...original thirteen colonies. Thomas Jefferson dedicated most of his life to the crucial needs of America and its government in order to form a true republic of the people. Like many of the Founding Fathers, Thomas Jefferson strengthened his beliefs through personal studies and deep examination of European history. Many history books will tell that the contributing factors that formed Thomas Jefferson’s ideas of the identity of America were linked to events such as the Reformation, the Renaissance, and the British Country party. However, one man’s works continually surfaced in Jefferson’s political and even private writings. John Locke, a British Enlightenment philosopher, was repeatedly referenced in documents like the Declaration of Independence, the Notes on the State of Virginia, and the Summary View of the Rights of British America. Jefferson repeatedly used Locke’s concepts as would even sometimes use the exact same phrases. This would make Thomas Jefferson, the first ever American to plagiarize! The irony in this is that America was just now forming its own personality, one separate from Britain, but the concepts and beliefs that helped form that identity were partly coming from a long dead British man. John Locke’s influence over Thomas Jefferson’s outlook on forming a government is undeniable...
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...Gender Identity Paper Brandie Thurman PSY/340 May 25, 2013 Dr. Stephanie Sencil-White There are many biological, psychological, and sociological factors involved in the formation of gender identity. Gender identity is not completely understood as it is much more complex than the joining of a sperm and an egg. For many people, the terms “gender” and “sex” are interchangeable. Biological sex and gender are different; gender is not inherently connected to one’s physical anatomy as biological sex is. When one thinks’ of the term “gender”, we are referring to the role and personalities one assumes within society, for example in American culture females tend to be perceived as more nurturing and males are aggressive and dominant. Hormones and behavior affect gender identity in significant ways each with a distinct purpose. To understand the difference of biological sex and gender, nature versus nurture, and how the environment has an effect this paper will review and explain the interactions between hormones and behaviors and how those interactions affect the determination of gender identity. Gender development starts at the point one is conceived. Gender identity is defined as an individual’s self conception of being either male or female, as distinguished from actual biological sex (Britannica, 2013). Gender differences exist in nearly every social phenomena and for most persons, gender identity and biological characteristics are the same however there are some circumstances...
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...The internet has drastically altered the conduct of the more economically developed countries of the world in the last twenty years. A rather modern and unprecedented tool for social organisation, the internet has prompted western governments to reach new grounds in term of surveillance, citizenship, communication and democratic state control. The entirely new and ever-developing concept of the internet, and the place is holds in modern society, has become a center for ethical and political dilemmas; dilemmas fuelled primarily by the weaponization of the internet as a tool to fight authority, shown by the utilisation of the internet by ‘Hacktivist’ pressure groups such as Anonymous and Occupy, the historical leaking of classified surveillance information by computer professional Edward Snowden and, most recently, the utilisation of the internet as tool for the work of Islamic Extremists. It is obvious that the internet, if left unregulated, can become a very dangerous place for its users, and it is this fear that has prompted UK government, and primarily Home Secretary Theresa May, to begin a battle for more state control over the internet. For some, the idea of British state-control to promote the safety of individuals is undeniably correct, we are a nation that can pride ourselves on promoting the safety and contentment of our citizens; from Lloyd-George’s development of the welfare state to the quick and direct tackling of gun-laws after the tragic events of the Dunblane massacre...
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...and differences. Here are the types that we will discuss: (1) psychoanalytic, (2) psychosocial development (3) cognitive development, (4) moral development, (5) behavioral, (6) social learning, (7) ecological, (8) personality and career satisfaction, and (9) eclectic (composite) theories. Theories of human development fall into broad categories. Each category gives us a different perspective into our development during specific periods of change. Each theory owes something to one of the earliest modern theorists of human development, John Locke (1632–1704). He said that the mind of an infant is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) on which the world writes; all ideas come from experience. He was also an early proponent of the most fundamental principle of psychology: empirical research. Locke believed that knowledge must be discovered scientifically through research and then, to derive general statements about a subject, analyzed for common elements (Locke, 1690/1965). Locke’s empirical approach is the key to discovering new knowledge in every field of science.In psychology, if we can predict something will happen 95 times out of 100, we call it significant. Theories are modified or refined to improve their predictability and better explain research data A good theory must be able to predict outcomes.psychological theories of human development. Psychologists call ideas about how people think, feel, or behave "theories" only if they are supported by good research, the type we discussed...
