...Arsenal A-Bomb (US 1945, USSR 1949) H-Bomb (US 1952, USSR 1953) ICBM (US 1957, USSR 1958) 1957 : USSR launch first satellite “Sputnik”into space. “Missile Gap” paranoia in USA ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missiles intercept & destroy nukes in theory)(USSR 1968, USA 1972) MIRV (USA 1970, USSR 1975) -Stockpiling of nuclear weapons seen as necessary by both parties -Technological advances made both USA & USSR feel vulnerable -Secrecy, need to catch up or to be one step ahead = fuelled arms race -This (building increasingly powerful & sophisticated weapons) continued until 1980s Key Ideas : Nuclear weapons have crucial impact on US foreign policy during Cold War : -gave rise to arms race (essential feature of CW, maintains CW hostility) -revolutionized military strategy -imposed great economic strain (hence end of CW? Debatable) Brodie (1946) “The Absolute Weapon” Main idea : before nukes the purpose of military = win wars after nukes the purpose of military = avoid wars Military victory in total war impossible for either side US Presidents develop different strategies on what to do with their nuclear arsenal Eisenhower & “Massive Retaliation” = the US will use every weapon if attacked, despite the consequences = the threat of an all-out nuclear war used to make sure it wouldn’t happen ? Kennedy & “Flexible Response” =exploring wider options beyond military forces Sec of State McNamara’s belief in possibility of limited, controlled and rational (!?!) nuclear warfare...
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...Every President the United States has all had their own issues when they’re serving their term, but 2 in particular stand out. Franklin D Roosevelt had the country looking to him for direction right away after being felt threatened from the Pearl Harbor attack. His decision could teater which way the United States would go. Also John F. Kennedy had a crisis of his own. His term took place during the Cold War. He too had a crucial choice to make of whether to use nuclear weapons that could potentially destroy the world or some other strategy to win the war. With all this going on both of them made impactive and widely interpreted speeches. The 2 campaigns were brought up with have the same general background. They both based their decisions...
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...Aftermath of a World War War has always had an impact on those in involved and others who are not. These impacts can affect everything as the forces at war clash. The countries go into overdrive and attempt to gain the upper hand in some way. Whether it is through technological advances, new weapons, or supplies. After any war has ended, there continues to be some impact, such as new borders, technologies, consequences for the losing side, and the rise of a new leader. World War 1 impacted the world in various ways, such as new technology, weapons, and economical and political problems. During the first war, a new type of weapon that is still used today was first introduced. The first tank to be introduced was the British Mark I, which was designed in 1915 (Mental Floss). The British Mark I intended to cross no man’s land and avoid being shredded by the power of the machines guns from the opposing side. These new armored vehicles proved successful and were improved and used more frequently throughout history. Another form of technology and weapon in the first World War was called the interrupter gear. The interrupter gear was used during air combat and allowed machine guns to be fired without the damaging the aircrafts propeller. This invention allowed for the pilots to fire between the blades of a spinning propeller (Mental Floss). These inventions were later updated or improved upon and used in future wars. The final outcome of the first World War was the defeat of Germany...
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...also a promising alternative to fossil fuels for the new age of energy demands. In Jeff Goodell’s article, “America’s Nuclear Nightmare”, the topic of injustice for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and its affiliates is raised. We live in a society where more people are needed to be aware of preventable catastrophes, which is the matter that Goodell brings up. The injustice I refer to is that of the NRC’s negligence to comply with proper safety protocol and renovation to addressing the serious domestic threat of aging nuclear reactors. Since its inception, the NRC has pushed nuclear power to the people, but has since let its duty to the public fail the test of moral obligation. Skirting safety investigations and legitimate refitting of old nukes, the NRC and the industry it puppeteers could end up with a nuclear meltdown on its hands. The cost for such inaction may very well include billions of taxpayer dollars in cleanup and aid, and the untold millions of displaced or irradiated civilians. Though Goodell’s article does address the possibility of imminent risk taken by the nuclear industry, he falls short in conveying the sense of urgency that is needed in order to effect change for America’s nuclear industry, ultimately making his article more PAST than CUSP. My analysis and research will fill in the gaps of forensic evidence and touch on the due deliberation by improving upon Goodell’s poor use of rhetorical modes. One of the PAST things that Goodell does is underrepresent former...
