...Pennsylvania System Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Pennsylvania System Prisons are places were reform is supposed to take place. The means by which prisons initialize reform varies from rehabilitation programs to solitary confinement. This paper examines the Pennsylvania System and how its principles were extrapolated for the modern prison system. The next section provides an overview of the Pennsylvania System. The Pennsylvania System In the 1800s the Quakers were a religious order. Like most religious orders they followed the path of God and thus new that sin was part of their lives. With that being said that also knew that repenting of their sins would lead them back to God’s path. Individuals who were committing a crime were obviously sinner and were in need of repentance. The laws of the land stated that criminals would go to jail but that was not the only solution. While in jail the prisoners needed to know that their actions would not be tolerated by God or by man. The formation of the Pennsylvania system was based on the idea that solitary confinement would bring about change in the prisoners. This change was anticipated in the form of penitence and reformation. At the time the founders of this grand endeavor were the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons (Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 2013). The predominant members were Quakers and drove the decisions and actions of this committee. The implementation of...
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...Correctional Trends Evaluation Contemporary Issues and Futures in Criminal Justice CJA/394 The paper will evaluate the past, present, and future trends that have had a profound affect in the development and operation of institutional and community-based corrections. The need of prisons and prison administrators is most important in the criminal justice system therefore, the paper will identify the current and future issues today. In addition the paper will evaluate the corrections system as a developing trend pertaining to the issues and the role of alternative corrections. Development and Operations of Institutional Corrections In prior years the development of institutional corrections left nothing to the imagination. The perspective of development and operations of institutional corrections is one fact that the facilities’ inmates were housed in the conditions were dark and fifthly. Inmates were treated harshly, and worked extremely hard. Today the development and operations of institutional corrections play a part where constitutional rights are in affect. Inmates today although the prison systems are overcrowded they are with constitutional rights. One constitutional right an inmate is entitled to today is health care. The prison system today functions differently. Rules and regulations are enforced but not by the hands of the facility but by the law. Facilities today although overcrowded are no longer dark, and fifthly. Inmates...
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...punishment was retribution. With the Age of Enlightenment and utilitarian thinking, society recognized three additional goals: deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. The relative importance of these goals became tied to conservative, liberal, or radical ideology. In assuming management of a prison, wardens are responsible for perimeter security and maintaining an orderly, secure internal environment. Wardens often regard themselves as administrators, rather than leaders. As wardens become more educated, the formal structure of modern prisons is likely to resemble a large, private organization with an established hierarchy and defined responsibilities. When governments confine people, they assume certain responsibilities toward them, including provision of constitutional living conditions, thus avoiding law suits and court interventions. Other management issues, such as classification, custody, and control, are also a high priority for modern prisons. During the last several decades, there has been a move toward professionalization in—moving from custody to control to care. Achieving scientific, uniform, and successful administration of public punishment through professional development is the goal of the American Correctional Association. In this professionalization effort, issues such prison health care, privatization, and diversity of incarcerated populations are the frequent focus of correctional studies. This Week in Relation to the Course This week, you focus...
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...punishment was retribution. With the Age of Enlightenment and utilitarian thinking, society recognized three additional goals: deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. The relative importance of these goals became tied to conservative, liberal, or radical ideology. In assuming management of a prison, wardens are responsible for perimeter security and maintaining an orderly, secure internal environment. Wardens often regard themselves as administrators, rather than leaders. As wardens become more educated, the formal structure of modern prisons is likely to resemble a large, private organization with an established hierarchy and defined responsibilities. When governments confine people, they assume certain responsibilities toward them, including provision of constitutional living conditions, thus avoiding law suits and court interventions. Other management issues, such as classification, custody, and control, are also a high priority for modern prisons. During the last several decades, there has been a move toward professionalization in—moving from custody to control to care. Achieving scientific, uniform, and successful administration of public punishment through professional development is the goal of the American Correctional Association. In this professionalization effort, issues such prison health care, privatization, and diversity of incarcerated populations are the frequent focus of correctional studies. This Week in Relation to the Course This week, you focus...
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...Resettlement has been an important element in prison life throughout England and Wales for many years. It is when “prisoners and their families receive assistance and support from the prison and probation services and voluntary agencies to help them prepare for life after prison” (Justice, 2002). The objective is to hopefully lead prisoners towards recidivism, which will hopefully return ex-offenders to normal life, employment and housing. Criminological and social research done by Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) identified the following factors to be what influenced reoffending. These are; education, employment, drug and alcohol misuse, mental and physical health, housing, financial support, debt and family networks. The aim of this essay is to...