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...1.0 Introduction Henri Fayol described five functions of management as forecasting, planning, organizing, coordination, and commanding (Parker and Philip 2005). Leadership on the other hand focuses on ideas, influences others, values, authority, taking responsibility. Leadership has evolved from traditional trait leadership to modern multifaceted type leadership (Hellriegel and Slocum 2011). Hellriegel and Slocum (2011) believe that leadership is learnt and not taught. This study seeks to supplement the role of a manager with guidance in organizational behaviour. The framework of learnings and models identified in this document provides a manager with some of the tools that are needed for him to influence employees to achieve optimum performance and attain the organizational goals. The models are adapted from theory and research done by various scholars. The guidelines provided herein include: • Individual differences • Perception and attributions • Motivating employees • Learning productive behaviour. A manager must possess six competences to effectively apply the learnings and techniques in the workplace. These competences are self-competency, diversity, across cultures, communication, teams and change. Competences provide the foundation for an individual in the performance of his role in the organization (Hellriegel and Slocum 2011). 2.0 Individual differences Individual differences are the ways which makes each person differ from each other. Individual...
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...Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2005. 56:485–516 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142105 Copyright c 2005 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on June 21, 2004 WORK MOTIVATION THEORY AND RESEARCH AT THE DAWN OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Gary P. Latham Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E6; email: latham@rotman.utoronto.ca Craig C. Pinder Faculty of Business, University of Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2; email: cpinder@uvic.ca Key Words needs, values, goals, affect, behavior ■ Abstract In the first Annual Review of Psychology chapter since 1977 devoted exclusively to work motivation, we examine progress made in theory and research on needs, traits, values, cognition, and affect as well as three bodies of literature dealing with the context of motivation: national culture, job design, and models of person-environment fit. We focus primarily on work reported between 1993 and 2003, concluding that goal-setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice theories are the three most important approaches to work motivation to appear in the last 30 years. We reach 10 generally positive conclusions regarding predicting, understanding, and influencing work motivation in the new millennium. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MOTIVATIONAL FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...“To be American (unlike being English or French or whatever) is precisely to imagine a destiny rather than inherit one; since we have always been, insofar as we are Americans at all, inhabitants of myth rather than history.” In the context of this quote attributed to Leslie Fiedler, being American means subscribing to a socially constructed national identity--to the collective American Dream. This observation expresses a core truth about Americans, and about an American greatness that is in fact exceptional, but it is also problematic in several ways. First, the public has never felt compelled to fix the meaning of the American Dream, a term that presumably everyone knows. Second, while Fielder’s assertion is true of Americans, it is not uniquely so: All people, in some sense or another, inhabit myths. Finally, while Americans have certainly imagined destinies for themselves, they also live in history. Everyone does. The American Dream is neither a self-evident falsehood nor a scientifically demonstrable principle. Beyond the abstract belief that anything is possible if you want it bad enough, there is no single American Dream. The theoretical basis for the American idea incorporates an explicit allegiance to the concept “that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” But as the history of slavery and the struggle for women’s rights make clear, the rights...
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...Paper on Personal Values and Ethical Standards In this paper, I will present the development of my personal values, ground rules and ethics. • I will focus on the developmental aspect by defining what my values are, the sources that helped shaped my values and the criteria and decision-making factors I currently use today. Next, I will the follow three aspects; Discuss the implications of your values for your work as a human services profession • Discuss a specific ethical dilemma in relation to the ethical standards of human service profession. • Discuss the ethical standards of the following general principles; the use of psychological tests in the court room, the lie detector, boundaries of competence, Integrity, sexual harassment, human differences and the legal definition of insanity. My values were shaped based on the teachings of Christian values. My parents demonstrated those teachings in their parenting style as well as in their relationships towards one another as husband and wife. For example; my father was the financial provider for our family and my mother was the home make. While, growing up my father always worked second or third shift which did not allow him to spend as much time with my two siblings and I. Nevertheless my mother reverenced my father and kept his presents active in the home. For example, my father would write my siblings and I encouraging notes and place them on our refrigerator every day. My father would write; happy...
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...between the extraversion and conscientiousness personality traits and employee engagement. Based on the findings, the paper recommends measures for improving employee engagement levels through a better fit between employee personality and the retail work environment. Keywords: Employee Engagement, Big Five Personality Traits, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Retail Industry, India Human capital is a vital asset as it is employee effort and performance which finally determines business success. It is therefore important to understand the factors that impact employee motivation and behavior. Hattrup and Jackson (1996) emphasize that both situational and personal antecedents should be considered in order to explain an individual’s conduct at work. Judge, Locke and Durham (1997) and Hobfoll (1989) also stress upon the importance of personal characteristics to elucidate an individual’s behavior at his...
