate of return to education * Healthier people have lower depreciation of education capital 11-12. Two types of Human of “human capital”? * Education * Health 13-16. Improving gender inequality can reduce poverty and reap significant rewards: * Falling infant & child mortality * Improved nutrition & health standards * Increased visibility & lower corruption * Faster economic growth 17-20. Diseases in Poor Countries * HIV/AIDS * Malaria * Tuberculosis * Malnutrition Identification: 1. _ Human Development Index (HDI)_ _Measures average achievement of a country in basic human capabilities. 2. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Measures achievement in the same basic capabilities as the HDI does, but does take note of inequality in achievement between women and men. 3. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Examines whether...
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...refers to such a wide range of things, e.g. policies, strategies, processes or an ideology, it may be concluded ‘slippery and elusive’ understanding of globalisation arises from its involvement in so many different areas of academia and the extensive and continuing discussion therein surrounding its properties. Regardless of different views on the definition and scope of globalisation, ‘Global North’ and ‘Global South’ have more specific criteria, although these meanings have also changed over time. The divide between ‘Global North’ and ‘Global South’ is broadly considered an economic, social and political division. In modern political literature, ‘Global North’ and ‘Global South’ classifications are usually attributed by the Human Development Index (HDI), which...
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