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...Cold War Disarmament Talks Impact of Disarmament Talks on Cold War Tensions from 1963 to 1991 Disarmament talks between the two powers during the period of 1963 to 1991 improved the relationship between Soviet Union and United States by providing the necessary spirit of cooperation. The two most significant examples of arms control talks positively impacting the superpower relationship are the SALT I and INF treaties. Negotiations for SALT I played a part in bringing the two countries from the nuclear 'brinkmanship' of the Cuban missile crisis to détente. Gorbachev realising the importance of arms control in mutual political accommodation, initiated INF. INF and NST alleviated secrecy and suspicion and began a spirit of cooperation that could not have been achieved without successful talks. The interactions also helped the two sides to understand each other better. Through the frequent summit-meetings between Gorbachev and Reagan and Gorbachev and Bush the American public got to know the face of their enemy. This encouraged greater tolerance between the two nations which was necessary if the cold war was to end. The Cuban missile crisis led to the end of a period of nuclear 'brinkmanship' as both sides became very aware of how close they came to nuclear war. In 1963 the US and the USSR made important agreements that contributed to arms control. In June a direct 'hot line' was established between Washington and Moscow. This communication link between the head of states...
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...five years of intensive campaigning by Greenpeace that involved repeated actions combined with aggressive diplomatic efforts, the Parties to the London Dumping Convention invoked a moratorium on radioactive waste dumping at sea in 1983. This officially became the first year since the end of the Second World War in which no radioactive wastes were dumped in the ocean. In 1993, the Convention permanently banned the dumping of radioactive and industrial waste at sea world-wide. Campaign for nuclear disarmament We have achieved much as a movement and we must recognise and celebrate that. This year we must build on our achievements and look to the future, for public opinion nationally and globally is moving increasingly in our direction. Our work over the decades has contributed too many significant achievements. The public pressure that we generate contributed to achieving the Partial Test Ban Treaty and the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It helped bring about the INF Treaty in 1987, removing the missiles from Green ham and disarming thousands of nuclear weapons. Our campaigning helped prevent the introduction of the Neutron bomb, and US campaigners persuaded Nixon not to nuke Vietnam; time and again, it is our action that has prevented the worst happening, and has shaped the increasing demands for peace and genuine human security. This past year has been a very positive one – the majority of public opinion opposed the government’s plans to replace Trident, parliament saw a huge...
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...opinion on the business aspect of the federal and state legislation. The Marijuana Business James Knight This paper looks at historical information, current legislation, and makes formulates an opinion on the business aspect of the federal and state legislation. 08 Fall 08 Fall The Marijuana Business Marijuana arrived with the mayflower and has had a close relationship with the United States ever since. The evolution of the nation’s perspective has been an ever-changing shift between legalization and regulation. This paper is not about the moral aspects of legalization, but rather the business aspect of the legalization of marijuana. It will examine the historical background, overview of the problem, current status, and the business impact of marijuana. Historical Background While marijuana has a somewhat “sketchy” background, its mention pre dates recorded history. While these historical instances are not business related, the instances do offer insight into the benefits of the substance. With the arrival of pilgrims and settlers on American soil, marijuana claimed a stake that has been ever evolving with our country. Jamestown settlers brought marijuana, or what was referred to as “hemp”, from England in 1611. All throughout the colonial era, hemp was a key export. Virginia even granted famers bounties for the cultivation and manufacture of hemp and placed penalties on farmers who did not grow it. (Segal, 1986) This is the earliest that marijuana was involved in what...