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...has been likened to genocide. Currently there are a number of theoretical and conceptual psychological approaches, which both define and explain prejudice. Personality theories primarily locate race and prejudice within the intro-psychic domain of the individual. From this perspective, authoritarian-rearing practices, intolerance and intro psychic defence mechanisms are isolated as casual agents to a significant problem. There are several theories as to why people are prejudiced. The exploitation theory keeps a racial group in a subordinate social position. The scapegoating theory says that prejudice people believe that they are society’s victims. In this sense, exploiters abuse others and scapegoats feel they are being abused. Dr. Vance Locke and Dr. Lucy Johnston at the University of Canterbury have recently...
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...He sees the purpose of philosophy as promoting personal reflection. Here, the line between philosophy, as Rousseau would define it, and psychology, as someone of today would define it, has become extremely blurred. It is difficult to see where one discipline ends and the other...
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...Nationalism is a shared sense of identity based on important social distinctions that has the purpose of gaining or keeping control of the groups own destiny. Nationalism has many different sources with people that share ethnicity, language, religion culture, history and geographical location, which all generate feelings of togetherness and belongingness to a certain group. As humans we naturally organize into groups and communities these communities determine how we interact with others and who we interact with we consider other people used to be a part of our group or to be a part of an outside group. People tend to gather in groups with intent of attaining certain goals. in many cases share Identity can become political. when the goal is...
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...Logic Main article: Logic Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. Arguments use either deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is when, given certain statements (called premises), other statements (called conclusions) are unavoidably implied. Rules of inferences from premises include the most popular method, modus ponens, where given “A” and “If A then B”, then “B” must be concluded. A common convention for a deductive argument is the syllogism. An argument is termed valid if its conclusion does indeed follow from its premises, whether the premises are true or not, while an argument is sound if its conclusion follows from premises that are true. Propositional logic uses premises that are propositions, which are declarations that are either true or false, while predicate logic uses more complex premises called formulae that contain variables. These can be assigned values or can be quantified as to when they apply with the universal quantifier (always apply) or the existential quantifier (applies at least once). Inductive reasoning makes conclusions or generalizations based on probabilistic reasoning. For example, if “90% of humans are right-handed” and “Joe is human” then “Joe is probably right-handed”. Fields in logic include mathematical logic (formal symbolic logic) and philosophical logic. Metaphysics Main article: Metaphysics Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, the relationship...
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...Guay b,1 a b James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, United States University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t In this manuscript we review the constructs of personality and values, clarifying how they are related and how they are distinct. We then relate that understanding to motivation, and propose that personality and values have different influences on different motivational processes. We present a model in which personality and values influence motivation via the motivational processes of goal content and goal striving. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Article history: Received 12 November 2008 Received in revised form 19 May 2009 Accepted 1 June 2009 Available online 26 June 2009 Keywords: Personality Values Motivation Goals 1. Personality, values, and motivation Since 1937, when Allport recommended the exclusion of evaluative traits when investigating personality, the constructs of personality and values have rarely been studied together. However, both are expected to influence a variety of behavioral outcomes, and so it seems evident that we should consider both in examining the impact of individual differences on behavior. Yet this practice is so infrequent, there is little understanding of how personality and values are related to one another, much less how they might jointly impact behavior. As such, this manuscript considers both personality and values simultaneously as predictors of...
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...University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 12 November 2008 Received in revised form 19 May 2009 Accepted 1 June 2009 Available online 26 June 2009 a b s t r a c t In this manuscript we review the constructs of personality and values, clarifying how they are related and how they are distinct. We then relate that understanding to motivation, and propose that personality and values have different influences on different motivational processes. We present a model in which personality and values influence motivation via the motivational processes of goal content and goal striving. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Personality Values Motivation Goals 1. Personality, values, and motivation 2. Personality Since 1937, when Allport recommended the exclusion of evaluative traits when investigating personality, the constructs of personality and values have rarely been studied together. However, both are expected to influence a variety of behavioral outcomes, and so it seems evident that we should consider both in examining the impact of individual differences on behavior. Yet this practice is so infrequent, there is little understanding of how personality and values are related to one another, much less how they might jointly impact behavior. As such, this manuscript considers both personality and values simultaneously as predictors of motivated behavior. In this paper we review...
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