As an ally of the Manchus, the Mongols fought on behalf of the Qing to turn the Chinese agricultural territories, the oases of the Turkic peoples in Xinjiang, and the Tibetan plateau into Qing territory. Qing rule lasted for 300 years, but in the 19th century “barbarians” with blond hair and blue eyes arrived by sea. The Mongolian cavalry fought fiercely against the Westerners at the fort of Tianjian near Beijing, but the enemy’s heavy artillery forced the mounted warriors to withdraw.

As military allies of the Manchu during the Qing era, the Mongolians were named to high positions as noblemen. Their grasslands were carefully protected, with the migration of Chinese peasant farmers into those areas strictly prohibited. These restrictions lasted until the Qing court was defeated by the European powers. The Qing eventually opened passages in the Great Wall so that Chinese peasants could enter the north; conflicts between the Mongolians, who sought to follow their nomadic ways, and the Chinese, whose intentions were agricultural, became inevitable.

In October 1891, Chinese peasants in the southeastern part of Southern Mongolia rebelled. The …show more content…
As “ardent followers” of the Communist Party, peasants had passionately responded to a purportedly “peaceful land reform” that decimated tens of thousands of Mongolians. Jindandao legacy of violence has remained very much alive in Chinese society; in a sense, the Chinese peasants’ rebellion in the late Qing can be said to have given rise to the “self-taught killers whose experience gained from Jindandao massacre was put to practice in the larger genocide of the Mongolians during the Cultural