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...name 11/4/15 Criminal Justice Research Paper Inside the field of Criminal Justice Criminal Justice paves the way for those who have a special interest in this particular field. Typically when people think about Criminal Justice they assume the field consist of the usual Police Officers and Detectives, but this is definitely not the case. There is no single criminal justice system in the United States but rather similar, individual systems. ("The Criminal Justice System." The Criminal Justice System. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.) The Criminal Justice system is the set of agencies and processes established by Governments to control crime and impose penalties on those who violate given laws. ("The Criminal Justice System." The Criminal Justice System. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.) Criminal Justice can also be described as a system of practices and institutions of government. That can uphold social control, and preformed crimes. The Criminal Justice field has so many different opportunities that one can take advantage of. Lawyers, Judges, and Correction Officers are just a few positions that this field offers. Most Criminal Justice systems have five major components; Law Enforcement, Prosecution, Defense Attorneys, Courts, and Corrections. ("Criminal Justice Careers crriminal Justice Jobs." & Salaries. Web. 1 Nov. 2015.) Today the numbers of people that are incarcerated is forcing the United States to build more secure prison facilities. From 1980 to 2010, the number of people incarcerated in...
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...Prison Term Policy Recommendation Proposal Melody Kibbe Criminology 314 April 7, 2013 Corry Powers Prison Term Policy Recommendation Proposal Considering policy making as it relates to the criminal offenses, will allow the state legislatures security in knowing that citizens will be safe by putting this new bill into place. This bill will also give law enforcement officials power to arrest convicted armed robbery individuals and placing them behind bars. By explaining with a brief description of recommendations that would be made, reasoning’s behind my recommendations, informing individuals whether the bill is good or bad, and also confirm the bill is effective. Recommendations that I would make to the state legislatures about putting this bill into place would be to emphasize the importance of the citizen’s safety in the community. Give data, statistics and information to the state legislatures on the most recent figures of armed robbery cases that have happened in the past, present and future within the community. By giving the state legislatures office current information on the armed robbery activities that are taking place as we speak in our community and how it is harming our community’s economical stature. The reasoning behind my recommendations for the bill would be to secure our community’s safety, the future of our children’s lives, and keeping the crime rates of all nature to a low standard rate. By passing this bill in the state legislatures office, allows...
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...forces of social control affect every aspect of an individual in a society such as Canadian Society. That is, it is the attempt that society makes to regulate behavior of its citizens within that society. Some examples of these society enforced roles are our status roles, which place us into a hierarchy that is given to us by society. Their are both positive and negative structures and factors to enforce these laws rules created by the society. Positive being praise, wealth and power for abiding by the laws of a given society. Negative enforcers are disgrace, negative praise etc ... and other forms of deterrence that are created by society. These levels of punishment equal the importance of the laws that they enforce in the eyes of the society. Laws against criminal behavior has the criminal justice system in place to enforce and act as a form of social control. “A formal system that responds to the alleged violations of laws using police, courts and punishments …” Therefore although society as a whole sees crime as a personal failure and a choice of the individual to act upon. Society is the anvil on which ideas of good and evil are wrought and the individuals are hammered into conformity with applied force that is physical and personality shaping. This act is an integral part of becoming a social organization, which is defining of its own nature. Until recent years, there have been many sociological theories to try and explain the appearance of violent crime in society...
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...Inmate Rehabilitation’s. Have you ever thought about if the criminal living near you has ever done the same crime multiple times after the steps of rehab? Many of these men and women have acted on the same offense over and over again, (FBI) they really must like jail or prison. Some criminals act on different crimes and create new ones. These are no better than the first ones. Most criminals repeat their offense at least one time throughout their normal lives, outside of bars. But very few change with the steps of rehabilitation, including plain rehab, educational rehab, spiritual rehab, work programs, and transitional programs. Just to think that criminals in your neighborhood create and act on crimes daily is crazy. In other words, mind...
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... June 6, 2013 Prison Rehabilitation Prison rehabilitation are programs that inmates are put through in order to try and change their way of thinking and behavior pattern so that they are able to function without criminal activities once they are released back into the community. These programs may consist of counseling for drug and substance abusers as well. Rehabilitation programs are considered essential in reducing the number of repeat offenders. Criminal rehabilitation is also thought to help in reducing the issues of prisons being over crowded. The more inmates that are able to take advantage of the resources that are given to them the less likely they are to return back to prison. While most individuals will argue that those who break the law deserve what sentence they are given, offering rehabilitation is not only beneficial for the community but society as well. Unless these inmates are given a life sentence it is imperative that they receive some forms of rehab in order to maintain a normal life style that doesn’t affect the community in a negative way. Rehabilitation techniques vary according to the nature of the offender, the type of offence they may have committed, and the institution in which they have been sentenced to. Techniques vary from educational and vocational training to help the offender learn a skill for use outside the prison, to psychological rehabilitation, dealing with various problems the individual...