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...Critique of Nonviolent Politics From Mahatma Gandhi to the Anti-Nuclear Movement by Howard Ryan (howard@netwood.net) Preface 2 Part I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Problems of Nonviolent Theory Nonviolent Philosophy 6 Moral View: Violence Itself Is Wrong 9 Practical View: Violence Begets Violence 13 Nonviolent Theory of Power 21 Voluntary Suffering 24 Common Nonviolent Arguments 34 A Class Perspective 49 Part II 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Gandhi: A Critical History Father of Nonviolence 56 Satyagraha in South Africa 59 Textile Strike 66 Noncooperation Movement 1919-22 70 Religious Conflicts 80 Salt Satyagraha 87 Congress Ministries 97 The War Years 101 Independence and Bloodshed 111 Part III 17 18 19 20 Nonviolence in the Anti-Nuclear Movement Nonviolent Direct Action 120 Consensus Decision Making 123 Open, Friendly, and Respectful 136 Civil Disobedience 142 Epilogue 151 Notes 154 ©2002 by Howard Ryan. All rights reserved. Readers have my permission to use and distribute for non-profit and educational purposes. Critique of Nonviolent Politics 2 Preface (2002) Critique of Nonviolent Politics may be the only comprehensive critique of nonviolent theory that has been written. I wrote it between 1980 and 1984, while living in Berkeley, California. Since 1977, I had been active in the movement against nuclear power and weapons which, in California, focused its protests at the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant near San Luis Obispo, and at the University of California's Lawrence Livermore Labs where...
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...Cyber Terrorism Mahesh kanneboina Wilmington University Abstract The Internet is the global connection of interconnected computer networks where information can be shared among users around the world. But these days the Internet is not secure as the fundamental mechanics of the Internet are well known to many people and leading to long-standing security issues caused by the bad people who could build a “cyber nuke” to take down the network. This paper discusses about the cyber terrorism where a hacker or terrorist attacks the confidential websites of the nation and gets the important information for their activities. This cyber terrorism came into light after the 9/11 attack on WTC and from then the media focused its attention on Cyber security that has reflected public policy concerns worldwide about this topic. Security of Internet and BGP The Internet is where every network is able to reach every other network. According to industry analysts, there are 794 million people online world-wide and it is expected to be more in the coming years. This represents a lot of data interchange. But many small businesses, and even large organizations, do not know how to protect their sensitive data, thus making it easy for criminals. Online Security is a growing concern for governments around the world. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the protocol which makes core routing decisions on the Internet, but unfortunately, BGP is not secure because some network administrator...
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...The bilateral relations between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh are influenced by the fact that Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan from 1947 to 1971, when it achieved independence after the Bangladesh Liberation War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. As part of historical Shimla Agreement, India sought to make sure that Pakistan would take steps to recognize Bangladesh. Pakistan sought China's help in blocking Bangladesh's entry into United Nations until 1974. Behind the scene India rallied behind Bangladesh to help gain international recognition. By end of March 1973, approximately 99 countries had recognized Bangladesh.[1] Pakistan eventually recognised Bangladesh in 1974. History Liberation war and independence After the partition of British Indian Empire by the United Kingdom in 1947, Bangladesh was integrated in Pakistan which was known as East Bengal until 1955 and thereafter as East-Pakistan following the One Unit program. Bilateral relations between the two wings grew strained over the lack of official recognition for the Bengali language, democracy, regional autonomy, disparity between the two wings, ethnic discrimination, and the central government's weak and inefficient relief efforts after the 1970 Bhola cyclone, which had affected millions in East Pakistan. These grievances led to several political agitations in East Bengal and ultimately a fight for full independence. In March 1971, the Pakistan Armed Forces began...
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...2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R41524 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Stuxnet Computer Worm: Harbinger of an Emerging Warfare Capability Summary In September 2010, media reports emerged about a new form of cyber attack that appeared to target Iran, although the actual target, if any, is unknown. Through the use of thumb drives in computers that were not connected to the Internet, a malicious software program known as Stuxnet infected computer systems that were used to control the functioning of a nuclear power plant. Once inside the system, Stuxnet had the ability to degrade or destroy the software on which it operated. Although early reports focused on the impact on facilities in Iran, researchers discovered that the program had spread throughout multiple countries worldwide. From the perspective of many national security and technology observers, the emergence of the Stuxnet worm is the type of risk that threatens to cause harm to many activities deemed critical to the basic functioning of modern society. The Stuxnet worm covertly attempts to identify and exploit equipment that controls a nation’s critical infrastructure. A successful attack by a software application such as the Stuxnet worm could result in manipulation of control system code to the point of inoperability or long-term damage. Should such an incident occur, recovery from the damage to the computer systems programmed to monitor and...