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...respect for life has become of great importance. In this essay I will seek to answer if capital punishment should be reintroduced. Some people say that capital punishment acts as a deterrent. Facing this punishment a murderer may think twice before committing the crime. If one takes somebody’s life he has forfeit his own right to life. However, statistics show that crime rates in countries that practice capital punishment have not gone down. In fact, the United Stated murder rate is 6 times bigger than that of Britain or Australia. Neither country has the death penalty. Texas and Oklahoma have historically executed the most number of inmates who were sentenced to death, though in 2003 their murder rate was higher than the national average. ”I have never heard a murderer say they thought about the death penalty as consequence of their actions prior to committing their crimes” says Gregory Ruff, police lieutenant in Kansas. The life imprisonment, for some anti-death penalty activists, would be the best way to deter crime. On the other hand, assaults in prisons all over the US have more than doubled in the past decade, according to statistics gathered by the Criminal Justice Institute in Middletown, Connecticut. Even the prison walls can not stop these kind of criminal from committing further crimes. Of course, there are criminals who think that they will never be caught; and the best example would be serial killers. For these kind of criminals the death penalty would be the best...
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...Why Rehabilitation Karmella Moten Kaplan University The penal system today is a multi-million dollar industry, with about 1,325 state and 84 federal prisons the entire country has the capacity to incarcerate its criminal population. The past three decades will be remembered as a time of overwhelming imprisonment, because of the concerns with community protection reaching an outstanding high, with the firm drug laws and strict repeat offenders putting more people behind bars. Incarceration, however, is not the main objective of prisons; they also serve two important purposes, punishment and rehabilitation. Prisons have been designed and operated for years with these two objectives in mind; sometimes the punishment and the rehabilitation are separate from one another, most of the time they go hand in hand, the punishment for the crime and the rehabilitation to return to society. Punishment is the infliction of a penalty as retribution for an offense. There are several ways our correctional system punishes offenders today, ranging from confinement to capital punishment, confinement being the most predominant. This includes: tight living quarters, sometimes solitary confinement, strict house rules and minimal contact with the outside world, all of which can be draining on an inmate’s morale. The death penalty is the harshest punishment the court system can impose. It has come in many forms since its birth and has become very controversial in recent years. Though now called...
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...confinement can be defined as the isolation of prisoners from other prisoners. In 1913 Eastern State officially abandoned solitary confinement, although convicts had unofficially been in contact with each other since the end of the Civil War. Prior to 1837, women criminals were housed in the same facilities as males. The reason being there were very few women criminals and it cost less than building a different facility. Between 1873 and 1940, seventeen prisons were built for women. According to Foster (2006) one of the biggest changes to the penitentiary system was the demise of the industrial prison system and the realization and importance of rehabilitation as a main purpose of sending someone to prison. Rehabilitation is the restoration of someone to a useful place in society. Rehabilitation and medical model offered an unprecedented number of programs designed to change the behavior of men and women in prison, turning lawbreaking behavior into law-abiding behavior. Another significant change in prisons is the fact that prisons are no longer just a penitentiary where they lock people up until they serve their time, but we are now looking and utilizing rehabilitation more. Rehabilitation is a good deterrence in having prisons become a revolving...
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...Crime and law enforcement is in a unique period that has been going on for over 30 years. During the 1960s crimes presented to police skyrocketed and more criminals being apprehended. Lawmakers started enacting strict laws that expanded punishments for criminals, the amount of legal cases prosecuted by the court of law soared, the amount of individuals in jails, prisons, and undergoing probation or prison release observation escalated dramatically, and spending by branches of government surrounding criminal justice organizations increased. It was also during this time that the Federal Governments position in the Nations attempts to combat crime was additionally restructured. Agency policies There were more than 14,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States in 2008, employing more than 700,000 officers. Intrinsically, policies are different between law enforcement agencies; and are centered on the agencies history and problems they have encountered. Law Enforcement policies, budget and technology evolves as society around it evolves. In 1987, the Association of Chief of Police joined alliance with the U.S. Justice Department to establish a nationwide policy. The Chiefs of Police commission was founded to aid agencies throughout the country enforce the same set of laws. According to Matz, and Kim, (2013), the result of the partnerships between agencies resulted in created an alert system called “America’s Missing Broadcast Emergency Response (AMBER)” and Homeland...
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...Running Head: CORRECTIONAL THEORIES 1 Competing Theories of Corrections in The Criminal Justice System Nicole Yaniero AIU Online Running Head: CORRECTIONAL THEORIES 2 Abstract In today’s system, there are several competing theories for what approach should be taken to improve the correctional system. Certain strategies, such as punishment and rehabilitation, have different goals. These goals, in most cases, are different from each other. People all over prefer one strategy to the other, and compelling evidence can be brought into perspective for each. Aside form the usual, non traditional aspects and approaches to fixing the corrections system are also talked about today. This paper will discuss all elements of corrections theories, its goals, its effectiveness, and the rating of completion of academic and vocational programs offered to inmates in prison. Running Head: CORRECTIONAL THEORIES 3 Competing Theories Of Corrections In The Criminal Justice System In today’s day and age, many views and criticism take place of the Criminal Justice system. In specific, the correctional aspect of the system receives much of this criticism. There are two strategies particularly that come into play most often when speaking of corrections. These two strategies are punishment, and rehabilitation. Each of these strategies have its own set of goals...
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