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...Indo-U.S. Relations in the Post Cold - War Period (1992-2006) By Debasish Nandi Supervisor : Dr. Abhijit Ghosh October, 2012 Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment to the Ph.D (Arts) Degree in Political Science Department of Political Science, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, Pin - 713104, West Bengal, India. Content Page No. 1. Preface 2. Acknowledgement I-II III 3. Abbreviations IV-VI 4. Chapter - 1 : Introduction 1-10 5.Chapter - 2 : Indo-U.S. Relations in the Cold War Period 11-41 6.Chapter - 3 : Indo-US Diplomatic Ties in the Post- Cold War Period 42-79 7.Chapter - 4 : Indo-U.S. Economic, Technological and Scientific Co-operation 80-131 8.Chapter - 5 : 9/11 Incident: US Attitude towards Terrorism Vis-à-vis India and Pakistan 132-169 9.Chapter - 6 : India’s Nuclear Links with the USA 170-204 10. Chapter - 7 : Conclusion 205-214 11. Select Bibliography 215-237 Preface Indo-U.S. relations constitute important and influential relations in this world politics. It influences not only the U.S.-Pakistani and the Sino-Indian relations to a great extent; ‘Indo-U.S. relations in the post-Cold War period (1992-2006)’ has been the title of the present dissertation. Beginning against the back ground of the U.S.-Pakistani Arms Assistance Agreement of 1954, the Indo-U.S. relations had witnessed many ups and down in the following years. For example, there had been flourishes...
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...Canadian International Council Strengthening the Non-Proliferation Regime: The Role of Coercive Sanctions Author(s): T. V. Paul Source: International Journal, Vol. 51, No. 3, Nuclear Politics (Summer, 1996), pp. 440-465 Published by: Canadian International Council Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40203123 Accessed: 30/11/2010 19:58 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cic. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Canadian International Councilis collaborating...
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...Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), also called North Korea (nK), immediately to the north, across the 38th parallel. Korea's total land area is nearly 62,000 miles, slightly larger than Indiana (www.cia.gov). It has an ethnically homogeneous population of over 49 million people, 83% of which live in urban areas (www.cia.gov). According to legend, Korea's birth as a nation was in 2333 BC with its early inhabitants coming from and heavily influenced by China (Kim, 2012). Mark Peterson, associate professor of Korean Studies at Brigham Young University summarizes Korea's early history with the following description: “periods of war were relatively few, and the intervening spans of peace were long. Dynasties in Korea were long-lasting and transitions between dynasties were remarkably smooth” (Volle, 2013). "Korea suffered six years of war in over...
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... 27 Civil disobedience is effective at changing the law. 28 Legal channels can take too long. 28 Consent to obey just laws does not imply consent to obey unjust ones. 28 Distinguishing between just and unjust laws to disobey can be universalized. 28 Civil disobedience can be stabilizing to a community by spreading a shared sense of justice. 29 Sometimes it is only the unjustified response to civil disobedience that has harmful consequence. 29 Civil disobedience is traditionally non-violent. 29 Civil disobedience is a form of exercising free speech- which is essential in a democracy. 30 Civil disobedience has been used to fight slave laws 30 Civil disobedience played a role in ending the Vietnam war. 30 Civil disobedience shouldn’t be punished- but recognized as enhancing democracy. 31 Even if laws are created by democratic means- civil disobedience can still be justified. 31 Civil disobedience is justified because it promotes equal marriage laws. 31 Civil disobedience is a integral part of American history. 32 Civil disobedience has certain criteria. It must be illegal, nonviolent, and the...
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